黑莓品种‘Arapaho’离体叶片不定芽诱导影响因素分析及再生体系建立

以黑莓(Rubus spp.)品种‘Arapaho’无菌苗叶片为外植体,通过正交和单因素实验分别研究了基本培养基类型、6-BA和1BA质量浓度以及暗培养时间、外植体的叶位和接种方式对不定芽诱导的影响,并研究了IBA质量浓度对不定芽生根的影响;在此基础上,初步建立了黑莓品种‘Arapaho’离体叶片的再生体系.正交实验结果表明:基本培养基类型对叶片不定芽诱导率及平均不定芽数的影响最大,而IBA质量浓度对叶片不定芽诱导率及6-BA质量浓度对平均不定芽数的影响较小;适宜‘Arapaho’叶片不定芽诱导的最佳培养基为含有2.0mg·L-16-BA和1.0 mg·L-1IBA的MS培养基.单因素实验结果表明:暗培养时间、外植体的叶位及接种方式对不定芽诱导率有显著影响;最适宜的暗培养时间为21 d;植株中、上部叶片的再生能力较强,其中第3和第4位叶的不定芽诱导效果最佳;叶面朝上接种更有利于不定芽的诱导.在含0.2 mg·L-1 IBA的MS培养基中,不定芽生根率达100.0％,且根数多、长势良好.黑莓品种‘Arapaho’离体叶片的再生体系为:以无菌苗的第3和第4位叶为外植体,经过适当修剪后叶面朝上接种于含有2.0 mg·L-16-BA和1.0 mg·L-1IBA的MS培养基上,暗培养21 d后置于光照条件下培养30 d;将不定芽转接到含有0.5 mg·L-16-BA和0.3mg·L-1 NAA的MS培养基上进行继代培养;当不定芽高约2 cm时转接到含有0.2 mg·L-1IBA的MS培养基上进行生根培养,最终获得完整植株.     

TDZ高效诱导蝴蝶兰叶片不定芽及植株再生

以蝴蝶兰（Phalaenopsis）无菌幼苗叶片为材料,研究添加TDZ（噻重氮苯基脲）条件下不同基因型、激素组合、叶片大小、暗培养时间对不定芽发生和再生植株的影响。结果表明：在相同培养条件下,不同基因型外植体芽诱导率差异显著,‘红天使’最高,达81.5%,‘汕农姑娘’等2个品种为0,‘满天红’等4个品种为9.2%～34.9%;添加TDZ芽诱导率显著高于6-BA;单独添加TDZ或6-BA芽诱导率显著高于NAA与TDZ或6-BA的组合。叶片越小不定芽诱导率越高;短时间暗处理有利于不定芽的发生。以1～2 cm长叶片为材料、15 d暗处理、在1/2 MS添加3 mg/L TDZ培养基中,‘红天使’的叶片外植体芽诱导率和平均不定芽数分别可达100.0%和18.2个。研究发现,在继代培养中TDZ对芽的伸长有抑制作用。     

‘贵长’猕猴桃叶片高效直接再生体系的建立

以‘贵长’猕猴桃叶片为外植体,直接脱分化产生不定芽,并对不定芽增殖以及生根体系进行优化,建立了其高效直接再生体系。结果表明,叶片在MS+4. 0mg/L 6-BA+0. 4mg/L NAA培养基中,不定芽诱导率达95. 8%,平均出芽数达15. 7个/叶片;不定芽在MS+3. 0mg/L 6-BA+0. 3mg/L NAA+0. 2mg/L GA3培养基中,增殖率达100%,且1～6代平均繁殖系数达8. 15;不定芽先在添加1. 0mg/L IBA的1/2 MS固体培养基中诱导7d,然后再先后在1/2 MS固体培养基和充分吸附1/2 MS培养液的珍珠岩中各培养14d,生根率达98. 61%,且根系发育良好; 50株试管苗移栽到以珍珠岩和田间土壤(其体积比为1∶4)为基质的营养钵中,2周后成活49株,成活率达98%。该研究成功建立了‘贵长’猕猴桃叶片高效再生体系,该方法不定芽诱导周期短,出芽率高且数目多,不定芽增殖系数大,生根率高且试管苗根系发达,为‘贵长’猕猴桃离体快速繁殖和遗传转化奠定了基础。     

