黄皮果实采后呼吸特性及品质变化

以大鸡心、小鸡心和圆种黄皮三个品种为试材,探讨常温(28±2℃)贮藏条件下,三种黄皮果实呼吸速率、乙烯产生速率和品质的变化。结果表明,采后黄皮好果率、可溶性固形物和Vc含量显著降低;失重率、可溶性果胶和原果胶含量显著上升;可滴定酸含量在前2d内显著下降,2d后则有不同程度回升;黄皮果实贮藏4d后呼吸速率显著上升,但无呼吸峰出现,属非呼吸跃变型果实。贮藏后期大鸡心黄皮呼吸速率明显高于小鸡心和圆种黄皮。乙烯产生速率采后前4d内显著上升,但4d后大鸡心和小鸡心黄皮乙烯产生速率迅速降低,圆种黄皮则持续上升。     

昼夜温差对番茄生长发育、产量及果实品质的影响

在3间人工气候室精密受控环境中,保持日平均温度为22 ℃,设置昼夜温差分别为6 ℃(25 ℃/19 ℃)、8 ℃(26 ℃/18 ℃)、10 ℃(27 ℃/17 ℃),研究昼夜温差对番茄生长的影响.结果表明: 番茄不同品种、不同生长时期适宜的昼夜温差条件不同.番茄开花前,与6 ℃温差相比,8 ℃温差可显著加快野生种醋栗番茄LA1781生长发育,使幼苗株高增加23.1%,出叶加快1～2片,开花提前7 d;10 ℃温差对LA1781苗期的促进作用与8 ℃温差相似.对栽培种普通番茄LA2397和LA0490来说,6 ℃温差使幼苗生长良好,8 ℃温差对幼苗无显著促进作用;与6 ℃温差相比,10 ℃温差对苗期生长及开花有抑制作用,使株高降低12.0%～18.3%,出叶慢2～3片,开花推迟2～4 d.10 ℃温差使3个品种番茄地上部分干质量增加25.2%～44.2%.番茄开花后,与6 ℃温差相比,10 ℃温差可显著提高LA1781的产量和果实品质,使果实数增加34.7%,单株产量增加92.1%,平均单果质量增加40.0%,果实可溶性糖含量增加16.3%,番茄红素含量增加95.6%.与6 ℃温差相比,LA2397和LA0490在8 ℃温差下产量和果实品质提高,番茄红素含量增加超过2倍;在10 ℃温差下产量略有降低(5.0%),果实含糖量降低,但果实尺寸和番茄红素含量增加.表明番茄苗期生长温差不宜过大,花果期适当增大昼夜温差可提高产量和果实品质,但温差过大易造成生长不良和减产.     

不同施钾时期对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了钾肥不同施用时期对红富士苹果产量、品质、钾肥利用效率及叶片和果实养分含量的影响.结果表明:与对照(不施钾)相比,增施钾肥显著提高了苹果产量4.3%~33.2%,且具有明显改善果品质量的作用.与100%钾基施相比,膨大期施钾处理(50%基施+50%膨大期施、50%花后施+50%膨大期施、100%膨大期施)苹果产量显著增加20.5%~27.7%,果品质量亦有所改善.50%基施+50%膨大期施和50%花后施+50%膨大期施钾处理在苹果增产和改善品质的基础上,明显提高了果园的钾肥利用效率,并维持了果实生长周期中叶片钾含量的相对稳定,为树体钾素的持续供应提供了保障.然而,50%花后施+50%膨大期施钾处理果实钙含量显著下降,不利于果实后期贮藏.综合考虑,50%基施+50%膨大期施为果园钾肥施用的最佳时期.     

套袋对苹果发育过程中果皮色素及果肉糖含量的影响

以富士苹果'长富2号'品系为试材,研究了套袋后果实生长发育过程中果皮色素含量、果肉糖含量及取袋后果皮色素、糖含量和PAL活性等品质形成因子的变化规律.结果显示:套用双层纸袋能显著降低红富士苹果果皮叶绿素含量,并以叶绿素a降低幅度较大,且与总叶绿素含量呈基本一致的下降变化趋势,而果皮类胡萝卜素降低幅度较小;果皮的花青苷含量取袋前显著低于对照,取袋后迅速上升,并在取袋后6 d超过对照,采收时超过对照1倍以上;果实PAL酶活性取袋后呈先升后降的趋势,取袋后4 d活性超过对照,取袋后6 d活性达到最高值;套袋不同程度地降低了果实可溶性总糖和还原糖含量,取袋后可溶性总糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量上升,蔗糖含量在取袋后4 d内迅速上升而后下降,但套袋果始终低于对照果.研究表明,套袋可以显著降低果皮中叶绿素的含量,促进花青苷积累,从而减少叶绿素对果实着色的干扰,提高果实外观品质,但同时也部分减少了果实总糖的含量,对果实内在品质有一定负面影响.     

