甲基苯丙胺中毒大鼠相关脑区多巴胺能神经毒性研究

目的：探讨MA中毒多巴胺能神经毒性的损伤机制。方法：将Wistar大鼠40只,随机分成对照组10只和实验组30只（实验组分成三个亚组,分为末次给药后1天组、4天组和7天组,n=10）。实验组给予20mg/kg的MA腹腔注射,对照组给予同样剂量的生理盐水,每天注射一次,注射时间为20：00,连续注射4天。分别于末次给药后1天,7天,14天处死实验大鼠,用免疫组织化学染色法（S-P法）和荧光分光光度计法检测大鼠中脑黑质致密区（SNC）、中脑腹侧被盖区（VTA）、前额叶皮质（PFC）以及纹状体（CPu）四个脑区的多巴胺神经元细胞的形态和数量的变化,对神经纤维进行灰度值分析。结果：1、黑质致密区和腹侧被盖区TH阳性细胞图像分析结果与细胞计数分析结果一致：与对照组相比,各实验组TH免疫反应阳性降低,差异具显著性（P〈0.05）,d1组开始降低（P〈0.05）,d7组达到低谷（P〈0.01）,d14天组黑质致密区和腹侧被盖区TH免疫反应阳性有不同程度的恢复（P〈0.05）。2、纹状体和前额叶皮质TH阳性纤维图像定量分析结果：各实验组TH免疫反应阳性均减低（P〈0.05）,d7组阳性反应最弱（P〈0.01）,d14组仍未恢复（P〈0.05）。3、黑质致密区、腹侧被盖区、纹状体及前额叶皮质荧光分光光度计检测DA递质含量结果：与上述免疫组化结果基本一致。结论：1、大鼠各脑区TH阳性表达和DA含量,均出现不同程度的减低。2、MA中毒大鼠各脑区DA递质含量的变化与TH的变化结果基本一致。     

6-OHDA制备的帕金森病大鼠黑质神经元的超微结构改变

目的观察6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)单侧注射制备的帕金森病(PD)大鼠多巴胺(DA)能神经元的超微结构改变。方法单侧微量注射6-OHDA制备PD大鼠模型,用免疫荧光组织化学方法观察正常侧与6-OHDA注射侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经细胞及神经纤维的变化;并利用免疫电镜技术观察大鼠正常侧与注射侧黑质致密部DA能神经元的超微结构。结果免疫荧光法显示注射侧黑质致密部TH阳性细胞数和网状部TH阳性纤维面积与正常侧的百分比平均值分别为21.83%,23.19%。免疫电镜显示:TH免疫反应阳性产物表达于PD大鼠正常侧DA能神经元的高尔基复合体质膜面及胞质内,电子密度较高,注射侧很少见或几乎未见,且注射侧线粒体嵴有不同程度的溶解,呈空泡样变或髓样变,粗面内质网脱颗粒。结论6-OHDA可引起DA能神经元发生凋亡的超微结构改变。     

帕金森病大鼠模型中脑腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元改变及c-Jun蛋白表达

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)大鼠模型中脑腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area,VTA)多巴胺能神经元的改变及其c-Jun蛋白表达情况,探讨其可能机制。方法应用6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)单侧一点注射大鼠黑质致密区(substantia nigra compacta,SNc),特异性毁损DA能神经元;术后1d、7d、14d、21d腹腔注射阿朴吗啡(apomorphine,APO)诱发行为学观察、电镜、尼氏染色观察中脑VTA神经元的改变,免疫组织化学ABC观察其DA能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)及c-Jun的改变并进行图像分析,Western blot观察c-Jun蛋白表达。结果APO诱发PD大鼠模型异常旋转行为,尼氏染色及电镜见PD大鼠中脑VTA有神经细胞肿胀、坏死等变化,VTA TH阳性(TH )神经元数量减少,形态学改变。APO诱导的旋转实验≥7转/min,VTA毁损侧c-Jun表达。结论中脑VTA DA能神经参与PD模型大鼠的改变;APO能诱导6-OHDA PD模型大鼠的旋转行为,其强弱可能与TH 神经元数量直接相关;c-Jun表达与DA能神经元毁损程度有一定的关系。     

