发展酒精工业的酒糟处理问题

为解决能源问题,许多国家大力发展酒精工业,但对于发酵后的酒糟处理问题一直为人们所关注。我国国内正在设法加以解决。对于酒糟的利用在很大程度上取决于发酵的原料。淀粉原料的酒糟含有可利用的蛋白质,通常可就地作为牲畜的饲料,或加以干燥,以便于运输和长期贮存。废糖蜜原料的酒糟则可被混合于牲畜饲料中,或者加以蒸发和燃烧,以产生能量。甘蔗汁的酒糟液可用于灌     

微生态白酒糟饲料发酵条件的优化

为优化微生态白酒糟饲料发酵条件,以米曲霉、黑曲霉和酵母菌组合发酵白酒糟,共设计16个发酵组合,根据感官特征初筛出3个组合进行后续发酵实验。测定发酵前、后常规营养成分及发酵后的酶活力,确定最优组合并检测氨基酸含量。结果显示,以米曲霉(0.05%)、黑曲霉(0.05%)和酵母菌(0.05%)组合发酵(80%酒糟+10%玉米+10%麦麸)的效果最好:与发酵前相比,粗蛋白含量、真蛋白含量、酸性蛋白酶活力、中性蛋白酶活力和纤维素酶活力分别提高了30.39%、38.06%、41.69%、67.00%和103.84%,总氨基酸含量提升17.74%,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量分别降低23.64%、20.40%。     

玉米酒糟中醇溶蛋白的结构特征研究

目的:通过实验和特征预测相结合的方法,分析酒糟中醇溶蛋白的物理化学性质及其结构,为玉米醇溶蛋白的生物学应用奠定基础。方法:将从玉米酒糟中醇提的玉米醇溶蛋白的SDS-PAGE条带进行ESI-Q-TOMS质谱分析,从得到的氨基酸序列,用生物信息学工具预测蛋白的疏水性、二级结构、三级结构等性质。结果:目的条带为玉米醇溶蛋白z1D alpha zein,相对分子质量为24 521,等电点为8.85,为疏水蛋白,其二级结构以α螺旋为主,三级结构成纺锤状。结论:为玉米酒糟中玉米醇溶蛋白的开发利用奠定了基础。     

酒糟沼气发酵条件的研究

当前国内外都面临着能源的问题,因此研究利用城乡各种有机废物产生沼气以供燃料、加温、动力等需要,补充能源不足,是一个日益受到重视的研究方向。在我国,酒厂遍布全国各地,大量生产下脚料——酒糟,除部分用于养猪饲料外,大部分都随便排放,不仅造成浪费,而且还污染环境。因此国内如南阳酒精厂和     

外循环气升式反应器性能及其应用于大米酒糟废液处理的研究

本文研究了所选反应器的气含率、混合时间和容积氧传递系数等特性。实验是在外循环气升式反应器和鼓泡式反应器的空气－水系统中进行,由所得的实验数据进行回归分析得到反应器的回归方程,并且利用性能较好的外循环气升式反应器,在酒糟废液中培养BN99真菌。结果为：废液中COD值减少了60～70％,pH值从5．2上升到6．5,菌体蛋白的含量高达38．88％,固体、液体易于分离。因此,在真菌培养和酒糟废液处理方面,外循环气升式反应器是一种性能良好的反应器。     

发酵白酒糟生产饲料蛋白的培养条件及产物分析

利用白地霉(Geotrichum candidium) Z-4、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis) Z-14和木素木霉(Trichoderma lignorum) Z-20三株菌混合发酵白酒糟生产饲料蛋白的培养基成分为白酒糟90％、麦芽根粉10％、尿素2％,原料:水=1:0.8,pH6.0,接种量10％,培养温度28～30℃,培养周期3d。分析结果表明,发酵产物营养丰富,粗蛋白含量高达32.1％,氨基酸含量齐全,脂肪含量为5.6％,维生素B_1和B_2的含量分别为2.2mg/kg和52.6mg/kg。具有较高的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性。     