O2和CO2配比对气调贮藏梨采后褐变及相关理化因子的影响

以采后'丰水'梨果实为材料,在乐扣气调试验箱中研究了O2和CO2配比对果实褐变率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和总酚含量的影响,以探讨适宜减轻梨气藏褐变的气体成份.结果表明:在整个贮藏过程(150 d)中,'丰水'梨果肉未发生褐变.从贮藏60 d开始,气调处理和冷藏对照果实的果皮均出现褐变,气调处理在贮藏120 d之前对果皮褐变的影响不显著,而在贮藏120～150 d内可显著减轻果皮的褐变、抑制果皮PPO和POD活性及降低总酚含量.与冷藏对照相比,气调处理可推迟果心褐变的时间,且(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理可完全抑制果心的褐变;气调处理亦可降低果心PPO活性、减少总酚及MDA含量;(8%～10%)O2+1% CO2处理能够显著提高果心的POD活性,而(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理对果实POD活性的影响不显著.可见,气调贮藏主要是通过降低'丰水'梨果皮PPO、POD活性及总酚含量来减轻组织的褐变,并以(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理对果实褐变因子的控制效果较理想.     

水分对有机基质栽培番茄生理特性、品质及产量的影响

以"齐粉"番茄品种为试材,研究了不同相对含水量对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性、产量、品质和水分利用率的影响.结果表明:随着有机基质相对含水量的升高,番茄株高、茎粗、节间长和单株叶面积极显著增加,叶片色素含量、水势、渗透势及根系活力和果实产量显著增加,而番茄果实品质和水分利用率显著降低.从果实产量、品质和水分利用率方面综合考虑,80%基质相对含水量处理的果实产量达26 kg.m-2以上,可作为番茄有机基质栽培水分管理的量化指标;如果仅考虑果实品质,则50%基质相对含水量可以作为水分管理指标.     

梨花序不同序位坐果对果实发育及品质的影响

以'黄花'、'砀山酥梨'和'丰水'梨为试材,在大蕾期选择不同花序疏花后进行人工授粉,研究梨花序不同序位坐果与果实发育及品质的关系.结果显示:(1)'黄花'、'砀山酥梨'和'丰水'果形指数、果实硬度均随坐果序位的升高而升高,石细胞含量随坐果序位的升高而减少,且3个品种均表现第1序位果石细胞含量最高,5～7序位果单果质量小.(2)'黄花'、 '砀山酥梨'、 '丰水'的可溶性糖含量最高分别为2～4、1～3、3～5序位果,Vc含量最高的分别是1～4、2～5、3～5序位果,(3)果柄粗度和果柄粗/长值随序位的升高而降低,果柄粗度与果实单果质量、果实纵横径及可溶性固形物含量呈正相关,与果实硬度呈负相关.研究表明,各品种最佳坐果部位为:'黄花'2～4序位,'砀山酥梨'2～3序位、'丰水'3～4序位,生产中多数梨品种疏果时建议以留第3序位果较为稳妥.     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、果实产量和品质的影响

采用有机基质栽培,选用盐敏感黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试验材料,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、矿质营养吸收、果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明：接种AMF可以有效促进黄瓜植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收,提高果实产量和改善蔬菜营养品质;盐胁迫下,黄瓜生长受到抑制,植株体内N、P、K、Cu、Zn含量减少和K⁺/Na⁺降低,果实产量和可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量下降;接种AMF可缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,使植株体内N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量分别比对照提高7.3%、11.7%、28.2%、13.5%和9.9%,K⁺/Na⁺、果实产量、可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc含量明显提高,果实硝酸盐含量显著降低.表明AMF可通过促进盐胁迫下黄瓜植株对矿质营养的吸收,促进植株生长,增强植株对盐胁迫的耐性,进而提高其产量和改善营养品质.     

疏果促进黄皮果实发育的细胞形态学观察

以石蜡切片技术,从形态学角度,观察疏果促进黄皮果实的果皮和果肉细胞发育的作用.结果表明,疏果对黄皮果实的果皮和果肉细胞膨大有明显的促进作用,果皮和果肉细胞大小与果实的纵径、横径、鲜果重之间呈明显的正相关.     