NF-κB在LPS诱导的帕金森病模型大鼠中的作用

目的:研究NF-κB在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠中的作用.方法:52只SD大鼠按体重随机分为3组,实验组(LPS组)、预防组(PDTC+LPS组)和对照组,每组14只:(1)实验组SD大鼠按体重50 mg/kg经腹腔注射生理盐水后经脑立体定位单侧黑质注射LPS4μl/只(4μg/只)后7 d制成帕金森病模型;(2)预防组SD大鼠按体重50 mg/kg经腹腔注射PDTC lh后再经脑立体定位单侧黑质注射LPS 4μl/只(4μg/只);(3)对照组SD大鼠按体重50 mg/kg经腹腔注射生理盐水后经脑立体定位单侧黑质注射生理盐水4μl/只.7 d后观察三组大鼠皮下注射阿扑吗啡后的行为学变化,采用免疫荧光法检测注射7 d后黑质部NF-κBp65的表达,并用western blotting检测其蛋白表达.结果:7d后,实验组大鼠有明显的行为学变化,预防组和对照组则无异常行为学表现.免疫荧光结果显示,与注射对侧相比,实验组大鼠经脑立体定位注射内毒素LPS后,注射侧黑质部TH表达显著减少,而NF-κBp65阳性表达则显著增加,western blotting得到同样结果(P＜0.05);预防组和对照组大鼠黑质部TH和NF-κBp65阳性表达无显著性变化,western blotting得到同样结果(P＞0.05).结论:NF-κB参与了LPS PD大鼠发病过程,黑质中NF-κBp65过度激活是LPS对大鼠造成损害作用的机制之一.预先使用PDTC对LPS PD鼠起到一定神经保护作用.     

脂多糖对大鼠多巴胺能神经元毒性作用的研究

目的　建立新的帕金森病 (Parkinson’sdisease ,PD)动物模型 ,探讨其发病机制。方法　在大鼠脑黑质(substantianigra ,SN)内注射脂多糖 (Lipopolysaccharide ,LPS)后 ,按大鼠不同存活期用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)来测定脑内多巴胺 (Dopamine,DA)及其代谢产物的含量 ;用免疫组化法观察酪氨酸羟化酶 (Tyrosinehydroxylase ,TH)阳性神经细胞、小胶质细胞的形态及数量变化。结果　DA及其代谢产物的含量在LPS注射侧随时间不同有不同程度下降 ,于第 14天达到最低 (P <0 0 1) ;注射侧黑质TH阳性神经元可以达到全部消失 ,该处可见大量被激活并有形态改变的小胶质细胞。结论　LPS可导致大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的损害     

Lactacystin诱导帕金森病大鼠黑质胶质细胞的变化

目的观察蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin诱导大鼠黑质胶质细胞的变化、炎性介质NF-κB的表达。方法采用立体定向术将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin 10μg注射至大鼠黑质部位,免疫组织化学法观察黑质区多巴胺(DA)能神经元、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞的变化,炎性介质核转录因子κB(NF-κB)的表达。结果注射Lactacystin 3周,阿朴吗啡腹腔注射后出现典型旋转行为;8周后实验组大鼠损毁侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞数明显减少,黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞的数量均增加,NF-κB表达增强。结论蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin能激活大鼠黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞,诱导炎性介质表达。     

