抗T2DM药治疗阿尔茨海默病研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的发病机制还不清楚,目前治疗或预防AD的方法效果有限。糖代谢减弱和胰岛素信号紊乱是AD与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)的共同特征,也是T2DM早发AD的主要机制。T2DM相关治疗药物能有效改善AD神经退行性病变,已引起广泛关注。本文总结抗T2DM药物治疗AD研究进展,为AD发病机制和药物研发提供思路。     

G蛋白偶联受体对脑内Aβ代谢与功能的调节

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ,Aβ)沉积和tau蛋白过度磷酸化是其主要病理特征。对AD发病机制的深入研究有助于寻找治疗AD的特异性药物。作为最大的膜蛋白家族,G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)参与了AD的多个进程阶段。文章从GPCRs对Aβ合成的调节、Aβ毒性调节、Aβ降解、tau蛋白磷酸化,以及形成二聚体等方面阐述GPCRs参与AD发展的调控机制,有助于深入了解AD的发病机制,更好地研发以GPCRs为靶标的治疗AD的靶向性药物。     

天然免疫和获得性免疫异常在阿尔茨海默病发生发展中的作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,其典型病理特征包括脑中细胞外沉积的β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β, Aβ)和神经元内由高度磷酸化的tau蛋白组成的神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)。虽然AD的发病机制还没有被完全阐明,但近来越来越多的证据提示,免疫系统失调与AD的发生发展密切相关。该综述总结了AD发病机制中与免疫相关的病理变化,重点关注了天然免疫和获得性免疫的相关机制及其相互作用,以期为AD的发病机制提供新的见解以及为未来AD的免疫相关研究提供新的方向。     

综述:靶向淀粉样蛋白的阿尔茨海默病药物研究进展

淀粉样蛋白级联假说是阐释阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)发病机制的主要学说之一,即脑内过量的β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)是促发AD的核心因素．因此,靶向Aβ形成、聚集和清除等关键环节的药物开发是目前药物研究的热点．但近年来AD新药临床试验屡屡失败,至今尚未得到一种切实有效的治疗药物．淀粉样蛋白级联假说的局限性和痴呆期患者疾病进程的难以逆转,可能是临床试验反复失败的两个主要原因．借助AD早期诊断技术的发展,将药物干预的时间窗口前移,重视痴呆前期病理机制与治疗的研究,可能是研制延缓AD发生和发展有效药物的新途径．     

β-淀粉样蛋白的体内清除机制

阿尔茨海默病(alzheimer disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β,Aβ)被认为是其发病的中心分子.体内Aβ产生和清除的平衡在阿尔茨海默病的病理过程中扮演了重要的角色.人体清除Aβ的机制包括多种途径:通过血脑屏障、血脑脊液屏障等转运出脑;在脑脊液及血液等外周系统降解;在脑内通过水解等方式清除.细胞外Aβ既可在胞外通过水解酶的降解作用被降解,也可被吞噬入细胞后通过自噬作用、泛素-蛋白酶体途径被最终水解.能够增强体内固有的Aβ清除机制的药物和方法将对AD的治疗起到积极作用.     

化学和物理干预治疗阿尔茨海默病的机制

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers’ disease, AD）是一种常见的以进行性认知障碍和记忆减退为主要特征的中枢神经退行性疾病，发病人数多，波及范围广，已成为老年医学中最严峻的问题之一。临床上AD的药物治疗效果有限，且存在一定的局限性与副作用。目前，物理干预AD的治疗方法正逐渐受到人们的关注和重视，研究表明，物理干预如嗅觉干预、光疗法、脑电刺激、声光刺激、温度干预等能通过提高神经发生、神经保护、调控神经元兴奋性和可塑性、提高脑血流量、改善代谢、减少Aβ沉积和Tau蛋白过度磷酸化等，从而改善AD症状与认知功能。本文综述了不同物理干预对AD的作用机制以及疗效，为物理干预用于实施预防和延缓AD提供理论基础。     

以Aβ为靶标治疗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是以认知功能障碍和记忆损害为特征的神经退行性疾病,是老年人中常见的一种痴呆症。β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的沉积被认为是阿尔茨海默病发病的重要因素,它所形成的老年斑是该病的主要病理学特征。因此,以β-淀粉样蛋白为靶标可能是治疗阿尔茨海默病的有效方法,也是目前的研究热点。本重点综述了近年以Aβ为靶标治疗AD的研究进展。     

阿尔茨海默病与雌激素和褪黑素的相关性研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是引起痴呆的第一病因,其发病机制尚不十分明确。目前尚无特效的药物可逆转脑功能缺损或阻止病情进展,临床上用胆碱乙酰转移酶抑制剂、抗精神症状药物、维生素E等均只能轻微改善症状。雌激素和褪黑素在基础和临床研究中都显示对AD有治疗作用,且二者的疗效与AD的病程有明显相关性。     