‘嘎拉’苹果果实品质的电学特性研究

以'嘎拉'苹果果实为材料,在0.1～100 kHz频率范围内,利用平行板电极系统研究了果实采后成熟衰老过程中的电学特性,并对电学参数与果实品质的关系进行了分析.结果表明:随测定频率的增加,'嘎拉'苹果果实的复阻抗(Z)、并联等效电阻(Rp)、并联等效电感(Lp)和并联等效电容(Cp)均逐渐下降,而电导率(σ)却逐渐上升;0.1 kHz是'嘎拉'苹果果实电学特性检测的特征频率;并联等效电阻在0.1 kHz时与果肉硬度呈极显著正相关(r=0.986**)、与可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关(r=0.934*),可作为标志果肉硬度和可滴定酸含量的敏感电参数.研究发现,在特征频率下,并联等效电阻可以作为辨别'嘎拉'苹果果实品质变化的特征电参数.     

Effects of shading on the photosynthetic capacity,endogenous hormones and root yield in purple-fleshed sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam)

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of shading on the photosynthetic capacity, endogenous hormones and root yield in purple-fleshed sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Jishu18 and Ayamuraski (Aya)]. Sweetpotato plants were treated with two shading levels, 40 and 70 % shading, with full radiation used as a control. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate, adenosine triphosphatase activity, Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity and soluble sugar content decreased under both shading treatments. Leaf indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid content increased, whereas leaf gibberellic acid content, zeatin riboside (ZR) content, root IAA, and ZR content decreased in the plants under both shading treatments. Shading also altered the production of sweetpotato storage root, including reductions in the root yield and dry matter accumulation, increase in the top/root (T/R) ratio, and the difference between the treatments and control for the T/R value and storage root yield was significant. Therefore, the responses of the photosynthetic parameters and endogenous hormones to shading were closely correlated with the variation in the storage root yield of the different cultivars. In response to shading, the reduction of root ZR contents, the fresh dry weight of the above-ground parts and the root yield for Jishu18 were higher than that for cv. Aya, indicating that cv. Jishu18 might be more sensitive to weak light than cv. Aya.     

气调和乙烯对梅果叶绿素和内源激素含量的影响

本文研究了在（25±1）℃下,气调包装和乙烯吸收剂处理对采后青梅果实叶绿素含量、内源激素IAA,GA3,ABA含量和乙烯释放量的影响及它们之间的关系。结果表明：气调包装果实叶绿素含量最高,其次是乙烯吸收剂处理的;各处理中气调包装果实的乙烯释放量始终很低,GA3含量较高,IAA和ABA含量则较低;对照果实的则相反,乙烯释放量很高,IAA和ABA含量较高,而GA3含量较低。乙烯吸收剂处理的处于二者之间。气调包装可以维持果实较高的GA3水平,降低ABA含量,保持较高的GA3／ABA值,抑制IAA和乙烯的生成,延缓梅果叶绿素的降解。     

Changes in abscisic acid and flower pigments during floral senescence of petunia

The present work was focused on abscisic acid (ABA) changes in three differently coloured petunias during flower development and senescence. The ABA content was studied in correlation with changes of flower pigments and other phytohormones. The variations of anthocyanins and endogenous hormones were induced by treatments with 1 or 2 mM amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA), 50, 100 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 50 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). ABA content decreased during bud development and increased during senescence. The AOA reduced the anthocyanins content and avoided ABA increase, while the cytokinins (BA and TDZ) did not significantly affected anthocyanin contents but increased ABA content. TDZ doubled the ABA content compared to the control. However, the treatments did not affected flower life, confirming the secondary role of ABA during flower senescence.     

叶面喷施磷、钾、钙对三月红荔枝果实品质和着色的影响

以三月红荔枝果实为试材,探讨叶面喷施0.2%KH₂PO₄(PK)、0.2%CaCl₂(Ca)溶液以及两者混合液(PK+Ca)对果实品质和着色的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施P、K、Ca能提高果实单果重。各处理(含对照)的果肉可溶性糖含量具有相似的变化趋势;在果实成熟时,PK处理的果肉可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,而PK+Ca及Ca处理则显著低于对照。各处理的酸含量变化动态为倒"N"形曲线;成熟时,PK+Ca和Ca处理极显著高于对照,PK处理显著高于对照。果肉糖酸比表现为PK处理和对照差异不显著,Ca和PK+Ca处理显著低于对照。所有处理(含对照)的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量总体趋势均下降,花色素苷含量总体趋势均上升,各处理(含对照)的果皮类胡萝卜素含量具有一致的动态变化趋势;果实成熟时对照的果皮叶绿素含量高于喷施处理或无显著差异,而花色素苷含量低于喷施处理,说明所有喷肥处理均有利于果皮着色。     