彩色马蹄莲‘Parfait’不定芽诱导增殖培养条件的优化和筛选

以初代培养获得的彩色马蹄莲(Zantedeschia hybrida)品种‘Parfait’无菌块茎芽为外植体,研究不定芽诱导增殖的培养条件。4因素3水平的正交实验结果表明,以无菌块茎芽在含20 g.L-1蔗糖、pH 5.8的B5培养基中以每天12 h光照条件进行培养,对不定芽的诱导效果最好。培养基中添加不同种类和浓度的细胞分裂素,诱导率均可达100%,其中以添加3 mg.L-16-BA对不定芽的增殖效果最好。     

LA系列百合‘Eyeliner’花器官组培快繁技术研究

该试验以LA系列百合‘Eyeliner’花器官为外植体,通过不定芽直接诱导和愈伤组织再分化2种途径,建立了花器官组培快繁技术体系。结果表明:以花器官为外植体污染率接近于0;4种百合花器官诱导从易到难的顺序为花梗、花丝、子房和花柱;花丝易诱导愈伤组织,花梗易诱导不定芽,最适诱导培养基均为MS+1.0mg·L-1 6-BA+0.5mg·L-1 NAA;不定芽增殖最佳培养基为MS+2.0mg·L-1 6-BA+0.2mg·L-1 NAA,愈伤组织分化最佳培养基为MS+1.5mg·L-1 6-BA+0.2mg·L-1 NAA;诱导生根最佳培养基为MS+45g·L-1蔗糖;最佳炼苗方式为将组培苗封口放置在自然环境中3d,然后开口放置在自然环境条件下2d;当试管苗鳞茎大小为3.15cm时,移栽成活率最高;移栽最佳基质为草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1。     

圣剑'洋桔梗植株高频再生体系建立及卡那霉素敏感性测定

洋桔梗是国际上十分流行的盆花和切花种类。以洋桔梗‘圣剑’无菌苗叶片为外植体,研究了6-BA与NAA不同浓度组合对其不定芽再生的影响,并分别比较了不同浓度IBA和NAA诱导其生根的效果,测定了该品种在不定芽再生时对卡那霉素(Km)的敏感性。结果表明:MS+0.5 mg·L-16-BA+0.01 mg·L-1NAA为不定芽再生最适培养基,不定芽再生率达91%;1/2 MS+0.2 mg·L-1IBA为不定根再生的最适培养基,生根率达89%;抑制叶片不定芽再生的Km最低浓度为25 mg·L-1。建立了‘圣剑’洋桔梗植株高频再生体系,并确定了其对卡那霉素的敏感性,为该品种的基因工程研究奠定了基础。     

紫茉莉不定芽诱导和植株再生

紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa)观赏价值较高,是一种重要的污染修复植物.组织培养技术为植物品种改良和选育的重要途径,但紫茉莉离体快繁方面的研究尚未见有相关报道.该研究以紫茉莉叶片和茎段为外植体,通过观察和统计外植体愈伤组织和不定芽的诱导情况,分析不同植物生长物质对紫茉莉植株再生的影响.结果表明:紫茉莉带芽茎段比较适合丛生芽的诱导,当带芽茎段在MS+1.0 mg·L-16-BA+1.5 mg·L-1 KT+1.0 mg·L-1 NAA+0.05 mg·L-1 TDZ培养基中培养时,不定芽的增殖系数较高.无论是MS或1/2MS培养基,都可诱导不定根的产生,其中生根效果较好的培养基为1/2 MS+0.5 mg·L-1 NAA.该研究结果探索了紫茉莉组织培养的最适条件,根据愈伤组织诱导率和不定芽的增殖系数筛选出了适宜不定芽诱导的培养基类型,根据不定芽生根情况确定了最佳的生根诱导培养基,为建立紫茉莉高效稳定的再生和遗传转化体系奠定了基础.     