雌激素对6-羟基多巴胺损伤黑质多巴胺能神经元的保护作用

本研究以P50听觉诱发电位(P50 auditory evoked potential, P50)和酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH)阳性细胞计数作为黑质功能和形态学指标,动态追踪研究雌激素对6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OHDA)损伤黑质多巴胺(dopamine, DA)能神经元的作用.将大鼠分为4组:(1)正常雌性大鼠对照组;(2)单纯帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease, PD)模型组;(3)双侧去卵巢PD模型组;(4)去卵巢回补3d雌激素的PD模型组.在大鼠清醒和安静的生理状态下连续14d记录黑质的P50,并检测黑质TH 细胞数目的变化.结果显示:单纯PD模型大鼠黑质P50的T/C值较正常雌鼠降低40.60%(P<0.01),其损伤侧黑质TH 细胞数目减少64.74%(P<0.01);去卵巢PD模型大鼠黑质P50的T/C值较单纯PD模型大鼠进一步降低45.88%(P<0.01),同时其黑质TH 细胞数目值也进一步减少57.26%(P<0.01),表明急性缺乏生理水平性腺雌激素将增大6-OHDA损伤黑质DA能神经元的程度,同时使黑质的感觉门控(sensory gating, SG)功能明显受损;去卵巢后回补3d生理剂量雌激素,可明显改善大鼠黑质的SG功能,提高TH 细胞数量(与去卵巢PD模型大鼠比较,P<0.01),其黑质损伤程度与单纯PD模型大鼠相当.以上结果提示,生理水平的雌激素具有提高黑质DA能神经元对伤害性刺激耐受性的神经保护作用.缺乏性腺源性的雌激素时,及时给予生理剂量的雌激素可以减轻神经毒素6-OHDA对黑质DA能神经元结构和功能的损伤.     

雌激素和植物雌激素对大鼠杏仁核多巴胺能系统的调节

用快速周期伏安法(fast cyclic voltammetry,FCV)测定了动情周期各期雌鼠、去卵巢(ovaricectomized,OVX)鼠和正常雄鼠的杏仁核(amygdala,Amy)多巴胺(dopamine,DA)释放,同时应用酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydrox-ylase,TH)免疫组化技术检测了以上各组大鼠腹侧背盖区(ventral tegmental area,VTA)的TH阳性神经元数目。并在此基础上,将植物雌激素——大豆异黄酮侧脑室注射,观察了其对各组大鼠Amy DA释放的作用。结果显示,雌鼠动情前期DA释放量最高,高于其余三期和OVX鼠;AmyDA释放和VTATH阳性神经元数目存在明显的性别差异,雌性高于雄性;大豆异黄酮可快速(5min内)增加雌鼠、OVX鼠的Amy DA释放,提示大鼠内源性雌激素水平差异对中脑边缘系统DA能神经元存在调节作用,大豆异黄酮可在中枢发挥类雌激素作用,调节杏仁核DA能神经递质系统功能。     

DJ-1保护大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮损伤的研究

目的:探讨过表达DJ-1蛋白能否保护大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮所致的急性损伤.方法:构建表达DJ-1基因的腺相关病毒载体(rAAV-DJ-1)并转染HEK-293细胞,进行腺相关假病毒颗粒包装,所得假病毒颗粒注射到大鼠脑内感染黑质神经细胞;4周后,注射鱼藤酮于大鼠黑质相同脑区;通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹试验鉴定TH蛋白表达情况,采用动物行为轨迹分析软件计算大鼠30 min内运动距离以及强迫游泳试验鉴定大鼠精神症状.结果:与对照组相比,过表达D J-1组大鼠运动损伤症状较轻,精神症状改善明显;损伤侧黑质TH阳性神经元数目和TH蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组.结论:过表达DJ-1蛋白能保护大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮所致的急性损伤,延缓多巴胺能神经元的退行性变,提示DJ-1可能对帕金森病的治疗有较好的应用前景.     

甲基苯丙胺中毒小鼠脑组织神经元 超微结构变化的研究

目的:通过观察甲基苯丙胺中毒后小鼠脑组织超微结构的改变,探讨脑组织超微结构改变与甲基苯丙胺神经毒性机制的关系。方法:将40只小鼠随机分为对照组和3组实验组(A,B,C)。A组给予MA(20mg/kg,ip,single)、B组给予MA(20mg/kg,8am,8pm,ip×2d)、C组给予MA(20mg/kg,8am,8pm,ip×4d),对照组给予等量生理盐水。用电镜观察前额叶皮质、海马、纹状体三个部位组织神经元胞体超微结构改变,并与空白对照组比较,结果进行统计学处理。结果:给予MA后,小鼠各脑区神经元胞体出现神经元固缩、变性、凋亡、坏死等超微病变。结论:MA可诱导神经细胞发生神经元固缩、变性、凋亡、坏死等超微病变,其变化程度随时间和药物蓄积有逐渐增加的趋势。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.