绿原酸对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫调节作用的研究

研究绿原酸(Chlorogenic acid,CGA)对静息状态及脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)激活状态下小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响。采用不同浓度的绿原酸作用于静息的和经LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞活力,中性红吞噬实验检测巨噬细胞吞噬能力,Griess法检测NO的产生,酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测巨噬细胞细胞培养上清液中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10的分泌水平。试验结果表明在正常状态及LPS激活状态下,绿原酸均能提高下小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的代谢活力、增强吞噬能力、增加NO、促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α的分泌量,降低抑炎性细胞因子IL-10的分泌量,且作用效果呈剂量依赖性。     

趋化因子CXCL10在心肌细胞及巨噬细胞中的表达机制

目的探讨心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中趋化因子CXCL10的产生机制。方法分别用LPS、H2O2、Ca2+载体A23187刺激原代培养的心肌细胞、骨髓来源的巨噬细胞或二者混合培养的共培养系统后,ELISA检测培养基上清中的趋化因子CXCL10和促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量,观察其表达动力学。结果①大剂量(10μg/mL)的LPS刺激心肌细胞主要产生趋化因子CXCL10;刺激骨髓来源巨噬细胞主要产生促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α。②H2 O2、Ca2+通道激活剂并不能使产生趋化因子CXCL10或IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α这些促炎性细胞因子。③骨髓来源的巨噬细胞促进心肌细胞表达趋化因子CXCL10;心肌细胞促进骨髓来源的巨噬细胞表达IL-6、TNF-α,但抑制IL-1β的表达。结论心肌细胞是心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中CXCL10潜在的细胞来源;CXCL10的表达,主要依赖于TLR4的激活。     

姜黄素通过p38 MAPK/NLRP3抑制肠道病毒71型诱导的细胞焦亡

肠道病毒-A71型(EV-A71)重症感染患儿多表现为过激的炎症反应，病毒感染引起的细胞焦亡可能是机体炎症发生的重要原因之一。本文旨在探究姜黄素对EV-A71病毒感染引起的细胞焦亡与细胞损伤的保护作用及可能的机制。首先，观察了姜黄素对EV-A71引起的细胞毒性的影响。CCK8检测结果显示，EV-A71感染降低细胞的增殖活力；LDH测定表明，病毒增加细胞培养上清中LDH的释放，造成了细胞的损伤；DAPI核染色及Dil细胞膜染色后观察到，EV-A71感染引起了细胞的形态变化和数量减少。姜黄素可以逆转病毒引起的上述变化，提示姜黄素对病毒感染的细胞毒性具有保护作用。细胞焦亡发生时，可促进炎症因子IL-1β的成熟、产生和释放。我们观察了EV-A71及姜黄素干预对细胞IL-1β产生的影响。Western印迹结果显示，病毒感染细胞内IL-1β的活化增加。ELISA检测结果显示，EV-A71病毒感染引起细胞上清中IL-1β的分泌水平增加；qPCR测定结果显示，EV-A71病毒感染细胞中IL-1β的转录水平上调；而姜黄素干预可抑制染毒细胞IL-1β的活化和分泌。Western印迹检测细胞内焦亡相关分子的...     

EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白表达的调节

目的:探讨EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白表达的调节,为EGb761的临床运用提供可行的依据。方法:LPS(1μg/m L)诱导不同时间后,western blotting检测THP-1细胞上清液中HMGB1蛋白含量变化及不同浓度EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白的表达和NF-κB的活性;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量。共聚焦显微镜观察EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白核转位变化。结果:(1)LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量在刺激6-12 h后明显高于空白对照组,而EGb761+LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量均显著低于LPS组(P0.05)。(2)EGb761处理LPS诱导THP-1细胞6 h后细胞上清液NF-κB活性表达量较空白对照组低,随着处理时间延长至12 h,NF-κB的活性表达量呈明显下降趋势(P0.05)。(3)LPS诱导THP-1细胞18 h后,细胞上清液中HMGB1蛋白含量呈明显升高趋势(P0.05)。(4)不同浓度EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞18 h后,HMGB1蛋白含量较空白对照组有下降趋势,HMGB1蛋白含量随着EGB761浓度增加至100μg/m L呈下降趋势并呈浓度依赖效应(P0.05)。(5)LPS诱导THP-1细胞后,在共聚焦显微镜下可见胞浆中大量HMGB1蛋白标记分布,而EGb761+LPS共同诱导THP-1细胞后胞浆中可见少量HMGB1蛋白分布。结论:LPS可诱导THP-1细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达增多及NF-κB活化,导致HMGB1蛋白表达增多及核转位,而EGB761能抑制THP-1细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达及NF-κB活化,调节HMGB1蛋白的表达及核转位。     

