河南鹿台遗址炭化植物遗存揭示的新石器时代晚期的人类生计活动

鹿台遗址出土了丰富的炭化植物遗存,作物组合显示仰韶时期农业经济是单纯的种植粟黍的旱作农业,龙山时期农作物新品种开始出现,作物种植结构趋于多样化。基于龙山时期成熟粟类作物和不成熟粟类作物的量化分析,鹿台遗址龙山时期聚落很可能存在作物加工活动,不同阶段的加工活动可能是在聚落内不同区域,以小规模的核心家庭为基础开展。综合相关研究,豫北地区仰韶时期仍是单一的种植小米的旱作农业经济,稻作农业并未影响到这一区域,龙山时期水稻、大豆和小麦等新农作物开始出现,农业多样化逐渐显现。与此同时,豫北地区龙山时期不同遗址在农作物种植结构方面存在些许差异,这一差异很可能与遗址微观地貌、聚落和特定人群的主观选择有关。鹿台遗址炭化植物遗存研究深化了对中原地区新石器时代晚期环境、生业与社会关系的认识。     

中原地区几处仰韶文化时期考古遗址的人类食物状况分析

本文应用稳定同位素δ13C、δ15N对中原地区仰韶文化遗址, 即郑州西山、西安鱼化寨和灵宝西坡遗址出土人骨中碳、氮稳定同位素进行分析。结果显示,遗址基本均是以C4类植物为主食。δ15N值显示人们食物中也有一定程度的肉类。同时, 对相关区域的部分动物骨头的碳同位素分析结果表明, 家养动物的食性与人类食物状况具有一定的相关性, 这在C4类植物为人类主食区域中再次得到显示和证明。结合墓葬状况的分析表明, 仰韶时期已经存在社会分层现象, 在人们食物状况上也有体现。     

陕北榆林王阳畔遗址的植硅体分析

榆林地处农牧交错带,是研究环境演变和人地关系的理想地区。本文基于植硅体分析,探讨了该地区王阳畔遗址仰韶晚期至龙山早期过渡阶段的农业生产情况及农业对环境的适应等。遗址剖面及灰坑样品的植硅体分析表明:仰韶晚期,粟和黍是先民的主要粮食作物,而黍较粟始终保持着种植优势;龙山早期,粟作农业逐渐衰落。植硅体组合图谱显示,先民在此遗址活动期间,气候是略偏凉偏干的,整体上较为稳定,呈现出干凉化的趋势。综合来看,农业活动的强弱在一定程度上响应了环境的变化。需要指出的是,该遗址榆科植硅体的大量发现,不仅补充了史前植物利用史,同时也对丰富植硅体数据库具有重要意义。     

陕北榆林王阳畔遗址的植硅体分析北大核心CSCDCSSCI

榆林地处农牧交错带,是研究环境演变和人地关系的理想地区。本文基于植硅体分析,探讨了该地区王阳畔遗址仰韶晚期至龙山早期过渡阶段的农业生产情况及农业对环境的适应等。遗址剖面及灰坑样品的植硅体分析表明:仰韶晚期,粟和黍是先民的主要粮食作物,而黍较粟始终保持着种植优势;龙山早期,粟作农业逐渐衰落。植硅体组合图谱显示,先民在此遗址活动期间,气候是略偏凉偏干的,整体上较为稳定,呈现出干凉化的趋势。综合来看,农业活动的强弱在一定程度上响应了环境的变化。需要指出的是,该遗址榆科植硅体的大量发现,不仅补充了史前植物利用史,同时也对丰富植硅体数据库具有重要意义。     

