食物网

正食物网分析手段便于我们理解三峡水库水生态系统内部能量和物质复杂的转移转化形式,以及它们对外部干预因素的响应,从而有助于我们设计出科学合理的生态渔业方案,确保系统运行通畅。食物网是生态学中一个重要的理论工具,用以研究生态系统的结构和功能。初级生产者所固定的能量经食物链和食物网传递,转化为各营养层级上的生物生产力,形成了生态系统的生物资源,并对生态系统的产出、服务和动     

自由生活的异养鞭毛虫多样性及生态功能

随着对水生态系统结构与功能的深入研究,自由生活的异养鞭毛虫在水生态系统中的作用成为当前生态学领域的热点之一.已有的研究结果表明,异养鞭毛虫物种丰富,摄食方式多样,周转迅速,是微食物环的重要成分,在水生态系统中起着十分重要的作用.异养鞭毛虫物种多样性及生态学方面的系统研究将有助于对水生态系统结构、功能和过程深入了解.综述了异养鞭毛虫多样性、群落结构、摄食生态学以及在氮、磷循环中的作用,分析了其在生态系统中的功能.     

基于Ecopath模型的三门湾生态系统结构与功能

生态系统的结构决定生态系统的物质循环、能量流动和系统功能.本研究采用Ecopath模型,根据2017-2018年中国东海三门湾海洋生态实地调查数据,构建了三门湾生态系统的生态通道模型,描述了三门湾生态系统的能流结构,分析了其功能特征.结果显示:三门湾生态系统营养级范围在1～3.80,能流渠道主要表现为牧食食物链,系统能...     

淡水鱼类功能生态学研究进展

在全球变化和人类活动的影响下,生物多样性正以前所未有的速度丧失,全球生物正经受第六次生物多样性危机。淡水生态系统是最脆弱的生态系统之一。淡水鱼类作为淡水生态系统的重要组成部分,承受着日趋严重的气候变化、栖息地退化、生物入侵和过度捕捞等压力,面临巨大的威胁。在此背景下,如何准确评估鱼类种群和群落对环境变化的响应,以及鱼类群落结构和功能的变化对生态系统功能的影响是淡水鱼类多样性和淡水生态系统保护的关键问题。近年来,淡水鱼类功能生态学的快速发展为解答这一问题提供了一个框架。系统地介绍了淡水鱼类功能生态学主要研究内容、方法、进展及其应用,并着重介绍了淡水鱼类功能特征及其与环境的关系、环境变化下的功能生态学响应研究。据此提出了淡水鱼类功能生态学未来的重点研究方向,指出了其在鱼类多样性保护和资源利用等领域的应用前景。     

淡水湖泊附着藻类生态学研究进展

附着藻类是淡水生态系统初级生产者的主要组成部分,对淡水生态系统营养盐循环及沉水植物分布具有重要的影响。本文对近年来淡水湖泊生态系统中附着藻类群落组成、生态功能以及主要影响因子进行了分析,从附着藻类种群结构入手,指出附着藻类通过改变群落中优势种的组成来适应不同的环境,阐述了附着藻类在湖泊生态系统营养盐循环中的作用及其与沉水植物之间的关系。针对淡水湖泊富营养化问题,提出了今后附着藻类生态学研究应侧重于:主要因子(如弱光、高浓度的营养盐等)的交互作用对附着藻类的影响,原位实验方法弄清楚附着藻类在湖泊生态系统碳、氮、磷生物地球化学循环中的作用,以及富营养湖泊附植藻类与沉水植物相互作用的机理。     