阿尔茨海默病发病机制与药物治疗研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是以认知衰退和行为障碍为特征的神经退行性疾病，多发于老年人。近年来，AD发病率和死亡率上升且趋年轻化。AD病因包括：淀粉样蛋白沉积、tau蛋白聚集、载脂蛋白异常、血管病变、重金属紊乱、氧化应激及遗传因素等。淀粉样蛋白斑块聚集和神经纤维缠结是AD主要病理标志。β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β, Aβ)病理性累积被认为是AD发病主因之一。目前，AD仍缺乏有效疗法。本文综述AD发病机制和治疗策略相关进展，以期为AD研究与诊疗提供参考信息。     

阿尔茨海默病运动治疗研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,目前对其发病机制尚未完全阐明,治疗效果也不佳。最近不少研究者根据运动对人体,特别是对脑的益处,提出运动治疗AD的可能。本文综述了运动治疗AD的研究进展及其可能机制,展望其可能的治疗前景。     

Loss of Yme1L perturbates mitochondrial dynamics

Yme1L is an AAA protease that is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane with its catalytic domain facing the mitochondrial inner-membrane space. However, how Yme1L regulates mammalian mitochondrial function is still obscure. We find that endogenous Yme1L locates at punctate structures of mitochondria, and that loss of Yme1L in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells results in mitochondrial fragmentation and leads to significant increased ‘kiss-and-run'' type of mitochondrial fusion; however, Yme1L knockdown (shYme1L (short hairpin-mediated RNA interference of Yme1L)) cells still remain normal mitochondrial fusion although shYme1L mitochondria have a little bit less fusion and fission rates, and the shYme1L-induced fragmentation is due to a little bit more mitochondrial fission than fusion in cells. Furthermore, shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation is independent on optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) S1 or S2 processing, and shYme1L results in the stabilization of OPA1 long form (L-OPA1); in addition, the exogenous expression of OPA1 or L-OPA1 facilitates the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, thus this fragmentation induced by shYme1L appears to be associated with L-OPA1''s stability. ShYme1L also causes a slight increase of mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which recruit mitochondrial key fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) into mitochondria in MEF cells, and loss of Drp1 or Mff inhibits the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, there is interaction between SLP-2 with Yme1L and shYme1L cells retain stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion. Taken together, our results clarify how Yme1L regulates mitochondrial morphology.     

Hamilton's rule meets the Hamiltonian: kin selection on dynamic characters

Many biological characters of interest are temporal sequences of decisions. The evolution of such characters is often modelled using dynamic optimization methods such as the maximum principle. A quantity central to these analyses is the ''Hamiltonian'' function, named after the mathematician William R. Hamilton. On the other hand, evolutionary models in which individuals interact with relatives are usually based on Hamilton''s rule, named after the evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton. In this article we present a generalized maximum principle that includes the effects of interactions among relatives and we show that a time-dependent (dynamic) version of Hamilton''s rule holds involving the Hamiltonian. This result brings together the power and generality of both the maximum principle and Hamilton''s rule thereby providing a natural framework for understanding the evolution of ''dynamic'' characters under kin selection.     

Effects of increasing the number of players and memory size in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: a numerical approach

The Prisoner''s Dilemma has become a paradigm for the evolution of altruistic behaviour. Here we present results of numerical simulations of the infinitely iterated stochastic simultaneous Prisoner''s Dilemma considering players with longer memory, encounters of more than two players as well as different pay-off values. This provides us with a better foundation to compare theoretical results to experimental data. We show that the success of the strategy Pavlov, regardless of its simplicity, is far more general by having an outstanding role in the iterated N-player N-memory Prisoner''s Dilemma. Besides, we study influences of increased memory sizes in the iterated two-player Prisoner''s Dilemma, and present comparisons to results of experiments with first-year students.     

Morphological variations in a widely distributed Eastern Asian passerine cannot be consistently explained by ecogeographic rules

Ecogeographic rules that describe quantitative relationships between morphologies and climate might help us predict how morphometrics of animals was shaped by local temperature or humidity. Although the ecogeographic rules had been widely tested in animals of Europe and North America, they had not been fully validated for species in regions that are less studied. Here, we investigate the morphometric variation of a widely distributed East Asian passerine, the vinous‐throated parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana), to test whether its morphological variation conforms to the prediction of Bergmann''s rule, Allen''s rules, and Gloger''s rule. We at first described the climatic niche of S. webbiana from occurrence records (n = 7838) and specimen records (n = 290). The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) suggested that the plumage coloration of these parrotbills was darker in wetter/warmer environments following Gloger''s rule. However, their appendage size (culmen length, beak volume, tarsi length) was larger in colder environments, the opposite of the predictions of Allen''s rule. Similarly, their body size (wing length) was larger in warmer environments, the opposite of the predictions of Bergmann''s rule. Such disconformity to both Bergmann''s rule and Allen''s rule suggests that the evolution of morphological variations is likely governed by multiple selection forces rather than dominated by thermoregulation. Our results suggest that these ecogeographic rules should be validated prior to forecasting biological responses to climate change especially for species in less‐studied regions.     