万寿菊杂交亲本的离体培养

以万寿菊‘钻石’雄性不育株的幼嫩叶片和子房为外植体进行离体快繁,结果表明:培养基MS+0.8 mg·L-1 IAA+0.6 mg·L-1 6-BA+30 g·L-1蔗糖既有利于叶片愈伤组织的诱导也有利于不定芽的分化,愈伤组织诱导率达97.9％,不定芽诱导率达45.8％;培养基MS+0.5 mg·L12,4-D+0.5 mg·L-16-BA+ 30 g·L-1蔗糖为诱导子房愈伤组织的最佳培养基,出愈率为77.8％;培养基MS+0.05 mg·L -1 NAA+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+ 30g·L-1蔗糖为诱导子房愈伤组织不定芽分化的最佳培养基;将不定芽接至MS培养基上,7d后即可生出不定根,生根率可达98％,移栽成活率达90％以上.     

草莓高频离体再生体系的研究

以6个草莓品种为试材,研究了影响草莓不定芽再生的各种因素,建立离体叶片高效再生系统。结果表明,外植体基因型、激素种类及配比、叶龄等是影响草莓再生的主要因子,其中‘鬼露甘’叶片最佳芽诱导培养基为MS 2.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.1 mg/L IBA,‘嫜姬’叶片愈伤组织的诱导以MS 3 mg/L 6-BA 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D较好,而且1周左右的暗培养可以防止外植体的褐化。芽伸长的最适培养基为MS 0.5 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L IBA,生根的最适培养基为MS 0.2 mg/L IBA,试管苗移栽后成活率为87%。     

香石竹叶片离体再生体系的建立

以香石竹(Dianthus caryophyllus Linn.)无菌苗叶片为外植体,从不同细胞分裂素及其他激素配合使用等方面进行筛选,建立香石竹叶片离体再生体系.结果表明,不同的细胞分裂素影响叶片不定芽分化频率,其中较低浓度的6-BA(0.5 mg·L-1)和TDZ(0.001 mg·L-1)配合使用能有效诱导香石竹叶片不定芽分化;添加一定浓度的PP333(4 mg·L-1)可提高叶片不定芽分化频率和平均芽数.香石竹叶片不定芽分化的适宜培养基为:MS 0.002mg·L-1TDZ 0.5 mg·L-16-BA 0.2 mg·L-1IAA 4 mg·L-1PP333;壮苗培养基为:MS 0.2 mg·L-1 6-BA 0.2 mg·L-1IAA;生根培养基为:1/2 MS.不定芽诱导频率达到42.61%,平均芽数为4.53个.     

Development of shoot inHydrangea macrophylla I. Terminal and axillary buds

The structure of shoots, in particular of winter buds, ofHydrangea macrophylla was examined. The non-flower-bearing shoot is usually composed of a lower and an upper part, between which a boundary is discernible by means of a distinctly short internode. This internode is the lowermost of the upper part, and it is usually shorter than the internodes immediately above and below, although the internodes tend to shorten successively from the proximal to the distal part of the shoot. Variations exist in the following characters among the terminal bud, the axillary bud on the lower part of the shoot and the axillary bud on the upper part: (1) length of bud; (2) character of the outermost pair of leaf primordia; (3) degree of development of secondary buds in the winter bud; and (4) the number of leaf primordia. Usually, the terminal bud contains several pairs of foliage leaf primordia with a primordial inflorescence at the terminal of the bud, but the axiallary bud contains only the primordia of foliage leaves in addition to a pair of bud scales.     

模拟干旱胁迫对巴东木莲种子萌发和芽苗生长的影响

巴东木莲原生种群天然更新差,林下鲜见更新幼苗或幼树。为探究其种子萌发和芽苗在生长期对干旱胁迫的耐受性,该文以巴东木莲种子为材料,采用不同质量浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,分析干旱胁迫对其种子萌发、芽苗生长及其相关的生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)不同质量浓度的PEG溶液对巴东木莲种子萌发和芽苗生长产生显著影响(P0.05),萌发率和存活率随着PEG质量浓度的增加而逐渐降低,当PEG质量浓度≥301 g·L~(-1)时,种子萌发受到抑制,且萌发时间明显推迟。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,巴东木莲芽苗叶绿素含量逐渐降低;可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现出不同程度的先升高后降低趋势;而脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶(APX)活性呈现逐渐升高的趋势。综上分析得出,巴东木莲种子萌发及芽苗的生长对水分需求明显,虽可通过渗透调节和提高保护性酶活性来适应一定程度的干旱胁迫,但在繁育过程中,需防止干旱损伤。该研究结果可为巴东木莲种子繁育更新提供理论依据,有助于巴东木莲种群的扩大。     

