外周炎症对血脑屏障功能的影响及其机制研究进展

血脑屏障是将中枢神经系统与外周循环中的炎症介质和效应性免疫细胞分隔开的重要生理屏障,由脑血管内皮细胞和周围的血管周细胞、胞外基质膜以及星形胶质细胞等构成,对维持脑微环境和正常生理功能至关重要。临床和实验研究表明,外周炎症与血脑屏障破坏有关,炎症可以通过多种途径影响血脑屏障的正常功能,导致中枢神经系统疾病的发生发展。因此,研究外周炎症如何影响血脑屏障的正常功能,可以为保护血脑屏障免受外周炎症破坏提供重要依据。现综述外周炎症对血脑屏障功能的作用及其机制,并分析其与最近的研究热点CAR-T细胞疗法和新型冠状病毒肺炎COVID-19的相关性。     

炎症小体调控机制的研究进展

炎症小体(Inflammasome)是一种由机体胞浆内模式识别受体(PRRs)参与组成的多蛋白复合体,主要参与天然免疫反应中caspase-1激活,并介导IL-1β、IL-18的前体产生成熟细胞因子以及诱导细胞凋亡。NLRP3、NLRC4、NLRP1、AIM2是目前研究较多的炎症小体,对其结构、组成成分、作用机制等方面已有较为深入的研究,而主要只对炎症小体的活化及负性调控机制的研究进展进行了综述。     

细胞焦亡与脑卒中

细胞焦亡是一种依赖于caspase-1和caspase-4/5/11的程序性细胞死亡方式,参与感染性疾病和神经系统疾病等的发展过程。细胞焦亡主要由经典炎症小体途径和非经典炎症小体途径介导,而经典炎症小体途径在脑卒中中活化并且加重脑损伤,抑制炎症小体和下游分子能减轻损伤发挥保护作用。经典炎症小体途径介导了脑卒中损伤,因而焦亡成为脑卒中干预的潜在靶点。本文就细胞焦亡与脑卒中关系的研究进展进行综述,旨在为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

炎性小体在诱导脊髓损伤神经炎症中的作用

脊髓损伤的治疗与康复一直是医学领域的重大难题,尤其是在改善损伤的神经功能方面进展甚微。继发性损伤是造成脊髓损伤后神经功能障碍的主要原因,炎症反应是继发性损伤阶段最重要的病理过程。急性期通过抑制神经炎症来减轻继发性损伤被认为可减轻神经功能损害而达到神经保护作用。炎性小体是一类蛋白质复合体,由模式识别受体中的NLRs家族和PHYIN家族的受体蛋白质作为主要框架组装并命名,常见的炎性小体包括NLRP1、NLRP3、NLRC4(IPAF)、AIM2等。在感染或受到损伤刺激时,炎性小体在细胞质内组装,并激活促炎症蛋白酶胱天蛋白酶1(caspase-1),活化的胱天蛋白酶1一方面促进促炎症细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18的前体成熟和分泌,另一方面介导细胞焦亡。细胞焦亡以细胞肿胀破裂并释放细胞内容物为特征,是在炎症和应激的病理条件下诱导的程序性细胞死亡方式。促炎症细胞因子和焦亡释放的胞内物质都可作为促炎信号引发炎症反应。近期发现,炎性小体通过诱导促炎因子释放以及介导细胞焦亡等途径, 参与激活脊髓损伤后的炎症级联反应,加重继发性神经炎症。靶向抑制炎性小体的激活可减轻炎症反应,促进神经细胞存活,达到神经保护作用。因此,炎性小体有望成为脊髓损伤治疗的新靶点。本文拟从炎性小体的结构及其在脊髓损伤中的作用、激活机制和治疗前景进行综述,以期为后续研究提供思路。     

病毒穿越血脑屏障的两种方式与可能机制

血脑屏障是维持中枢神经系统内环境稳定的重要结构,限制血液中大多数病原体的入侵;但有些病毒可穿越血脑屏障入侵中枢神经系统,导致神经功能障碍及炎症性疾病。目前认为,病毒可通过细胞和细胞间隙两种方式穿越血脑屏障,前者为直接感染脑微血管内皮细胞和跨细胞途径,后者为破坏内皮细胞间紧密连接及"特洛伊木马"途径。本文就近年来病毒穿越血脑屏障的途径和机制进行综述。     