复合碳源培养对酒糟厌氧消化液中丙酸互营氧化菌及群落结构的影响

丙酸累积是影响厌氧消化系统稳定性的主要因素,为了考察酒糟厌氧消化过程中间代谢产物的累积情况,以总固体含量(TS)（质量分数） 5%和7%的白酒糟为发酵原料进行了批次试验。结果表明,乙酸(最高浓度33~129 mmol/L)、丙酸(39~61 mmol/L)、丁酸(5~44 mmol/L)和15种氨基酸(0.01~0.3 mmol/L)为主要中间代谢产物。为了探究其中关键的丙酸降解菌群,以酒糟原始沼液JO为植种源,10 mmol/L丙酸和0.1 mmol/L混合氨基酸为复合碳源进行富集培养,获得中温厌氧丙酸-氨基酸培养系JO-AP。高通量测序分析表明,互营丙酸降解菌与厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的丙酸厌氧降解菌（Pelotomaculum schinkii）近缘,16S rRNA基因相似性100%,占细菌总丰度的16.7%。对比酒糟原始沼液JO、丙酸培养系JO-P及丙酸-氨基酸培养系JO-AP中的主要功能菌群,发现采用单一碳源和复合碳源获得的优势互营丙酸降解菌不同;传统培养与分子生物学技术相结合可以更全面地掌握系统中的微生物群落组成。     

硫磺和酒糟对烤烟生长和烟叶品质以及碱性土壤pH的影响

为了探讨碱性烟田土壤改良的有效技术并提高烟叶质量,以烤烟品种‘中烟100’为材料,采用田间试验研究了不同硫磺用量(0.1、0.2、0.3kg/m2、0.1kg/m2+3.0kg/m2酒糟)对碱性土壤pH、烤烟生长及其产量质量的影响。结果显示:(1)碱性土壤施用0.1～0.3kg/m2的硫磺能够显著降低烤烟根区土壤的pH值,降低幅度达到0.3个单位以上。(2)硫磺能促进烟苗根系的早发快长,在烤烟移栽30d时,处理植株根、茎、叶的干重分别比相应对照增加16%～37%、9%～28%和17%～25%;与对照相比,中等用量硫磺(0.2kg/m2)和低用量硫磺配合酒糟(0.1kg/m2+3.0kg/m2)能够显著增加烟叶的产量和上中等烟比例。(3)硫磺能够显著增加中部烟叶氮含量,协调还原糖与烟碱的比值,0.1～0.2kg/m2硫磺能够显著增加烟叶氮和烟碱含量,且0.1kg/m2硫磺配合3.0kg/m2酒糟施用的效果更显著,但0.3kg/m2的硫磺处理效果较弱。研究表明,施用适量硫磺可显著降低碱性土壤的pH值,促进烟株的生长发育,提高烟叶的产量和质量,且硫磺0.2kg/m2和硫磺0.1kg/m2配合酒糟3.0kg/m2是碱性烟区土壤改良、提高烟叶产质量的较有效技术措施。     

发酵白酒糟生产饲料蛋白的优良菌种的筛选

采用常规方法从1000多株菌(包括丝状真菌、酵母菌、链霉菌、细菌)中筛选到一批优良菌种,并进行了单菌发酵、多菌株组合发酵,不同原料配方发酵试验。在实验室条件下,发酵产物的粗蛋白含量高达35.9％,比原料本身的粗蛋白含量高50％以上,比所用培养基的粗蛋白含量高30％,发酵产物的粗纤维含量降低率为15％;粗脂肪含量为5.5％左右;产率达80％以上。结果证明,筛选到的菌株确是发酵白酒糟生产饲料蛋白的优良菌种。     

浓香型白酒糟醅及窖泥产香功能菌的研究进展

浓香型白酒主要香气物为己酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯四大酯类,白酒微生物发酵过程中酯类合成主要是酸与醇在酯化酶的作用下产生,因此产香功能菌包括香气及其前体物产生菌和酯化酶产生菌.本文综述了浓香型白酒糟醅及窖泥主要产香功能菌的来源、组成、鉴定方法、功能特性、相互关系及其在浓香型白酒生产过程中的应用等方面的研究进展,旨为浓香型白酒重要微生物的研究提供思路,为其发酵过程控制提供理论依据.     

THE SUBEPIDERMAL FUNGI OF CEREAL GRAINS

Examination of samples received in 1947 and 1948 showed that a subepidermal mycelium occurred in normal wheat grains from almost all the wheat-growing areas of the world. The amount of mycelium varied widely: there are indications that the degree of infection is dependent on the atmospheric humidity during the ripening of the grain. No subepidermal mycelium was found in wheat grains from some crops grown under irrigation.     

