一株氨氧化链霉菌的分类鉴定及其氨氧化特性的研究

从硝化反应器中分离获得一株链霉菌。根据其形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性,（G+C）mol％含量以及16S rDNA序列和DNA杂交结果,将其归入链霉菌属中的比基尼链霉菌（Streptomycesbikiniensis）。该菌株既能在YD培养基上异养生长,也能在无机培养基上自养生长,异养生长速率(Vmax为0.39mg/L\5d)明显高于自养生长速率（Vmax为0.22mg/L.d）。异养生长时,氨氮主要用于合成细胞物质;自养生长时,部分氨氮用于合成细胞物质,部分氨氮转化成亚硝酸盐。在无机培养基上自养生长时,最适氨浓度为118mgN/L。最适生长pH值为9.36,最适氨氧化pH值为9.29。最适生长温度为31℃,最适氨氧化温度为40.6℃。提高溶解氧浓度有利于该菌株生长和氨氧化,菌体生长对溶解氧浓度的敏感性高于氨氧化。     

一株反硝化细菌的鉴定及其厌氧氨氧化能力的证明

从厌氧氨氧化反应器中分离获得了反硝化细菌D₃菌株. 综合其外部形态特性、生理生化特性、VitekGN检测结果、Biolog碳源利用特性, 以及菌株的(G+C)%(mol/mol)含量和系统发育分析, 将它归入门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina). 该菌株是典型的反硝化细菌, 具有较强的反硝化活性, 当硝酸盐浓度为88.5 mg/L时, 反硝化速率最大, 为26.2 mg/(L·d). 最适生长pH为7.84, 最适生长温度为34.9℃. 该菌株显现较强的厌氧氨氧化能力, 对硝酸盐的最大利用速率为6.37 mg/(L·d), 对氨的最大利用速率为3.34 mg/(L·d), 消耗的氨氮和硝酸盐氮之比为1︰1.91. 该菌株可产生特殊的细胞结构, 与厌氧氨氧化密切相关, 推测这一特殊细胞结构可能是进行厌氧氨氧化的厌氧氨氧化体. 证明了反硝化细菌具有厌氧氨氧化活性, 扩大了厌氧氨氧化菌的种群范围, 为深入研究厌氧氨氧化菌及其在全球氮素循环中的贡献和进一步开发厌氧氨氧化工艺打下了良好的基础.     

厌氧氨氧化菌混培物生长及代谢动力学研究

研究了厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的动力学特性.测得细胞产率系数1.573mgVS(mmolNH4+)-1;细胞衰减常数0.052mgVS(g@VS@d)-1.厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的最大氨氧化速率1.320～2.761mmol(gVS@d)-1,最大亚硝酸盐转化(反硝化)速率14.497mmol(gVS@d)-1.厌氧氨氧化菌混培物利用氨的Km值1.801～4.215mmol@L-1,利用亚硝酸盐的Km值0.468mmol@L-1.氨自身的抑制常数38.018～98.465mmol@L,实际最大氨氧化速率的氨浓度16.656mmol@L-1.亚硝酸盐对厌氧氨氧化的抑制常数5.401～11.995mmol@L-1.厌氧氨氧化的最适pH7.605.厌氧氨氧化的最适温度30℃.Vmaxa、Kma、Kia和Kin的活化能依次为37.316、30.239、33.695和30.473kJ@mol-1.     

厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养物对羟胺的转化研究

【目的】羟胺是厌氧氨氧化的重要中间产物,本研究旨在探明厌氧氨氧化菌对羟胺的转化特性。【方法】采用厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养物,以羟胺和亚硝酸盐为基质进行分批培养试验,检测反应液中基质和产物的消涨情况。【结果】不接种厌氧氨氧化富集培养物时,羟胺和亚硝酸盐具有化学稳定性,彼此不发生化学反应;接种厌氧氨氧化富集培养物后,羟胺和亚硝酸盐发生化学反应;反应过程中有中间产物氨的产生和转化,最大氨氮积累浓度为0.338mmol/L;液相中总氮浓度从起始的4.694mmol/L降至结束时的0.812mmol/L,转化率为82.7%。羟胺和亚硝氮浓度均为2.5mmol/L时,羟胺最大比污泥转化速率为0.535mmol/(gVSS.h),是厌氧氨氧化反应体系中氨氮最大比污泥转化速率的1.81倍。将羟胺浓度提高至5.0mmol/L时,羟胺和亚硝氮转化速率分别提高26.7%和120.7%,最大氨氮积累浓度为0.795mmol/L;将亚硝氮浓度提高至5.0mmol/L时,羟胺和亚硝氮转化速率分别提高6.9%和9.0%,最大氨氮积累浓度为1.810mmol/L。【结论】厌氧氨氧化富集培养物能够转化羟胺,其对羟胺的转化速率高于对氨的转化速率。羟胺相对过量可显著加快羟胺和亚硝酸盐的转化速率,亚硝酸盐相对过量对羟胺和亚硝氮转化速率影响不大,提高羟胺或亚硝氮浓度均会增大中间产物氨氮的积累。实验现象可用van de Graaf模型解释,对于进一步开发厌氧氨氧化工艺具有重要的理论意义。     

单级自养脱氮系统亚硝化菌株的分离、鉴定及定性

[目的]研究单级自养脱氮系统中亚硝化菌株的培养及代谢特征,为系统运行操控提出理论指导.[方法]从单级白养脱氮系统活性污泥中采集微生物样品,经过4次富集和分离过程,最终获得一株亚硝化能力较强的菌株Nl,通过显微镜观察及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株,研究摇瓶装量、pH、温度及底物浓度对其代谢过程的影响.[结果]该菌株与Nitrosomonas sp.NL7(AY958677)、Nitrosomonas AS1(EF016119)、Nitrosomonas sp.Is32(AJ621027)相似性分别为97%、96%和96%,对氧气需求量存在较严格要求,pH及温度对其氨氧化活性具有明显的影响,最适条件分别为pH8.0和30℃,在氨氮浓度80-800 mg/L较宽的底物浓度范围内具有活性,当氨氮浓度高达800 mg/L时,其氨氧化活性没有受到明显的抑制.[结论]该N1菌株为亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp.),与已有报道的其它亚硝化菌相比,N1对氨氮有较强降解能力及较广的浓度适应范围.     

厌氧氨氧化菌混培物生长及代谢动力学研究1

研究了厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的动力学特性。测得细胞产率系数1.573mgVS(mmol NH⁺₄)^-1;细胞衰减常数0.052mgVS(g·VS·d)^-1。厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的最大氨氧化速率1.320～2.761mmol(gVS·d)^-1,最大亚硝酸盐转化(反硝化)速率14.497mmol(gVS·d)^-1。厌氧氨氧化菌混培物利用氨的Km值1.801～4.215mmol·L^-1,利用亚硝酸盐的Km值0.468mmol·L^-1。氨自身的抑制常数38.018～98.465mmol·L^-1,实际最大氨氧化速率的氨浓度16.656mmol·L^-1。亚硝酸盐对厌氧氨氧化的抑制常数5.401～11.995mmol·L^-1。厌氧氨氧化的最适pH7.605。厌氧氨氧化的最适温度30℃。V_maxa、K_ma、K_ia和K_in的活化能依次为37.316、30.239、33.695和30473kJ·mol^-1。     

高效反硝化菌aHD7的筛分、脱氮特性及厌氧氨氧化性

从活性污泥中筛选出一株高效反硝化菌aHD7,30℃静置培养3d,脱氮率可达91.7％,且反应过程中亚硝酸盐积累量较低,3d后亚硝酸盐氮浓度基本稳定在1.8mg.L-1.显微镜观察显示,菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌,大小为0.5 μm×(1.5～2.5) μm.通过生理生化特性及16S rDNA同源性分析,初步推断该菌株为门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina).考察了碳源、C/N、氮初始浓度、pH等因素对菌株反硝化性能的影响.结果表明:对中低浓度硝酸盐(硝酸盐氮浓度≤276.95 mg.L-1),脱氮率接近100％,硝酸盐氮浓度高达553.59 mg·L-1时,脱氮率可达66.8％,且亚硝酸盐积累量甚微;最适碳源为乙醇;C/N为6～8和偏中性条件有利于反硝化反应.aHD7具有较强的厌氧氨氧化性,平均氨利用率达4.56 mg·L-1·d-1.     