郑州东赵遗址炭化植物遗存记录的夏商时期农业特征及其发展过程

本文通过对郑州东赵遗址2013~2014年度考古发掘采集土样的浮选分析,获取了该遗址新砦、二里头、二里岗三个不同时期丰富的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括粟、黍、水稻、小麦和大豆五种农作物以及狗尾草属、稗属和马唐属等不同种属的杂草种子等。对遗址不同阶段炭化农作物及典型田间杂草遗存的量化分析结果显示,东赵遗址自新砦期至二里岗期的农业生产始终保持着以种植粟、黍为主的特点,大豆是该遗址先民稳定的食物来源之一,而水稻在整个农业经济结构中的比重一直很低。值得注意的是,从新砦期至二里岗期,粟、黍两种旱地作物在东赵遗址农业经济中的比重不断上升,而先民的旱地田间管理技术也随之取得了明显的进步。小麦的种植始于遗址二里头文化期,至二里岗期时迅速发展,成为当时先民重要的农作物品种之一。东赵遗址炭化植物遗存分析结果为了解夏代早期至商代前期中原核心区域农业经济的特点及其发展过程提供了重要资料,对探索中国国家起源与早期发展阶段农业经济技术发展状况及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义。     

美酒飘香,谁的功劳?

<正>古书有云"若作酒醴,尔惟曲蘖",制作酒曲,是我国人民在酿酒技术上的独特贡献。我国在河南郑州二里岗和河北藁城台西村两处的商代遗址中,均发现酿酒工场遗址。在     

安徽蚌埠禹会村遗址植硅体分析及其指示的龙山文化时期农业活动

禹会村遗址是淮河中游地区的一处大型龙山文化时期城址,了解其农业活动有助于认识本地区新石器时代末期的农业发展水平与社会组织形式等。本文对禹会村遗址2017年和2020年两个发掘区的49份样品进行了植硅体分析,在多个遗迹单位中发现不同浓度的水稻特征性植硅体,未发现粟遗存的证据。结合已有研究成果,本文认为禹会村遗址龙山文化时期的农作物以水稻(Oryza sativa)为主,粟(Setaria italica)在农业结构中所占比重较低。遗址中发现的水稻植硅体以来自茎叶的扇型植硅体为主,而且不同区域水稻植硅体分布浓度存在明显的差异,反映禹会村遗址的水稻收割方式可能为连杆收割,将水稻带入遗址内分开完成脱粒与脱壳行为。其中城垣区水稻加工活动可能存在集中完成的现象,而生活遗迹区是以家庭为单位开展。此外,水稻扇型植硅体形态参数分析结果显示,禹会村遗址龙山文化时期水稻驯化水平较低,可能存在包括粳稻在内多个水稻品种。本文揭示了禹会村遗址龙山文化时期农业结构、农作物的加工活动及农业发展水平等相关信息,为进一步研究淮河中游地区龙山文化时期农业生产及与其相关的社会组织形式等方面提供了新的科学依据。     

山西柿子滩旧石器遗址蚌饰品制作工艺研究

本文是对柿子滩遗址蚌饰品制作工艺的研究。该遗址分布于山西省吉县清水河流域, 是一处含有细石器遗存的旧石器时代晚期遗址, 年代为25000BP—10000BP。蚌质的出土遗物17件, 发现于不同地点的不同层位中,其中有穿孔的5件, 有磨制痕迹的3件, 分别发现于S9、S12A和S29三个地点。研究表明, 蚌饰品穿孔有"钻孔"和"磨孔"两种形式, 存在三种制作程序, 早期到晚期的制作和穿孔技术表现出越来越进步的特点。     

山东细石器遗存以及对"凤凰岭文化"的重新认识

本文对山东南部地区出土于4个旧石器时代晚期遗址的石制品进行初步的类型学观察,发现其石制品工艺技术比我们过去所认识到的要复杂的多。凤凰岭、青峰岭和望海楼3处遗址带有明显的细石器工艺特点,而望海楼的石制品与前二者在原料使用和制作技艺等方面又有所不同。尤为重要的是,新的研究表明黑龙潭遗址的原生文化层位表现为以特有的石片石核为主的石制品工艺,并非过去认为的细石器遗存。2001年秋季对黑龙潭遗址的补充发掘证实过去在该遗址发现的细石器遗物来自次生堆积。因此几种明显不同的石器技术传统可能共存于这一地区,“凤凰岭文化”已不足以概括鲁南旧石器晚期的石器文化,需予以重新审视。     

