祁连山中部金露梅种群生长过程中的植被光谱特征

金露梅灌丛是祁连山最具代表性的高寒落叶灌丛,其生长过程对生态系统服务功能有重要影响。2015年生长季对其叶功能性状进行了观测,并利用地物光谱仪(ASD)对金露梅灌丛不同物候期的高光谱反射率进行了测定。结果表明:金露梅灌丛的叶面积、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、绿色叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量(以SPAD值表示)从生长初期开始呈现先增大,到生长后期开始下降的规律;不同物候期金露梅灌丛的反射光谱波形曲线变化规律基本相似;植被指数NDVI、EVI、CI_(red edge)与LAI、叶片SPAD值均达到了显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.001);EVI与LAI的相关性最好,NDVI与叶片SPAD值的相关性在整个生长阶段最为稳定。根据相关性分析,建立了不同物候期金露梅灌丛LAI、SPAD预测模型,为金露梅植被生长过程的遥感监测提供了方法。     

祁连山典型流域谷地植被斑块演变与土壤性状

植物群落演变与土壤性状变化之间的相互作用和过程研究对于认识生态系统结构和功能演变有着重要的意义.对祁连山谷地灌丛草甸退化演变过程中植物群落物种组成、土壤物理和化学性状特征、及土壤与植被的相互作用进行了研究,结果表明,在祁连山谷地阴坡林线以下较小的空间范围,植被斑块由金露梅群落向金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块演变,植被盖度降低,但物种多样性增加.不同植被斑块之间土壤水分有显著的梯度变化,土壤水分的变化导致植被的退化演替.植被斑块的演变导致土壤性状的明显分异,从金露梅灌丛斑块向金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块演变,土壤容重显著增加,土壤团聚体组成由大粒级的大团聚体(》1mm)破碎为小粒级的大团聚体(1-0.25mm)和微团聚体(《0.25mm),团聚体稳定性降低,表明土壤结构的退化;土壤有机碳含量下降了31.2%和55.9%,干筛各粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳含量金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块显著低于金露梅斑块,土壤团聚体平均重量粒径与有机碳含量存在显著相关,植被退化演变中土壤有机碳的损失部分地由于团聚体的破碎引起;土壤全氮和有效氮不同斑块之间也有显著的差异,植被斑块退化演变使氮的有效性降低;但磷、钾养分对植被变化的响应不敏感.植被的退化演变使土壤团聚体破碎、土壤结构退化,有机碳和全氮含量下降,使其抗侵蚀能力和水源涵养功能显著降低,又进一步加速植被的退化演替.在气候变暖的趋势下,马蔺斑块将进一步向林线逼近,灌丛草甸植被将会进一步退化和萎缩.     

柴达木盆地尕海湖区白刺灌丛沙堆剖面土壤养分的分布和富集特征

白刺沙堆作为柴达木沙漠地区一种特殊的生物地貌景观,在固定流沙、改良土壤和维持区域生态环境稳定等方面发挥着极为重要的作用。本研究以柴达木盆地尕海湖区的白刺沙堆为对象,选取了盖度分别约15%、25%、45%和60%的白刺沙堆分析其剖面及堆间地的土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)含量,探究白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分垂直分布规律和富集特征。结果表明: 研究区SOM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK含量在4个沙堆中变化范围分别为1.67～10.22 g·kg^-1、0.05～0.42 g·kg^-1、0.31～0.54 g·kg^-1、15.87～18.84 g·kg^-1、2.26～11.68 mg·kg^-1、0.80～15.00 mg·kg^-1、45～161 mg·kg^-1。垂直方向上,在盖度15%的白刺沙堆中,除TP无明显变化外,其余土壤养分指标均随土层深度的增加呈先减少后增加再减少趋势;在盖度25%、45%和60%的白刺沙堆中,SOM、TN、AN、TP、AP均表现为随土层深度的增加整体呈减少趋势,而TK、AK随土层变化不明显。在沙堆地平面以上,除TP未表现出富集效应外,SOM、TN、TK、AN、AP、AK均有富集,且基本在表层富集程度最大,其中AN富集率达5.19;在沙堆地平面以下,TN、TK、AN、AK、AP也均表现出富集效应。Pearson相关性分析和逐步回归分析表明,SOM、TN、AN、TP、AP、TK、AK均与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与海拔呈极显著负相关;其中除TP外,其余养分指标均主要受海拔的影响。综上,白刺沙堆剖面土壤养分含量在表层最高,其富集效应不仅体现在沙堆内部,在沙堆地平面以下也有所体现。本研究结果可为柴达木盆地地区白刺沙堆科学利用和环境保护提供参考。     

