北京山区野生花卉资源及开发利用

本文论述了北京山区的野生花卉资源及其利用现状 ,分析了北京山区开发野生花卉的前景 ,指出北京山区在野生花卉的开发利用中应重点加强五个方面 (野生花卉的引种驯化、确定野生花卉的发展方向、保护性的开发利用野生花卉、加强野生花卉的生化毒性研究、加强野生花卉的育种 )工作 ,使之成为北京地区的主要产业之一。     

黑龙江省野生宿根花卉资源及在园林中的应用

黑龙江省地处寒温带,地形复杂,野生宿根花卉资源非常丰富。在对这些野生宿根花卉研究资料进行归纳、整理的基础上,结合野外实地调查,筛选出了观赏价值较高的野生宿根花卉236种。从观赏特性、园林用途等方面进行了分析,并对野生宿根花卉资源在城市园林绿化、美化中的合理利用提出了建议。     

百花山野生花卉资源及园林应用

百花山野生花分资源丰富,有华北“天然植物园”之称。分析了百花山的植被状况,野生花卉的特点及园林应用,重点介绍了浅裂剪秋罗、金莲花、瞿麦、高乌头、翠雀、华北楼斗莱等20种观赏价值高的野生花卉资源特征、分布及其在园林中的应用,井介绍了4种野生花卉的繁育技术。以期引起园林工作者对野生花卉的重视,用野生花丰富园林植物的种类。     

菊科野生花卉在城市园林绿化中的应用前景

菊科野生花卉具有种类繁多、抗逆性和适应性强、观赏价值较高、自我繁殖能力强等优点,在城市园林绿化中具有广阔的应用前景。本文详细阐述了几种可应用的菊科野生花卉,就其观赏特性和应用前景进行了深入分析,并在此基础上对应用菊科野生花卉需要注意的问题进行了探讨。     

云南丽江的野生花卉资源及开发利用

报道了云南丽江的野生花卉资源的特点,简要介绍了丽江分布的一些著名的野生花卉,分析了丽江野生花卉的开发利用的现状、前景,并提出了开发利用的建议.     

木兰围场的野生花卉资源及开发利用

国家级风景名胜区木兰围场有丰富的野生花卉资源,本文介绍了木兰围场野生花卉的特点、开发潜力及保护,从经济角度和资源的永续利用方面出发,对木兰围场野生花卉的合理开发利用作了初步探讨     

百花山景区野生花卉资源及其园林应用

我国拥有丰富的野生花卉资源,具有很大的园林应用潜能。通过对野生资源进行引种驯化栽培,培育出观赏价值高和适应性强的花卉新品种,从而达到丰富园林植物资源,更好地为城市园林建设服务的目标,这将成为人们未来研究的重点。通过对北京百花山景区野生花卉资源的实地调查和资料整理,报道了多种具有较高观赏水平和引种驯化潜力的野生花卉,并阐述了其在园林中的应用价值,同时提出了多种将我国野生花卉的资源优势转化为经济优势的有效途径。     

广西野生花卉资源的研究

记述了广西野生花卉资源的概况 ,5个基本特点和 6个主要类群。同时也对产地的自然环境作了简介 ,并对广西野生花卉的保护和开发提出了建议。广西野生花卉的 5个主要特点是 :花卉种类的丰富性、种质资源的珍贵性、生长基质的特殊性、草本性状的显著性和资源分布的不均性。其 6个主要类群是 :山茶科、杜鹃科、兰科、木兰科、百合科和苦苣苔科。     

邯郸西部山区夏秋季野生花卉资源调查研究

通过对邯郸西部山区野生花卉资源的实地踏查,共统计记录了夏秋季开花的野生花卉40种。在此基础上,筛选出具有较高观赏价值,适于冀南及周边地区园林中试种推广的野生花卉17种,并根据该区野生植物资源现状,提出了保护和合理开发利用的建议。     

青岛农业大学野生花卉资源利用与创新团队研究进展

青岛农业大学野生花卉资源利用与创新团队是一个以野生花卉资源利用与创新为基本目的的研发集体,同时也是一个高效的科研成果转化平台。该团体以野生花卉资源开发利用为基础,进行基础植物学、发育生物学研究,采用多种方     

Pollinator visitation to mass-flowering courgette and co-flowering wild flowers: Implications for pollination and bee conservation on farms