姜黄素诱导Nrf2 核转位对脂多糖引起库普弗细胞分泌炎症 细胞因子的影响

目的:研究姜黄素诱导大鼠Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位对脂多糖(LPS)引起的炎症细胞因子分泌的影响。方法:分别用10μM、20μM和30μM干预Kupffer细胞8h,诱导Nrf2核转位水平;将Kupffer细胞随机分为对照组、LPS组和干预组,对照组正常培养未加姜黄素和LPS,LPS组用10μg/mL的LPS加入Kupffer细胞培养液共同培养2 h;干预组用30μM姜黄素干预8h后,余处理同LPS组。Western blot检测Nrf2核转位水平,分光光度法检测细胞MDA、GSH水平,ELISA法检测上清液TNF-α和IL-6,放免法检测IL-1β。结果:①姜黄素诱导Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位,核转位水平随浓度增加而增高。②LPS组MDA水平较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),干预组MDA水平较LPS组显著降低(P<0.01),仍显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。LPS组GSH水平较对照组显著降低(P<0.01),干预组GSH水平较LPS组显著升高(P<0.01),仍显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。③LPS组上清液TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6显著高于对照组(P<0.01),干预组均显著低于模型组(P<0.01),但显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:姜黄素通过诱导Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位,降低LPS诱导的氧化应激损伤,抑制Kupffer细胞分泌炎症细胞因子。     

牛杀菌/通透性增加蛋白对脂多糖介导的炎性细胞因子表达的影响

杀菌/通透性增加蛋白(Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein,BPI)能结合并特异地中和来自革兰氏阴性菌外膜的脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)。为了研究牛源BPI蛋白及其N端结构域在LPS介导的免疫应答中的作用,本文将BPI全长1 449 bp编码区序列(BPI)和其N端714 bp的编码区序列(BPI714)分别导入m HEK293细胞,分析了稳定表达的BPI或BPI714对LPS介导的炎性细胞因子表达的影响。首先将构建的p LEX-BPI/p LEX-BPI714载体分别转染m HEK293细胞,获得稳定表达牛源BPI或BPI714的m HEK293细胞;然后用LPS刺激上述细胞,分别收集刺激前、刺激后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、36 h和48 h的细胞,并同时收集未表达BPI或BPI714的m HEK293细胞在各时间点的样品作为对照;采用定量RT-PCR检测上述细胞中炎性细胞因子IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB-1、NF-κB-2的相对表达水平,比较LPS刺激前后表达BPI/BPI714和对照细胞中上述基因转录水平的变化规律。研究表明,LPS刺激后,对照细胞中IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB-2表达水平在不同时间点均显著提高(P0.05),并呈现规律性变化;而稳定表达BPI/BPI714的细胞在同样刺激条件下,IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB-2基因的转录水平均未发生显著变化(P0.05)。根据我们的实验结果,在m HKE293细胞模型中BPI或BPI714均能显著降低LPS介导的炎性细胞因子表达,抑制LPS介导的免疫应答。这不仅为进一步研究BPI抑菌机制和利用其抑菌功能提供了可靠的实验依据,也为分析抗菌蛋白的抗菌效果提供了一种可靠的实验方法。     