新疆干旱区8种常见灌丛生物量碳和土壤有机碳特征

对广布于新疆南北疆各地的8种灌丛(白刺Nitraria tangutorum、高枝假木贼Anabasis elatior、白梭梭Haloxylon persicum、沙拐枣Calligonum mongolicum、狭叶锦鸡儿Caragana stenophylla、膜果麻黄Ephedra przewalskii、短叶假木贼Anabasis brevifolia和金露梅Potentilla fruticosa)生物量碳和土壤有机碳的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)生物量碳密度金露梅狭叶锦鸡儿膜果麻黄白梭梭沙拐枣白刺短叶假木贼高枝假木贼。除金露梅灌丛地上生物量碳密度高于地下外,其余7种灌丛地下生物量碳密度均高于地上。2)土壤有机碳与生物量碳密切相关,除膜果麻黄、短叶假木贼和金露梅灌丛外,其余5种灌丛土壤有机碳密度最高值均出现在0~10 cm土层,且随土壤深度的增加而降低。3)新疆地区植物8种灌丛生物量碳储量和土壤有机碳储量分别在(0.41±0.05)×104~(33.46±0.60)×104Mg和(0.22±0.01)~(6.88±0.03)Tg。4)土壤有机碳与海拔呈显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤含水量、有机质、全N含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与容重呈显著负相关;地上生物量碳与海拔、土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质、全N含量、有机碳、地下生物量碳呈极显著正相关;地下生物量碳与土壤有机质、全N含量呈极显著正相关。     

井冈山鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层植物叶功能性状对海拔梯度的响应

为揭示鹿角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)群落灌木层植物叶功能性状及其对环境变化的响应趋势,对分布于井冈山不同海拔梯度鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层植物的叶功能性状进行了研究。结果表明,海拔梯度对灌木植物的叶功能性状有显著影响。随海拔的升高,叶片的干物质含量(LDMC)、厚度(LT)、氮含量(LNC)、磷含量(LPC)呈显著上升趋势,比叶面积(SLA)和N/P呈显著下降趋势,而叶大小(LS)呈先上升后下降的变化趋势;灌木植物叶片的LDMC与SLA、LS呈负相关,与LT、LNC、LPC呈正相关;SLA与LT、LNC呈负相关;LS与LT呈负相关;LNC与LPC呈正相关;N/P与LPC呈负相关;环境因子对灌木植物叶功能性状有重要影响,除受海拔的影响外,LPC、N/P还受坡位的影响,LS、LNC则分别还受到坡向和坡度的影响。因此,井冈山地区鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层植物通过改变叶功能性状来适应海拔和其它环境因子的变化。     

亚高寒草甸不同坡向植物光合生理和叶片形态差异

绿色植物叶片的功能性状能用来解释不同层次复杂的生态学过程,被认为对植物的生存、生长和繁殖具有重要的影响。该研究对甘南亚高寒草甸坡向梯度代表物种的叶片形态和光合特性进行测定,分析了各坡向的土壤因子,比较不同物种(矮嵩草、米口袋、蒲公英和金露梅)之间的性状差异,研究叶片光合及形态特征与土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明:1)不同坡向的土壤因子有着显著差异,土壤含水量、土壤全磷、土壤全氮及有机碳含量总体表现为北坡南坡,而土壤温度及光照度则是南坡北坡。2)坡向上不同物种在比叶面积、净光合速率和叶δ~(13)C值等方面有着显著的差异,比如物种在北坡具有较高的比叶面积和叶片含水量,而物种在南坡具有较高的净光合速率、相对叶绿素、叶干物质量及δ~(13)C值。3)冗余分析结果显示,物种的叶片形态及光合特性与土壤因子之间都具有显著的相关关系,其中土壤含水量变化的响应最为敏感。该研究揭示了亚高寒草甸坡向梯度上植物物种在叶片功能性状上的显著分化,使得这些物种能在同一个草地群落中共存。     

地形因子对黄土高原山杏叶片功能性状的影响

坡向和坡度是重要的地形因子,调控水、热组合可以影响植物生长及叶片功能性状,研究叶片功能性状对不同地形因子的响应,有助于了解植物对环境的适应策略.以阳坡(半阳坡)和阴坡(半阴坡)2个坡向,以及15°~20°、21°~25°和26°~30°3个坡度为环境梯度,对比研究了其对黄土高原主要造林树种山杏叶片功能性状(包括叶面积、比叶面积、叶干物质含量和叶片含水量)的影响,结果表明:1)坡向与坡度分别对所有叶片功能性状的影响均显著,坡向和坡度仅对叶片含水量具有交互作用.2)坡向梯度上,阳坡叶片的叶面积与阴坡相当,但叶干物质含量(0.24 g·g^-1)和叶片含水量(59.6%)均小于后者(0.27 g·g^-1和67.0%);阳坡叶片的比叶面积显著高于阴坡,其值分别为183.72和163.05 cm2·g^-1.3)坡度梯度上,叶片的比叶面积和叶面积均随坡度增大呈先减后增趋势,二者分别在15°~20°和26°~30°上达最大值,分别为184.04 cm^2·g^-1和21.14 cm2.4)除15°~20°与26°~30°的土壤水分无差异外,其余坡度以及坡向之间的土壤水分均存在显著差异,且土壤水分是造成叶片功能性状差异的主要原因之一,其中0~10 cm土层含水量对叶片功能性状的影响最大.5)叶片比叶面积与叶片含水量、叶干物质含量呈负相关,与叶面积呈正相关;叶干物质含量与叶片含水量呈正相关,与叶面积呈负相关;土壤含水量仅与叶片含水量呈正相关,与其他叶片功能性状均不相关.     