The dose of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid determines flower-bud regeneration in tobacco explants at a large range of concentrations

Short-term applications of very high concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to expiants from flower stalks of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) induced flower-bud regeneration to the same extent as longer or continuous incubation on lower concentrations. The maximum number of flower buds per explant after 15 d of culture was obtained not only by continuous culturing at 1 mol·l^–1 NAA but also by 12 h of culturing at 22 mol·l^–1 or 0.5 h at 220 mol· l^–1, followed by incubation on medium without auxin for the remaining period. Continuous application of such high concentrations resulted in callus formation or caused the death of the explanted tissue. In all experiments in which auxin concentration and time of application were independently varied, the product of concentration and time determined the number of buds formed. Most, but not all, of the NAA taken up by the tissues was converted into conjugates. In expiants which had received a dose which was optimal for regeneration, the internal concentration of free NAA remaining beyond the pulse period was between 1.7 and 6.2 mol·l^–1. Suboptimal applications led to lower values, supraoptimal treatments to much higher internal concentrations. The physiological effect, which depends on the internal hormone concentration, thus manifested itself as dose-dependent with regard to applied hormone.Abbreviations BAP N⁶-benzylaminopurine - NAA 1-naphthaleneacetic acid     

Callus formation and plantlet development from axillary buds of taro

Excised lateral buds of taro [Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta (L.) A.F. Hill] developed into plantlets and formed callus if cultured on media containing taro extract. α-Naphthaleneacetic acid enhanced the process but only if taro extract was also present. The tissue requirements for this variety of taro are different from those of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.) A.F. Hill.     

人工疏蕾对杏鲍菇产量及品质的影响

【背景】工厂化栽培中,杏鲍菇是不定点出菇,通常采用人工疏蕾的方法来实现对子实体数目的控制,但目前关于人工疏蕾保留子实体的数目无具体的研究。【目的】通过人工疏蕾的方式,研究保留不同子实体数目对杏鲍菇产量及品质的影响。【方法】对各处理组进行基质利用情况测定,对采收后各组子实体进行产量、形态指标及质构特性的测定。【结果】保留3—4个子实体的基质利用率较高,在生产实际中对成本的浪费较少;保留不同子实体数目对子实体形态指标、单菇重量及单包产量都有显著影响,保留1个子实体时,单菇重量最大但单包产量最低,保留4个子实体时,单包产量较高且子实体形态一致;从质构特性来看,保留子实体数目为4个时,杏鲍菇子实体品质最好、口感最佳。【结论】在杏鲍菇工厂化生产的人工疏蕾环节,保留子实体数目为3—4个时可以减少对成本的浪费,获得产量较高、品质较好的产品。     

Effect of thidiazuron on bud development of Cymbidium sinense Willd in vitro

Seed-derived rhizomes of Cymbidium sinense Willdwere able to initiate shoot buds in the presence of0.01--1 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ). However, TDZ retardedrhizome proliferation. The regenerated shoot budswhich had been cultured on basal medium with asupplement of 0.5 mg/l 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)and 1 g/l active charcoal were able to form 10 cmplantlets within four months. Plantlets weretransplanted to sphagnum moss and cultured on a mistbench for six months and then planted into soil-filledpots and maintained in the greenhouse, where they grewwell. In the 2nd year, 9.1% of the potted plants borenormal flowers. In the 3rd year, each of them produced5--6 shoots about 43 cm in height and about 20 roots;73% of the potted plants flowered normally.     