丹参酮IIA对脂多糖引起腹膜间皮细胞损伤的保护作用（英文）

本研究探讨了丹参酮IIA对脂多糖诱导大鼠腹膜间皮细胞(rat peritoneal mesothelial cells,RPMCs)炎症反应、氧化应激及其损伤的影响。采用原代培养大鼠腹膜间皮细胞(RPMCs),分为正常对照组、5 mg/L LPS作用RPMC 24 h组、5 mg/L LPS分别与40、80和160μmol/L丹参酮IIA共同作用24 h组。MTT测定各组RPMCs增值率。ELISA法检测细胞培养液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达。流式细胞仪检测活性氧(ROS)水平,试剂盒检测丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)表达。RT-PCR法检测各组FN、COL I、Bcl-2和Bax mRNA的表达。研究发现丹参酮IIA+LPS组的RPMCs的增殖率明显高于LPS组(P0.05)。丹参酮IIA可降低LPS刺激下RPMCs中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、ROS和MDA的表达,同时FN、COL I、Bax mRNA表达也明显下降。但SOD水平和Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显升高,与LPS组相比。实验结果显示,丹参酮IIA具有抑制LPS所致的氧化应激及炎性反应,减少细胞凋亡及抑制纤维化的作用,进而起到对RPMCs的保护作用。     

PCL/β-TCP调控巨噬细胞极化对成血管效应的影响

目的:探究生物可降解材料聚己内酯/β-磷酸三钙(PCL/β-TCP)通过调控巨噬细胞极化对骨组织内血管生成的作用,为其临床应用提供依据。方法:采用3D打印技术制备试样并加以表征。体内实验采用模型为SD大鼠股骨远端植入模型。双侧植入PCL/β-TCP支架后采取免疫荧光染色观察支架内部成血管标记物CD31的表达差异,并采用血管灌注方法进行血管造影,评价支架内部血管体积。采用免疫荧光染色检测炎症标记物iNOS,抑炎标记物Arg-1的表达情况。体外实验采用细胞共培养的方式检测PCL/β-TCP对巨噬细胞极化的调控作用以及免疫介导的血管形成改变。实验分为两组,空白组(Control)及PCL/β-TCP(PT5)组。将巨噬细胞系Raw264.7接种于材料表面并对其极化水平及分泌改变进行检测。通过免疫荧光染色检测M1巨噬细胞标记物iNOS、M2巨噬细胞标记物Arg-1的表达情况。通过RT-qPCR检测CCR-7,CD206,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),血小板源性生长因子(PDGF-BB),肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的转录情况。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测VEGF、PDGF-BB、IL-10、TNF-α的分泌情况。应用Transwell迁移实验检测PCL/β-TCP刺激下巨噬细胞分泌作用对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)迁移能力的影响,应用免疫荧光染色检测PCL/β-TCP刺激下巨噬细胞分泌作用对HUVECs表面血管形成指标CD31表达情况的影响。结果:在体内实验中,支架周围组织CD31表达升高(P0.001),血管灌注结果提示支架内部血管体积显著增加(P0.001),同时炎症标记物iNOS表达下调(P0.001),抗炎标记物Arg-1升高(P0.001)。在体外实验中,与Control相比,PT5组巨噬细胞中炎症标记物iNOS合成无明显差异,抑炎标记物Arg-1合成增加;炎症标记物CCR-7及TNF-α转录水平下调(P0.01,P0.01),抗炎标记物CD206及IL-10转录上调(P0.001,P0.001);VEGF转录水平下调(P0.01),PDGF-BB转录上调(P0.01);VEGF分泌水平下降(P0.001),PDGF-BB分泌增加(P0.01),IL-10分泌水平提高(P0.001),TNF-α分泌水平下降(P0.05)。在巨噬细胞分泌作用下,HUVECs的迁移能力提高(P0.001),CD31表达上调(P0.001)。结论:骨修复材料PCL/β-TCP可通过调控巨噬细胞向M2方向极化进而促进血管形成,可作为骨修复材料的候选材料之一。     

CUL1基因对MPP+诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞存活和NLRP3炎症体通路的影响