一株水生产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes aquatilis)的分离鉴定及其氨氧化效果

【背景】随着畜牧业的高速发展,资源化利用畜禽粪便并减少其所造成的污染是一项艰巨的任务。好氧堆肥作为一种有效利用畜禽粪便污染的途径而成为重点研究方向。【目的】通过筛选具有高效氮转化能力的微生物,用于减少好氧堆肥中氮素损失,从而提高肥力、减少污染。【方法】通过对牛粪中异养硝化细菌的分离鉴定及对氨氧化能力的研究得到氨氧化能力较强的菌株NS-1。在不同工艺参数下培养菌株NS-1,进一步研究其氨氧化能力。【结果】通过形态学鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,最终确定菌株NS-1为水生产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes aquatilis)。试验结果表明当碳源为丁二酸钠、C/N为15、温度为35℃、pH 7.0时菌株NS-1的氨氧化能力有大幅度提升。菌株NS-1在32 h内将1 230.694 7 mg/L的氨氮完全去除,去除率达到了100%,去除速率高达38.46 mg/(L·h)。【结论】菌株NS-1优良的氨氧化能力对于减少堆肥过程中的氮素流失有重要意义,可为生产优质生物有机肥提供微生物材料和技术支持。     

生产性短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化装置处理制药废水的启动性能

为拓展新型生物脱氮技术的应用领域,研究了生产性短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化装置处理制药废水的启动性能。制药废水氨氮浓度为(430.40±55.43)mg/L时,氨氮去除率达(81.75±9.10)%,实现了短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺对制药废水的生物脱氮。制药废水短程硝化系统的启动时间约为74 d,亚硝氮积累率达(52.11±9.13)%,证明了结合模拟废水和实际废水的"两步法"模式对短程硝化系统启动的适用性。制药废水厌氧氨氧化系统的启动时间约为145 d,最大容积氮去除速率达6.35 kg N/(m3·d),容积效能为传统硝化-反硝化工艺的数十倍,证明了结合菌种自繁和菌种流加的模式对厌氧氨氧化系统启动的适用性。     

一个氨氧化菌群的筛选及除氮特性

摘要:【目的】筛选耐受低C/N比、高氨氮环境的高效氨氧化菌群,为开发新型氨氮去除菌剂奠定基础。【方法】采用多点取样、低C/N比、高浓度氨氮废水强行驯化、驯化液连续梯度稀释等步骤,筛选具有高效去除铵氮能力的氨氧化菌群,并考察不同C/N比、摇床转速和铵氮浓度下目的菌群去除铵氮的特性;分离培养目的菌群中的优势菌株,经形态学观察、生理生化特性测定和16S rRNA序列分析对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】筛选到了3个具有较强去除铵氮能力的氨氧化菌群,其中以JQ8活性最好,对初始NH4+ -N 17.86 mmol/L、C/N比为4的合成废水处理6 d后,NH4+-N去除率达到97.01%;在C/N≥4、NH4+-N≤28.57 mmol/L环境下,菌群JQ8对溶液中NH4+-N的6 d去除率均可达95%,净除氮率接近80%。实验室模拟好氧活性污泥处理系统处理线路板工业废水,用菌群JQ8对系统强化处理7 d后NH4+-N和TN去除率分别达到87.8%和67.9%。分析菌群JQ8组成发现,Defluvibacter sp.、Paracoccus sp．和Aquamicrobium sp．细菌为其主要优势菌株。【结论】从垃圾渗滤液中筛选到一个具有较强铵氮去除能力的氨氧化菌群JQ8,可耐受较低C/N比和高氨氮环境,在强化污水处理系统对工业废水氨氮处理中,表现出良好的效果。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细