巨噬细胞特异性启动子/抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒载体的构建及其表达

旨在构建由巨噬细胞特异性启动子调控的抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒表达载体,检测目的基因在小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中的表达。PCR扩增巨噬细胞启动子/抗菌肽PR39成熟肽基因序列,插入腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack中,重组穿梭质粒(pAdTrack-SP/PR39)与腺病毒骨架(pAdEasy-1)共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组产生重组腺病毒载体(pAd-SP/PR39)。pAd-SP/PR39经PacI线性化后转染293细胞,包装出重组腺病毒(Ad-SP/PR39)。Ad-SP/PR39感染小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,经RT-PCR和免疫细胞化学检测PR39的靶向表达特异性。成功构建了由巨噬细胞特异性启动子调控的抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒表达载体。包装出的重组腺病毒仍然能感染小鼠巨噬细胞且高效表达抗菌肽PR39。构建的重组腺病毒能够在巨噬细胞中表达抗菌肽PR39基因,为靶向表达抗菌肽在胞内菌感染治疗中的应用奠定了基础。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒VP39-GST融合蛋白的原核表达

用PCR的方法扩增得到斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltMNPV）vp39全长基因。将其克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1上,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-vp39,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,在1 mmol/L异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导下超量表达了与理论预测值相符的一个约60 kD的VP39-GST融合蛋白。VP39-GST融合蛋白的成功表达为进一步研究VP39在病毒侵染过程中与宿主细胞成分或病毒粒子蛋白间的相互作用奠定了基础。     

CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型的序列分析与原核表达

目的对弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌所产CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型进行基因克隆和重组表达。方法以产CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌总基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增CMY-39,将其克隆入pGEM-T载体后测定该核苷酸序列,再将CMY-39基因克隆到pET-32 a（＋）系统进行重组,重组菌在大肠埃希菌BL21中表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定酶蛋白的表达。结果 PCR扩增出大小为1 146 bp的基因片段,与GenBank上CMY-39的基因序列同源性为99%。大肠埃希菌BL21转化pET-32 a（＋）/CMY-39重组质粒后,AmpC酶三维试验为阳性。此基因能在大肠埃希菌中大量表达,SDS-PAGE电泳显示,蛋白分子质量大约为60 kD。结论此基因为CMY-39新基因亚型,登陆号为HM565135;成功表达重组的CMY-39型酶,为进一步做酶动力学及酶的其他分子生物学特性研究奠定了基础。     

PR-39,一种多功能的抗菌肽

PR－39（proline-arginine-rich)是哺乳动物体内的一种含有39个氨基酸残基的小分子抗菌肽,因其富含脯氨酸而得名。分子量小（4719．7）,结构稳定,具有广谱抗菌活性。近年来许多实验研究表明,PR－39在抗肿瘤,组织修复等方面同样具有生物学作用。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)基因组EcoR I-G片段的序列分析

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)基因组EcoR I-G片段全长7 450bp,包括7个开放读码框vp39、lef-4、cg30、p91、vp33、tlp20、AcMNPV ORF81同源基因和一个同源区(hr).基因组排列比较分析发现,这些基因在基因组中的排列,在所有已知序列的杆状病毒中都比较保守.     

城市小尺度生态基础设施的设计方法——以雄安新区启动区为例

高速的城市化进程带来一系列生态破坏和环境污染等可持续发展挑战，需要在城市规划阶段尽量规避这些风险。生态基础设施建设倡导生态系统修复和环境协同治理的理念，是新兴城市化背景下指导城市规划的一种有效手段。目前，国内外生态基础设施建设在宏观尺度研究比较系统，而在小尺度的研究相对欠缺。我国社区等小尺度生态基础设施建设，由于规模较小，缺乏网络化构建，导致了建设后雨水内涝、面源污染问题仍层出不穷。构建了一种城市小尺度生态基础设施的设计方法和技术流程，以雄安新区启动区为研究区开展生态基础设施设计：（1）基于实际调研与理论研究分析场地现状，综合考虑自然要素、物理感知、心理感知、生态过程等相关因素构建"廊道为骨，斑块为节"的生态基础设施体系；（2）辨识区域主要动物活动、迁徙以及保护植物多样性等功能生态斑块，构建串联全城提供多种功能的系统性廊道、增加城市内部生态系统服务的结构性廊道、将生态系统服务渗入城市肌理的局部功能性廊道；（3）从景感满意度和年径流总量控制率2个方面进行生态基础设施建设预期效果评估。研究结果有助于缓解雄安新区建设所面临生态环境问题，保障人居生活环境品质，并为今后城市建设工作提供参考。