摘要 目的：探究Cullin1（CUL1）基因对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（MPP+）诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞存活和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体3（NLRP3）炎症体通路的影响。方法：（1）将SH-SY5Y细胞分为NC组、NC-sh组、CUL1-sh组、NC-OE组和CUL1-OE组。使用Lipofectamine 2000试剂对细胞转染相应的慢病毒。（2）将SH-SY5Y细胞分为Control组、MPP+组和MPP++CUL1-OE组。MPP+组和MPP++CUL1-OE组细胞使用1 mmol/L的MPP+处理48 h,Control组细胞正常培养。通过MTT法检测细胞增殖,通过Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色法和TUNEL染色法检测细胞凋亡,通过qRT-PCR检测CUL1的mRNA水平,通过Western blot检测CUL1、NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白（ASC）、cleaved caspase-1、白细胞介素（IL）-1β和IL-18蛋白水平。通过ELISA法检测细胞培养上清液中IL-1β和IL-18水平。结果：（1）与NC组和NC-sh组比较,CUL1-sh组CUL1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量降低,相对细胞活力降低,Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性率和TUNEL阳性率升高,NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白相对表达量以及细胞培养上清液中IL-1β和IL-18水平升高（P<0.05）。与NC组和NC-OE组比较,CUL1-OE组CUL1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量升高,相对细胞活力升高,Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性率和TUNEL阳性率降低,NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白相对表达量以及细胞培养上清液中IL-1β和IL-18水平降低（P<0.05）。（2）与Control组比较,MPP+组CUL1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量降低,相对细胞活力降低,Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性率和TUNEL阳性率升高,NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白相对表达量以及细胞培养上清液中IL-1β和IL-18水平升高（P<0.05）。与MPP+组比较,MPP++CUL1-OE组CUL1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量升高,相对细胞活力升高,Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性率和TUNEL阳性率降低,NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白相对表达量以及细胞培养上清液中IL-1β和IL-18水平降低（P<0.05）。结论：CUL1可能通过抑制NLRP3炎症体激活促进MPP+诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞存活。     

IFITM3在脓毒症模型及胆碱能抗炎模型中的表达

目的:探讨干扰素诱导的跨膜转运蛋白3(IFITM3)在LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞系的脓毒症模型中的表达以及胆碱能抗炎模型中的表达。方法:用1μg/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞24、48、72 h后,用Western-Blot法检测各组细胞IFITM3蛋白表达水平。用1μg/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞后,给予50μM胆碱能受体激动剂GTS-21以及同时给予100 n M胆碱能受体拮抗剂α-BGT刺激细胞24 h后,用Western-Blot法检测各组细胞IFITM3蛋白表达水平。用ELISA法检测IL-1β的方法验证脓毒症模型和胆碱能抗炎模型的建立。结果:(1)1μg/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞后,IFITM3蛋白表达明显降低(P0.01)。(2)1μg/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞后再给予50μM GTS-21,IFITM3蛋白表达明显升高(P0.001);而给予100 nMα-BGT后,IFITM3蛋白表达明显降低(P0.001)。结论:LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞IFITM3蛋白表达降低。给予胆碱能激动剂GTS-21后能够逆转LPS诱导的IFITM3表达的降低,给予胆碱能受体拮抗剂α-BGT则能阻断这种现象。IFITM3有可能在脓毒症中发挥保护作用,并且参与了胆碱能抗炎通路抗炎过程的调节。     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

Occurrence of N-malonyl-D-alanine in pea seedlings

One of the ninhydrin-negative alanine conjugates isolated from pea seedlings was identified as $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$.The identification of this conjugate was carried out by a comparison of its gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties, and its nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra with those of synthetic $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$. The alanine in the conjugate was shown to be present as the D-isomer by enzymatic and chromatographic analyses.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

catmap: Case-control And TDT Meta-Analysis Package

Background  

Risk for complex disease is thought to be controlled by multiple genetic risk factors, each with small individual effects. Meta-analyses of several independent studies may be helpful to increase the ability to detect association when effect sizes are modest. Although many software options are available for meta-analysis of genetic case-control data, no currently available software implements the method described by Kazeem and Farrall (2005), which combines data from independent family-based and case-control studies.