Managing the complex relationship between pollinators and their habitat requirements is of particular concern to growers of pollinator-dependent crop species, such as courgette (Cucurbita pepo). Naturally occurring wild flowers (i.e. agricultural weeds) offer a free, sustainable, and often underappreciated resource for pollinators, however, they may compete with crop flowers for visits. To understand the extent to which floral resources mediate pollinator visitation to courgette flowers and courgette fields, plant community and pollinator visitation data were collected at two spatial scales: field scale (in margins, and in the cropped area) and farm scale (500 m and 2000 m radii) for nine courgette fields across the UK. Apis mellifera (honeybees) and Bombus spp. (bumblebees) were the only pollinators observed to visit courgette flowers. Bumblebees were significantly more abundant on courgette flowers in fields with a greater species richness of wild flowers in the crop, whilst honeybees were significantly more abundant on courgette flowers in areas with less semi-natural habitat. For both honeybees and bumblebees, their abundance in field margins did not significantly reduce their abundance on courgette flowers, suggesting that wild flowers were not competing with courgette flowers for pollinator visitation. Although solitary bees were not observed to visit courgette flowers, their abundance and species richness in courgette fields were significantly greater with more semi-natural habitat and a greater species richness of wild flowers. Therefore, allowing uncultivated areas around the crop to be colonised by species-rich wild flowers is an effective way of boosting the abundance of bumblebees, which are important visitors to courgette flowers, as well as the abundance and species richness of solitary bees, thereby benefitting pollinator conservation.     

Mutations perturbing petal cell shape and anthocyanin synthesis influence bumblebee perception of Antirrhinum majus flower colour

We wished to understand the effects on pollinator behaviour of single mutations in plant genes controlling flower appearance. To this end, we analysed snapdragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus), including the mixta and nivea mutants, in controlled laboratory conditions using psychophysical tests with bumblebees. The MIXTA locus controls petal epidermal cell shape, and thus the path that incident light takes within the pigment-containing cells. The effect is that mixta mutant flowers are pink in comparison to the wild type purple flowers, and mutants lack the sparkling sheen of wild type flowers that is clearly visible to human observers. Despite their fundamentally different appearance to humans, and even though bees could discriminate the flowers, inexperienced bees exhibited no preference for either type, and the flowers did not differ in their detectability in a Y-maze—either when the flowers appeared in front of a homogeneous or a dappled background. Equally counterintuitive effects were found for the non-pigmented, UV reflecting nivea mutant: even though the overall reflectance intensity and UV signal of nivea flowers is several times that of wild type flowers, their detectability was significantly reduced relative to wild type flowers. In addition, naïve foragers preferred wild type flowers over nivea mutants, even though these generated a stronger signal in all receptor types. Our results show that single mutations affecting flower signal can have profound effects on pollinator behaviour—but not in ways predictable by crude assessments via human perception, nor simple quantification of UV signals. However, current models of bee visual perception predict the observed effects very well.     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区野生花卉资源

后河国家级自然保护区位于鄂西南湘鄂边界山区,野生花卉资源丰富,有"三峡绿宝石"之美誉.笔者分析了保护区的野生花卉资源现状及其开发利用.重点介绍了各类花卉的生物特性和利用的方法.     

The impact of plant and flower age on mating patterns

Background

Over a season, plant condition, amount of ongoing reproduction and biotic and abiotic environmental factors vary. As flowers age, flower condition and amount of pollen donated and received also vary. These internal and external changes are significant for fitness if they result in changes in reproduction and mating.

Scope

Literature from several fields was reviewed to provide a picture of the changes that occur in plants and flowers that can affect mating over a season. As flowers age, both the entire flower and individual floral whorls show changes in appearance and function. Over a season, changes in mating often appear as alteration in seed production vs. pollen donation. In several species, older, unpollinated flowers are more likely to self. If flowers are receiving pollen, staying open longer may increase the number of mates. In wild radish, for which there is considerable information on seed paternity, older flowers produce fewer seeds and appear to discriminate less among pollen donors. Pollen donor performance can also be linked to maternal plant age. Different pollinators and mates are available across the season. Also in wild radish, maternal plants appear to exert the most control over paternity when they are of intermediate age.

Conclusions

Although much is known about the characters of plants and flowers that can change over a season, there is less information on the effects of age on mating. Several studies document changes in self-pollination over time, but very few, other than those on wild radish, consider more subtle aspects of differential success of pollen donors over time.     