沙拐枣叶功能性状对生境变化的响应

【目的】揭示民勤地区沙拐枣叶功能性状在不同生境的变异规律,探明沙拐枣对干旱荒漠环境的适应策略。【方法】以民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为对象,采用样方法采集样株东西南北4个方向中部生长良好的叶片,用土钻采集植株根系附近深度为0—60 cm的土壤样本,比较分析丘间低地与流动沙丘2种生境下沙拐枣叶功能性状特征及相关性,揭示沙拐枣叶功能性状与土壤因子的关系。【结果】(1)沙拐枣叶功能性状的变异系数介于2.39%～24.94%,比叶面积(SLA)变异系数最大(24.94%),稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)变异系数最小(2.39%);沙拐枣叶片的全碳(LCC)、全磷(LPC)含量在样地之间存在显著差异,而SLA、LPC在2种生境间存在显著差异。(2)在丘间低地与流动沙丘2种生境下沙拐枣叶片含水量(LWC)与干物质含量(LDMC)分别呈极显著、显著负相关关系,LWC是2种生境下沙拐枣叶功能性状中综合排名前3的共同指标因子。(3)全氮(STN)、pH值和土壤含水量(SMC)是影响民勤沙拐枣叶功能性状变异的主要土壤因子。【结论】沙拐枣通过改变叶...     

珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区小叶金露梅灌丛群落数量分类和排序及其多样性垂直格局

根据野外样方调查数据,采用双向种指示分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA),对珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区小叶金露梅灌丛群落进行分类和排序,并分析物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。结果表明:(1)该区域24个样地中,记载的维管束植物共有23科45属80种,出现频度较高的种有小叶金露梅(Potentilla parvifolia)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、木根香青(Anaphalis xylorhiza)、垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete)、藏沙蒿(Artemisia wellbyi)、垫状雪灵芝(Arenaria pulvinata)和柴胡红景天(Rhodiola bupleuroides)等。(2)经TWINSPAN等级分类将该区域小叶金露梅灌丛24个样地划分为10个群丛类型。(3)样地和物种CCA二维排序结果表明,海拔和坡位是影响该区域小叶金露梅灌丛群落和物种分布格局的主要环境因子。(4)该区域小叶金露梅灌丛群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均随海拔升高呈下降的趋势,而Pielou指数呈上升的趋势。(5)样地中优势种小叶金露梅的盖度和高度沿海拔梯度呈显著下降趋势。     

不同海拔天山云杉叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系

植物功能性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应,将环境、植物个体和生态系统结构、过程与功能联系在一起。为阐明天山北坡1420-2300m天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica)的叶片功能性状对环境的适应性变化,研究了天山云杉10种叶片功能性状的变化规律以及与土壤因子的关系。结果表明叶长宽比(LL/LW)、叶面积(LA)、气孔密度(SD)、单位干重的叶磷(LPC)和叶钾(LKC)含量沿海拔梯度呈上升趋势。单位干重的叶氮(LNC)含量、叶绿素含量(Chla+b)、叶片饱和含水量(LWC)、叶片干物质含量(LDMC)和比叶重(LMA)随海拔的升高呈现非线性变化,前3项在海拔约2100m处达到最大值,分别为(15.42±0.38)mg/g、(2.44±0.37)mg/g和(55.01±0.48)%,后两项在海拔约2100m处达到最小值,分别为(451.80±6.28)mg/g、(252.33±3.60)g/m2。逐步回归分析结果显示,海拔梯度上影响LPC的主要土壤因子是土壤pH值和SWC,影响LNC、LKC、Chla+b、LDMC、LMA和LWC的主要土壤因子是TN,影响LA、SD和LL/LW的主要土壤因子是SWC,可见SWC和TN是天山云杉叶片功能特征沿海拔梯度变化的主要驱动因子。在优越的环境中植物叶片虽然具有较高的光合能力和较高的相对生长速率,但是对资源的利用能力往往较低,在2100m附近LNC、Chla+b、LA最大,LMA、LDMC最小,因此判断此海拔附近为天山云杉最适宜的生长范围。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.