血脑屏障与脑血管疾病的相关研究

血脑屏障（blood brain barrier,BBB）的主要结构包括：脑毛细血管内皮细胞及其间的紧密连接（tight junction,TJ）、基底膜、基 底膜下星型胶质细胞终足。血脑屏障是存在于血液和脑组织之间的一层屏障系统,在许多大脑疾患的病理过程中,BBB 的破坏导 致通透性增高都是不可避免的一个环节。BBB是保证中枢神经系统的正常生理功能的重要屏障系统。目前已有大量关于血脑屏 障通透性在脑血管疾病中的变化研究。本文分别从血脑屏障的结构和功能,药物通过血脑屏障的方法和功能,脑缺血损伤、阿尔 茨海默病、帕金森病和多发性硬化症等不同的脑病变与血脑屏障通透性的变化及中医药应用等方面做一综述。有针对性地对 BBB和大脑疾病进行进一步的研究与探索,将会为临床治疗相关疾病带来新的视角与机遇。     

Th17/Treg失衡与肝脏免疫病理反应的研究进展

Th17细胞及Th17/Treg失衡在炎症反应、组织损伤及纤维化形成中发挥了重要作用,与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。前炎性细胞因子可诱导T细胞分化为Th17,使Th17/Treg失衡,导致IL-17、IL-6、趋化因子等促炎性细胞因子大量分泌并有效介导中性粒细胞动员与兴奋,使得机体产生炎症反应与免疫病理反应。就Th17/Treg细胞及其失衡在肝脏免疫病理反应中的研究进展进行了综述。     

链球菌突破血脑屏障的作用机制研究进展

血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)是中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)的天然结构和功能屏障之一,可有效阻止病原菌的入侵。然而病原菌能通过其自身毒力因子与脑内皮细胞相互作用,诱导宿主免疫应答反应,分泌大量细胞因子、趋化因子等,破坏紧密连接蛋白,最终突破血脑屏障,引起细菌性脑膜炎,产生不可逆的神经系统损伤。链球菌(Streptococcus)作为引起细菌性脑膜炎的重要病原菌,关于其突破血脑屏障分子机制研究已有显著进展。本文针对主要的链球菌,包括肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis)、B型链球菌(group B Streptococcus,GBS)、马链球菌等突破血脑屏障的作用机制研究进展进行综述。     

氧化应激-炎症-衰老及其与ApoE基因相关性研究进展北大核心CSCD

终生的抗原/应激原暴露使机体处于慢性氧化应激状态。氧化应激导致生物分子的氧化损伤,引起机体产生内源性的损伤相关的分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)和细胞因子的释放。损伤相关的分子模式能激活模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)与非模式识别受体。细胞因子能激活PRRs下游的信号通路。这些受体介导的信号通路的激活,导致细胞因子和趋化因子释放增加,招募和激活更多的炎性细胞,引起机体系统性慢性无菌炎症反应。机体稳态的调节系统,特别是免疫系统细胞更易因氧化应激遭受损伤,导致机体稳态平衡的破坏,因而在炎症衰老中起重要作用。遗传因素是影响氧化应激-炎症-衰老及老年相关疾病的重要因素,涉及氧化应激、炎症的基因可对炎性衰老产生影响。载脂蛋白ApoE基因多态性明显影响ApoE蛋白的结构与功能,使不同ApoE蛋白表现出不同的抗氧化和抗炎作用,从而影响炎性衰老和老年相关疾病的发展和预后。抗炎结合调节ApoE表达是对抗炎性衰老和老年相关疾病有效手段之一。本文结合我们的前期研究,对以上方面的研究进展作一综述。     

哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院神经外科

血脑屏障的是人体自然屏障之一。其主要作用是阻止有害物质通过颅内血管进入脑实质,并同时辅助排出脑内代谢物质等。对相当多的颅内恶性肿瘤术后患者,血脑屏障在一定程度上阻碍了化疗药物进入脑实质,从而影响化疗效果。因此近年来越来越多的学者将研究重点放在如何开放血脑屏障这个问题上。血脑屏障构成主要为毛细血管的内皮细胞、基膜周细胞和星状胶质细胞的足突,其中血管内皮细胞处于最重要的地位。原因归结于它自身的一个特殊结构--紧密连接。紧密连接是否完整,功能是否可以正常发挥关系到内皮细胞的完整性,因此对血脑屏障的开放有着举足轻重的作用。维持紧密连接结构中功能蛋白功能的能量物质为葡萄糖。脑血管中的葡萄糖进入脑实质需载体或通道,脑组织负责此过程的物质为葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)。本文作者通过松胞菌素B抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白1,降低能量供应从而影响紧密连接功能,最终引起血脑屏障开放角度做一综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.