Influence of soil moisture on supercooling capacity and associated physiological parameters of overwintering larvae of rice stem borer

Influence of soil moisture on the supercooling capacity and associated physiological parameters of overwintering larvae of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis was examined by exposing larvae to soil moistures of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of saturated soil water content (SSWC) at ambient temperature for 30 d from December 2007 to January 2008 in Beijing, China. At the end of the exposure, supercooling points (SCPs) varied significantly among the treatments, the lowest being in the larvae exposed to soil moisture of 25% SSWC. Fresh weight was significantly higher in the larvae exposed to soil moisture of 100% SSWC than in those kept at 25 and 50% SSWC. Dry weight and body water content (% fresh weight) were not different among the treatments. Glucose and trehalose contents were markedly lower, and glycerol content was significantly higher in the larvae confined to soil moisture of 25% SSWC than in those exposed to the other soil moisture treatments. It is suggested that variation in body water content (% fresh weight) contributes to the differences in SCPs of the overwintering C. suppressalis larvae in all treatments, but the influence of soil moisture treatments on supercooling capacity are caused through changes in glycerol content.     

Response of Chinese Wampee Axes and Maize Embryos to Dehydration at Different Rates

Survival of wampee (Clausena lansium Sksels) axes and maize (Zea mays L.) embryos decreased with rapid and slow dehydration. Damage of wampee axes by rapid dehydration was much less than by slow dehydration, and that was contrary to maize embryos. The malondialdehyde contents of wampee axes and maize embryos rapidly increased with dehydration, those of wampee axes were lower during rapid dehydration than during slow dehydration, and those of maize embryos were higher during rapid dehydration than during slow dehydration. Activities of superoxide dismutsse (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) of wampee axes markedly increased during the sady phase of dehydration, and then rapidly decreased, and those of rapidly dehydrated axes were higher than those of slow dehydrated axes when they were dehydrated to low water contents. Activities of SOD and APX of maize embryos notable decreased with dehydration. There were higher SOD activities and lower APX activities of slowly dehydrated maize embryos compared with rapidly dehydrated maize embryos. CAT activities of maize embryos markedly increased during the eady phase of dehydration, and then decreased, and those of slowly dehydrated embryos were higher than those of rapidly dehydrated embryos during the late phase of dehydration.     

外源激素KT对黄瓜去根苗雌花形态建成中生化物质变化的影响

在建立了离体黄瓜去根苗雌花诱导体系的前提下,研究了在外源激素KT影响下离体黄瓜去根苗嫩枝的生理生化变化及雌花的形态建成。结果表明,在雌花形态建成过程中去根苗嫩枝的可溶性糖(C)、可溶性蛋白含量(N)、淀粉含量和C/N与雌花诱导率呈正相关关系;嫩枝中较高的POD、CAT、SOD活力水平明显有利于雌花的形态建成;诱导组和对照组的RNA含量差别明显,其含量高低顺序与雌花诱导率大小一致,而DNA含量差异很小,说明激素对雌花的诱导作用发生在转录水平。可见在激素影响下去根苗嫩枝出现的生化物质变化有利于雌花的形态建成。     

BA、GA3和IAA对富士苹果果形形成的影响

以9年生富士苹果为材料,研究富士苹果形成过程中BA、GA,和IAA对果形、品质、内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：在花期喷GA,对富士苹果的坐果率影响效果最好,分别比清水对照和无处理对照提高49％和79．45％。BA100mg·L^-1GA3300mg·L^-1＋IAA20mg·L^-1对降低富士苹果偏斜率效果最好。在花期、花期＋幼果期和幼果期分别喷BA和在花期喷GA3可以提高果实中可溶性固形物的含量。花期喷IAA、BA、GA,和BA＋GA,＋IAA对内源激素IAA和GA3的含量均有促进作用,在整个生长季内不同处理下IAA、GA3含量均高于清水对照且差异明显;花期喷BA、GA3和BA＋GA3＋IAA对内源激素ZT含量有促进作用,尤其在果实幼果期和膨大期与清水对照相比效果明显;花期喷GA3和BA＋GA3＋IAA与清水对照相比内源激素ABA含量有明显降低,其中幼果期变化显著。