冠果草的性表达状态及其进化含义

通常认为雄花两性花同株是植物性表达两性花进化到雌雄异株的过渡类型之一。慈姑属仅冠果草（Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｒｉａ ｇｕｙａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ．Ｂ．Ｋ．ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｌａｐｐｕｌａ（Ｄ．Ｄｏｎ）Ｂｏｊｉｎ）的性表达为典型的雄花两性花同株,其他种为雌雄同株。对冠果草野外和实验居群的性配置进行了定量观察。东乡和武夷山居群雄花的比例分别为２．４８％０．９６％。实验表明,栽培条件影响冠果草的性表达：在营养较好的条件下     

Sex Expression and the Evolutionary Advantages of Male Flowers in an Andromonoecious Species, Sagittaria guyanensis subsp. lappula (Alismataceae)

Sex expression in Sagittaria guyanensis H.B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin is typically andromonoecious while the other species in the same genus are basically monoecious. The evolutionary advantages of male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers in S. guyanensis subsp. lappula were assessed by measuring sex allocation and pollen movements in two wild populations of the species. Two cultivated populations served as controls. The percentage of male flowers was very low in the two wild populations in Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province and Wuyishan, Fujian Province, viz., 2.48% and 0.96% respectively. In the two cultivated populations, male flower percentage significantly increased when the soil was of higher nutrient content. This indicates that the allocation to male versus female reproduction might change in response to environmental factors. Pollen production per male flower was 4.1 times higher than that of a hermaphrodite flower. The floral shape and size of male and hermaphrodite flowers were similar. No difference was observed between these dimorphological flowers in pollen germination rate in vitro and in the speed of pollen tube growth in vivo. Anthesis was only 4-5 h. Male flowers usually opened 0.5 h earlier than hermaphrodite flowers. An unexpected finding was that no pollen from the male flowers was found on the stigmas of the hermaphrodite flowers, in spite of the occasional visits by insects to both types of flowers in both wild and control populations. A consistent pattern of fruit development was found to exist in open pollinated flowers as well as in flowers that had been bagged. The sex ratios did not have significant influence on fruit set. Approximately 25% of the pistils in a gynoecium failed to develop into fruits because no pollen was deposited on them, indicating that the fruit set of this andromonoecious plant is mainly affected by pollen limitation rather than resource limitation. Reproduction in S. guyanensis subsp. lappula in the habitats was dependent on self-pollination in hermaphrodite flowers. The male flowers in this species might be a potential source of additional pollination and may facilitate cross-pollination. The fact that the flowers of monoecious species in Sagittaria pollinated by a wide diversity of insect visitors may contribute enormously to the diversification of sex expression in this genus.     

滇西北野生观赏花卉调查

依据野外调查结果和有关文献资料,运用统计和比较的方法,对滇西北地区野生花卉的多样性进行了研究。结果表明,滇西北野生花卉有83科324属2206种。其中草本花卉1,163种,木本花卉。743种,滇西北特有野生花卉751种,珍稀濒危花卉35种。本文对滇西北地区野生花卉植物的种类、分布、观赏类型、花色、花期、受威胁状况以及特有现象进行了详细地统计分析。发现滇西北地区花卉植物的丰富度依次为丽江、中甸、贡山、德钦、维西、鹤庆、福贡、洱源、大理、兰坪。从垂直分布上看,海拔2400～3000m以及海拔3500m以上的地段花卉植物较为丰富,且特有和珍稀濒危野生花卉植物也较多地集中在这两个地段。按花色紫蓝、橙黄、红、白四大类型分类,则以紫蓝花种类最为丰富(约400种)、橙黄花次之(约230种)、红花较少(约170种)、白花最少(约140种)。     

Foraging habitats and floral resource use by colonies of long- and short-tongued bumble bee species in an agricultural landscape with kabocha squash fields

Bumble bees pollinate and forage on flowers of crop and wild plants in agricultural landscapes. These interactions may depend on landscape patterns and bumble bee traits. We studied the abundance, colony density, and foraging range in long-tongued Bombus diversus Smith and short-tongued B. hypocrita Pérez, and evaluated their visits to flowers of wild plants and cultivated kabocha squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne). In forests in a farmland, B. hypocrita workers were trapped more frequently in the canopy. Full-sibs determined by nuclear microsatellite genotypes among workers collected in the farmland showed higher colony density and a larger foraging radius in B. hypocrita (30.8 km^?2 and 848 m) than in B. diversus (8.3 km^?2 and 723 m), respectively. Regarding wild plants, workers more frequently visited shallow flowers in B. hypocrita and deep flowers in B. diversus. These results suggest that bumble bees with different traits forage on different wild flowers in different habitats. Squash flowers were visited by both bumble bee species at similar frequency in the latter period of colony growth when males and new queens appeared. Composition of full-sib workers visiting squash and wild flowers did not depend on the number of collected workers of individual colonies, indicating that foraging on squash flowers was not associated with colony growth. Thus, growth and reproduction of bumble bee colonies may be supported by various wild plants and cultivated squash, respectively.     

百花山野生植物资源分布情况及主要花卉园林应用评价

百花山自然保护区具有优越的地理位置和良好的气候条件,其中孕育着丰富的植物资源,是北京著名的野生花卉种质资源库.在调查分析其野生植物自然分布情况的同时,对其中的重要花卉的潜在园林利用价值作了简要评价,期望加大对百花山野生花卉资源的开发利用.