美酒飘香，谁的功劳？

古书有云“若作酒醴,尔惟曲蘖”制作酒曲,是我国人民在酗酿酒技术上的独特贡献。我国在河南郑州二里岗和河北藁城台西村两处的商代遗址中,均发现酿酒工场遗址。在这些遗址内除了发现大量酿酒用具以外,还观察到大量灰白色似水锈状的沉淀物,经鉴定被认为是人工培植的酵母菌类物质。     

Bioremediation of weathered-building stone surfaces

Atmospheric pollution and weathering of stone surfaces in urban historic buildings frequently results in disfigurement or damage by salt crust formation (often gypsum), presenting opportunities for bioremediation using microorganisms. Conventional techniques for the removal of these salt crusts from stone have several disadvantages: they can cause colour changes; adversely affect the movement of salts within the stone structure; or remove excessive amounts of the original surface. Although microorganisms are commonly associated with detrimental effects to the integrity of stone structures, there is growing evidence that they can be used to treat this type of stone deterioration in objects of historical and cultural significance. In particular, the ability and potential of different microorganisms to either remove sulfate crusts or form sacrificial layers of calcite that consolidate mineral surfaces have been demonstrated. Current research suggests that bioremediation has the potential to offer an additional technology to conservators working to restore stone surfaces in heritage buildings.     

The earliest matches

Cylindrical objects made usually of fired clay but sometimes of stone were found at the Yarmukian Pottery Neolithic sites of Sha'ar HaGolan and Munhata (first half of the 8(th) millennium BP) in the Jordan Valley. Similar objects have been reported from other Near Eastern Pottery Neolithic sites. Most scholars have interpreted them as cultic objects in the shape of phalli, while others have referred to them in more general terms as "clay pestles," "clay rods," and "cylindrical clay objects." Re-examination of these artifacts leads us to present a new interpretation of their function and to suggest a reconstruction of their technology and mode of use. We suggest that these objects were components of fire drills and consider them the earliest evidence of a complex technology of fire ignition, which incorporates the cylindrical objects in the role of matches.     

胆囊结石患者超声诊断结果漏诊及误诊分析

目的:探讨我院胆囊结石患者超声诊断漏诊、误诊的超声诊断结果,并分析出现漏诊、误诊的原因。方法:选取我院肝胆外科经彩色多普勒超声诊断确诊并实施手术治疗的胆囊结石患者260例,结合临床资料分析患者彩色多普勒超声图的特点,并在术后一周进行随访,对彩色多普勒超声诊断的漏诊率及误诊率并分析原因。结果:1、胆囊结石分型:典型胆囊结石167例(64.3%)、充满型胆囊结石50例(19.2%)、多发性胆囊结石28例(10.8%)、泥沙样胆囊结石10例(3.8%),另外5例患者属非胆囊结石(1.9%);2、彩色多普勒超声确诊的260例胆囊结石患者经手术病理证实其中255例为胆囊结石,5例为非胆囊结石(2例为误诊,3例为漏诊),超声诊断的准确率98.1%。误诊、漏诊的发生与病灶部位、患者肥胖程度、仪器操作及医师经验等因素有关。结论:虽然彩色多普勒超声对胆囊结石的诊断率较高,但仍需完善,以减少或避免临床误诊和漏诊的发生。     

The Fort Smith Medicine Wheel,Montana

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present information on a stone configuration in southeastern Montana, the Fort Smith Medicine Wheel (Site 24BH220), and to briefly review information on other known medicine wheels in an attempt to discover the function for which it was constructed.     

The stone tools of capuchins (Cebus apella)

We examined the production of stone took by capuchins (Cebus apella). Eleven subjects used five reduction techniques to produce 346 stone tools (48 cores and 298 flakes). They produced a sharp edge on 83% of the cores and largest flakes. Three monkeys later used a sample of these objects as cutting tools. These results demonstrate that monkeys produce lithic tools analogous to those produced by Oldowan hominids.     