Secondary buds in Scots pine trees infested with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gremmeniella abietina</Emphasis>

In winter 2000–2001, there was a serious outbreak of Gremmeniella abietina Morelet in southeastern Norway. During the outbreak, we noted that injured Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) developed secondary buds in response to the fungus attack, and we decided to study the relationship between injury, appearance of secondary buds and recovery of the trees thereafter. For this purpose, 143 trees from 10 to 50 years of age were chosen and grouped into crown density classes. Injury was assessed in detail, and buds were counted before bud burst in the spring of 2002. In addition, a subset of 15 trees was followed through the summer of 2002 to assess recovery. All injured trees developed secondary buds, with a clear overweight of dormant winter buds in proportion to interfoliar buds. Healthy control trees did not develop secondary buds at all. The secondary buds appeared predominantly on the injured parts of the tree; interfoliar buds in particular developed just beneath the damaged tissue. Most of the secondary buds died during the winter of 2001–2002, mainly because the fungus continued to spread after the first outbreak. Many of the remaining buds developed shoots with abnormal growth during the summer. Secondary buds may help trees to recover from Gremmeniella attacks, but this strategy may fail when the fungus continues to grow and injure the newly formed buds and shoots.     

Action spectrum for light-induced formation of adventitious shoots in hairy roots of horseradish

An action spectrum was determined for lightinduced formation of adventitious shoots in hairy roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaert., Mey. et Scherb.) cultured in vitro. Near ultraviolet (350–400 nm), blue (440–460 nm) and red light (600–680 nm) were most effective in inducing formation of adventitious buds. Farred light (730 nm) inhibited the promotive effect of all three wavelength regions. These results are consistent with induction by phytochrome(s) of adventitious shoots in hairy roots of horseradish.     

Resprouting after disturbance in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae): an experiment with juveniles

The impact of plant age, severity of injury and nutrient levels on the ability to resprout from roots was experimentally assessed in juveniles of the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser. In a chamber experiment, six cohorts of young plants (1–6 week old) were injured to obtain data on the threshold age for the ability to resprout from roots. We found that plant age was an important factor influencing resprouting ability: injured individuals older than 5 weeks were able to resprout, but not plants younger than 3 weeks. The impact of injury severity (defoliation and removal of axillary buds) and nutrient levels on resprouting ability was assessed on juveniles in a greenhouse experiment. Injury induced growth of new shoots from root buds, while the number of adventitious buds on roots was not influenced by injury. Both injury treatments had a similar effect in this respect, and the amount of regenerated biomass and the extent of regeneration were not different among injury treatments. The number of new shoots produced after injury was higher at the high nutrient level, but the number of formed adventitious buds on roots was not influenced by nutrient level. Nutrient level also influenced the amount of regenerated biomass, but the extent of regeneration (regenerated/removed biomass) was not influenced. The short-lived monocarpic species R. palustris is able to resprout from roots relatively easily. This ability seems to be advantageous in disturbed habitats and this idea is discussed throughout the paper.     

莼菜休眠芽解除休眠及生根的研究

莼菜为世界著名珍稀水生蔬菜,具有很高的食用和药用价值。已有研究显示,可通过冬芽实现莼菜复壮,找出休眠解除的最佳方法是复壮的基本前提。本实验以莼菜冬季型休眠芽（冬芽）为实验材料,通过光照、温度等处理探求莼菜冬芽的休眠解除方法。莼菜冬芽生根率随着光照强度的增加,其生根率由全黑暗0%显著增长至（16.0±1.3）%;温度和处理时间对莼菜冬芽生根率、根长、生根根数和含水量有显著性影响。其中,35 °C水浴处理6 h后各项指标均到达较大值,上述指标分别为（96.1±2.8）%、（7.2±0.2） cm、74.5±6.0和（83.6±0.3）%;40 °C（6 h）、45 °C（1、3和6 h）和50 °C（10、20和30 min）水浴处理后莼菜冬芽绝大部分失绿变黄;随着培养时间的延长,其冬芽全部腐烂。光照能够促进莼菜冬芽生根;土培生根效果较为显著;适度水浴加热处理能有效解除莼菜冬芽的休眠,35 °C水浴处理6 h为最佳处理方案。