基于能值理论的生态资本价值——以阜康市天山北坡中段森林区生态系统为例

能值理论是美国生态学家H.T.Odum依据系统生态学的基本原理和方法提出的,它通过对生态系统能量-价值过程的分析,为生态经济学的研究提供了新的理论和方法。以能值理论为基础,以位于阜康市的天山中段北坡森林区生态系统为研究对象,对系统生态资本的能值流量、资本存量进行了初步的研究,同时,对生态系统服务价值和系统的生态安全也进行了延伸研究。研究结果表明,这里每年的能值流量达6.36×1020sej,相当于货币流2.61亿美元;其中输入能流2.01×1020sej,占系统总能流的31.58%;系统滞留能流1.85×1020sej,占29.01%;输出能流2.51×1020sej,占39.41%。这说明生态系统对能量具有放大作用,进入生态系统的能量虽然在量上没有变化,但却发生了质的变化,低质的能量变成了高质的能量,而且生态系统越复杂,这种转换效率越高。生态资本存量达9.97亿美元,主要存在于土壤中,占资本总量的90.69%,其次是淡水。这说明水、土是生态系统之本,植被之价值不在于其本身,而在于其保持水土的功能。在延伸研究中,生态系统服务价值为1.19亿美元,其中涵养水源4780万美元,占总价值量的40.25%,保持土壤5580万美元,占46.99%。研究还表明目前研究区生态系统处于较为安全的状态,但面临的挑战很大。     

福田红树林湿地生态系统EWE模型构建

以福田红树林湿地生态系统为研究对象,将其生物组成分为红树植物、底栖动物、浮游植物、浮游动物、鸟类和碎屑等15个功能组,运用Ecopath with Ecosim(EWE)软件,构建了福田红树林湿地生态系统的EWE模型,探讨了红树林湿地生态系统的状态、特征及不同物种之间的营养关系,并评价红树林湿地生态系统当前的健康状况。分析表明,福田红树林湿地生态系统能流的最主要来源是碎屑,能流主要在营养级Ⅰ到Ⅳ之间流动,转化效率最高发生在第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ营养级之间(28.8%),总体转化效率为11.2%,且系统对营养级Ⅱ的利用最为充分。处于低营养级的功能组在系统能量传递的过程中起着非常关键的作用,并且对整个系统的影响强烈。生态系统总体特征参数生物量/总流量(TB/TT)、连接指数(CI)和系统杂食性指数(SOI)分别为0.163、0.123和0.018,综合分析表明,福田红树林湿地生态系统目前有退化的趋势。     

淡水生态系统中的TOP—DOWN效应与生物多样性保护

淡水生态系统中高营养级类群可以对低营养级类群产生强烈的影响,最终导致整个生态环境的改变,这一现象被称作下行（ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ）效应。本文对ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ的含义特别是鱼类所产生ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ效应的结果进行了阐述,提出了ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ效应还表现在当原来生态系统中的高营养级类群缺少时,也会造成生态系统结构与功能发生变化的观点。最后,根据淡水生态系统ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ效应的特点,认为在淡水生态系统的生物多样性保护中,应注意高营养级类群的保护和谨慎地对待引种问题     

小麦-玉米间作生态系统能流参数研究

采用田间调查与室内测定相结合的方法,以小麦．玉米间作生态系统为例,较系统地研究了初级生产者(农作物、杂草)、次级生产者(害虫、天敌)和分解者(微生物、原生动物和腐生动物)的能流参数值．结果表明,该生态系统能流具有初级生产力和能量转化效率高,通过食物链递减率大,各营养层内每生产单位能量所需的能量相对较少,上一营养层对下一营养层能量利用程度逐渐增大等特征．     

溪流生态系统生态学研究

本文根据6年定位研究的结果,讨论了有关东北山溪生态系统生态学方面的问题,诸如溪流生态系统的组成、结构、能量流动、物质循环、食物网结构与营养能级等。调查了组成生物并对其做了定量分析;描述了能量的消耗途径并绘制了生态系统的能流框图;按营养关系划分了食物链和食物网结构,并根据各类群的生物量计算了不同营养能级的转换效率;按照水体中溶氧变化和水分循环规律建立了相应的动态模型。最后,对经典的将生态系统中生物类群划分为生产者、消费者和分解者三大集团进行了讨论,鉴于事实上每一生物类群分别具有生产、消费和分解等三重作用,因此,建议用生产过程、消费过程和分解过程来表述生物类群在生态系统中的功能作用。       

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.