L’analyse des unités techno-fonctionnelles appliquée à l’étude du macro-outillage néolithique

Ground stone tools are lithic tools made on coarse blanks that are not included in the chipped or polished stone studies. During the study of a ground stone tools collection coming from the Campaniform site of Beg ar Loued (Molène island, Finistère, France), the techno-functional unit (TFU) analysis as been adapted to these objects. A TFU is a part of a tool that is technologically independent, having his own part in this tool's overall functioning. The application of this method to ground stone tools needed some adaptations to their characteristics. The aim is to obtain a high level technological analysis for these tools, succeeding to express functional hypothesis. Two concrete examples from Beg ar Loued's collection illustrate the TFU analysis method's application to ground stone tools. This method has the advantage to organize the progress of each piece's analysis. The TFU analysis helps to understand the multifunctional tools by considering each function as a full tool. This allows us to talk about function's hierarchisation and their adaptation to blanks. We also obtain some informations about blank's selection. These many and varied results make the TFU analysis essential for ground stone tool's technological and functional analysis.     

Do chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>) use cleavers and anvils to fracture <Emphasis Type="Italic">Treculia africana</Emphasis> fruits? Preliminary data on a new form of percussive technology

Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are renowned for their use of tools in activities ranging from foraging to social interactions. Different populations across Africa vary in their tool use repertoires, giving rise to cultural variation. We report a new type of percussive technology in food processing by chimpanzees in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea: Treculia fracturing. Chimpanzees appear to use stone and wooden “cleavers” as tools, as well as stone outcrop “anvils” as substrate to fracture the large and fibrous fruits of Treculia africana, a rare but prized food source. This newly described form of percussive technology is distinctive, as the apparent aim is not to extract an embedded food item, as is the case in nut cracking, baobab smashing, or pestle pounding, but rather to reduce a large food item to manageably sized pieces. Furthermore, these preliminary data provide the first evidence of chimpanzees using two types of percussive technology for the same purpose.     

中国旧石器时代晚期文化的划分

本文作者主张以素材、技术和类型的区分为主要依据,将中国旧石器时代晚期文化归纳为四个大致平行发展的系列。中国旧石器时代晚期文化明显地具有继承和发展的特点。中国旧石器时代晚期文化的多样性和复杂性的形成可能同地质地理条件、技术类型的继承和发展不平衡性有关。     

CTC staining and counting of actively respiring bacteria in natural stone using confocal laser scanning microscopy

A method was established for staining and counting of actively respiring bacteria in natural stone by using the tetrazolium salt 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride (CTC) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Applying 5 mM CTC for 2 h to pure cultures of representative stone-inhabiting microorganisms showed that chemoorganotrophic bacteria and fungi-in contrast to lithoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria-were able to reduce CTC to CTF, the red fluorescing formazan crystals of CTC. Optimal staining conditions for microorganisms in stone material were found to be 15 mM CTC applied for 24 h. The cells could be visualized on transparent and nontransparent mineral materials by means of CLSM. A semi-automated method was used to count the cells within the pore system of the stone. The percentage of CTC-stained bacteria was dependent on temperature and humidity of the material. At 28 degrees C and high humidity (maximum water holding capacity) in the laboratory, about 58% of the total bacterial microflora was active. On natural stone exposed for 9 years at an urban exposure site in Germany, 52-56% of the bacterial microflora was active at the east, west, and north side of the specimen, while only 18% cells were active at the south side. This is consistent with microclimatic differences on the south side which was more exposed to sunshine thus causing UV and water stress as well as higher temperatures on a microscale level. In combination with CLSM, staining by CTC can be used as a fast method for monitoring the metabolic activity of chemoorganotrophic bacteria in monuments, buildings of historic interest or any art objects of natural stone. Due to the small size of samples required, the damage to these objects and buildings can be minimized.     

泥河湾盆地西白马营旧石器遗址新材料

西白马营遗址是泥河湾盆地旧石器时代晚期的一处重要遗址。本文报道的87件石制品均发现于西白马营遗址同一文化层,类型有石核、石器和废片等,其中废片包括完整石片、破碎石片、碎片与断块等。石制品原料以燧石、石英以及硅质白云岩为主,个体以小型居多,剥片技术主要为硬锤锤击法,偶用砸击法。刮削器是石器的主要类型,修理采用硬锤锤击法。文化面貌属于华北小型石片石器工业传统。