DETECTION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN INTERSTELLAR GRAINS

Star formation and the subsequent evolution of planetary systems occurs in dense molecular clouds, which are comprised, in part, of interstellar dust grains gathered from the diffuse interstellar medium (DISM). Radio observations of the interstellar medium reveal the presence of organic molecules in the gas phase and infrared observational studies provide details concerning the solid-state features in dust grains. In particular, a series of absorption bands have been observed near 3.4~2940 cm^–1) towards brightinfrared objects which are seen through large column densities of interstellar dust. Comparisons of organic residues, produced under a variety of laboratory conditions, to the diffuse interstellar medium observations have shown that aliphatic hydrocarbon grains are responsible for the spectral absorption features observed near 3.4 ~2940cm^–1). These hydrocarbons appear to carry the –CH₂– and –CH₃ functional groups in the abundance ratio CH₂/CH₃ ~ 2.5, and theamount of carbon tied up in this component is greater than 4% of the cosmic carbon available. On a galacticscale, the strength of the 3.4 band does notscale linearly with visual extinction, but instead increases more rapidly for objects near the Galactic Center. A similar trend is noted in the strength of the Si–O absorption band near 9.7. The similarbehavior of the C–H and Si–O stretching bands suggests that these two components may be coupled, perhaps in the form of grains with silicate cores and refractory organic mantles. The ubiquity of the hydrocarbon features seen in the near infrared near 3.4throughout our Galaxy and in other galaxies demonstrates the widespread availability of such material for incorporation into the many newly forming planetary systems. The similarity of the 3.4features in any organic material with aliphatic hydrocarbons underscores the need for complete astronomical observational coverage in the 2–30 region, oflines of sight which sample dust in both dense and diffuse interstellar clouds, in order to uniquely specify the composition of interstellar organics. This paper reviews the information available from ground-based observations, although currently the Infrared Satellite Observatory is adding to our body of knowledge on this subject by providing more extensive wavelength coverage. The Murchison carbonaceous meteorite has also been used as an analog to the interstellar observations and has revealed a striking similarity between the light hydrocarbons in the meteorite and the ISM; therefore this review includes comparisons with the meteoritic analog as well as with relevant laboratory residues. Fundamental to the evolution of the biogenic molecules, to the process of planetary system formation, and perhaps to the origin of life, is the connection between the organic material found in the interstellar medium and that incorporated in the most primitive solar system bodies.     

ONTOGENY OF ALEURONE GRAINS IN COTTON EMBRYO

Cotyledon mcsophyll cells in maturing seeds of Gossypium hirsutum from aleurone grains by accumulation of protein and other materials in vacuoles. Globoids and unidentified, electron-dense particles can be found in the matrix of amorphous protein. As revealed by electron microscopy, the vacuoles appear to communicate with cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in early stages of development. This paper and many reports in the literature cast doubt on the reported plastid nature of certain aleurone grains.     

纤维素酶水解啤酒糟的研究

研究了纤维素酶水解啤酒糟的适宜条件以及底物预处理方法对纤维素转化率和多糖水解率的影响。在适宜条件下,100g干啤酒糟可水解得10．8g还原糖。酶解液用于培养酵母菌提取麦角固醇,残渣是生产含菌体蛋白饲料的原料。     

我国鼠尾草属花粉形态研究

鼠尾草属由于属中的丹参是优良的药用植物,因而引起人们的重视,进行了各方面的研究。至于鼠尾草属的花粉形态,G·埃特曼曾研究过二种鼠尾草花粉(Salvia pratensis和Salvia splenders),提及花粉多数为6沟,也有少数花粉具7-12沟(G.Erdtman 1969),中国植物花粉形态一书中也提到Salvia brevilabra花粉具六沟,外壁为网状纹饰(中国科学院植物研究所,1960年)。     

ISOLATION OF HIGH-QUALITY RNA FROM GRAINS OF DIFFERENT MAIZE VARIETIES

The study of gene expression in maize varieties represents a powerful tool aiming to increase vitamin A precursors. However, the isolation of RNA from different maize varieties is challenging because these varieties show different levels of polysaccharides, and most methods available for RNA isolation are inappropriate for grain samples. The polysaccharides co-purify and co-precipitate with RNA during isolation, resulting in low-quality RNA, compromising the use of RNA in subsequent applications. Thus, a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-based method was adapted in this study and compared with six methods for RNA isolation, including commercial reagents and RNA and DNA isolation kits, in order to identify the most appropriate for maize grains from different varieties. Most of the methods evaluated were considered inadequate due to limitations in terms of purity and/or quantity of the isolated RNA, which affected the efficiency of subsequent RT-qPCR analysis, resulting in nonamplification of β-carotene hydroxylase gene (HYD3) or high deviation among replicates. However, the CTAB modified method allowed the study to obtain intact RNA, with high quality and quantity, from 25 maize varieties. Furthermore, this RNA was successfully used to evaluate the expression of HYD3 gene by real-time qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and thus represents a simple, efficient, and low-cost strategy.