白细胞介素—1结构与功能关系的研究进展

白细胞介素－１（ＩＬ－１）是一种作用非常广泛的多肽生长因子,了解ＩＬ－１结构与功能的关系对阐明其作用是很有必要的。ＩＬ－１β含１２条反向平行β折叠链,其三维结构象四面体,ＩＬ－１α的二级结构和高级结构与ＩＬ－１β相似;ＩＬ－１的一些子肽和氨基酸残基在ＩＬ－１与受体的结合和ＩＬ－１功能的发挥中起着重要作用。本主要就ＩＬ－１的二级结构与三级结构,ＩＬ－１结构与功能关系的研究进展作一简要综述。     

白细胞介素1与缺血性脑损伤

近年来研究发现,白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）在缺血后的脑内迅速增加,体内注射ＩＬ－１β可增在后脑梗塞灶体积、脑水肿程度及神经元死亡,减少实验动物脑缺血后存活时间。脑室内注射ＩＬ－１抑制剂及受体拮抗剂后缺血性脑损伤显著减轻,表明ＩＬ－１可能为缺轿性脑损伤的重要介质。     

白细胞介素1家族新成员──IL－1Ra

白细胞介素１家族新成员──ＩＬ－１Ｒａ黄仕和秦椿华（卫生部武汉生物制品研究所,武汉４３００６０）（同济医科大学工业毒理研究室,武汉４３００３０）关键词ＩＬ－１Ｒａ以前认为,ＩＬ－１分为ＩＬ－１α和ＩＬ－１β两型,但Ａｒｅｎｄ等（１９８５）又发现了ＩＬ...     

一个新的信号受体家族--Toll/IL-1R家族的研究进展

Ｔｏｌｌ受体最初是在研究果蝇胚胎腹背侧体轴的形成中发现的,由于它与ＩＬ－１受体在结构、功能、信号转导通路上的诸多相似,人们将它们归入一个大的信号受体ｏｌｌ／ＵＩＬ－１Ｒ家族。许多研究均证实,除与胚胎发育有关外,这一信号受体家族的成员在机体对抗外来病原体的天然免疫中起到了重要的作用,尤其是人类Ｔｏｌｌ蛋白在介导内毒素对细胞操作中的作用备受关注。     

白介素－1β对大鼠应激性胃粘膜损伤的保护作用

本工作观察了人重组白介素１β（ＩＬ－１β）对大鼠束缚冷冻应激造成的胃粘膜损伤的影响。外周给予ＩＬ－１β后能防止胃粘膜损伤的形成,呈剂量依从关系。ＩＬ－１片段１６３－１７１对应激性胃粘膜损伤无明显影响。但巯基物质耗竭剂Ｎ－乙烯顺丁烯二酰亚胺（Ｎ－ｅｔｈｙｌｍａｌｅｉｍｉｄｅ）能部分阻断ＩＬ－１β的作用。应激３ｈ后胃粘膜蛋白质和非蛋白质巯基含量明显降低,而ＩＬ－１β能防止巯基含量的下降。ＩＬ－１β也能减少应激造成的胃粘膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ｍｏｌｏｎｄｉａｙｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ）的含量。提示ＩＬ－１β能明显减轻大鼠应激性胃粘膜损伤程度,其机制可能与胃粘膜内源性巯基物质有关。     

苯妥英钠对腹腔巨噬细胞白介素-1基因表达及白介素-1活性的影响

为研究苯妥因钠（ＰＨＴ－Ｎａ）促进创伤愈合的机理,本文收集并培养大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,应用原位杂交技术和小鼠胸腺细胞增殖法分别测定白介素－１（ＩＬ－１）基因表达和白介素－１活性,直接研究ＰＨＴ－Ｎａ对巨噬细胞的作用。结果表明,ＰＨＴ－Ｎａ明显刺激巨噬细胞ＩＬ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达,增加巨噬细胞培养上清中ＩＬ－１的活性,并随剂量的增加作用增强。这说明ＰＨＴ－Ｎａ直接刺激巨噬细胞ＩＬ－１基因表达,增加ＩＬ－１的活性是其促进创伤愈合的主要机理之一。     

M1白血病细胞中PI—3激酶参与IL—6诱导的Stat3激活

Ｗｏｒｔｍａｎｎｉｎ是ＰＩ－３激酶的特异性抑制剂,它可拮抗ＩＬ－６对Ｍ１小鼠急性髓系白血病细胞生长的抑制作用,但Ｗｏｒｔｍａｎｎｉｎ本身对Ｍ１细胞的生长地胶阻滞电泳分析（ＥＭＳＡ）表明ｗｏｒｔｍａｎｎｉｎ选择性减低ＩＬ－６对Ｓｔａｔ３的激活作用而Ｓｔａｔ３有ＩＬ－６诱导的Ｍ１细胞生长停止与终末分化中占重要地位。这些结果说明ＰＩ－３激酶确实参与ＩＬ－６的信号转导并参与Ｓｔａｔ３的激活。     

脑室注射白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂对抗束缚应激免疫抑制因子的产生

我们以前的工作发现束缚应激小鼠血清里存在一种能抑制淋巴细胞转化的蛋白。本工作研究了脑内白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）对这种血清蛋白产生的作用。脑室注射白细胞介素１受体拮抗剂（ＩＬ－１Ｒａ）能抑制这种血清蛋白的产生,并呈量效关系。注射５．０μｇＩＬ－１Ｒａ时,几乎完全对抗此蛋白的产生。脑室注射１ｐｇＩＬ－１β则对比原白的产生有增强作用;腹腔注射ＩＬ－１β或ＩＬ－１Ｒａ均无影响。以上结果表明脑内ＩＬ－１在束     

鼠Ⅰ型可溶性白细胞介素1受体基因在昆虫细胞的克隆和表达

白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）是一种重要的细胞因子,具有广泛的生物学活性。它通过与细胞表面的白细胞介素 １受体（ＩＬ－１Ｒ）结合而起作用。以杆状病毒为载体在昆虫细胞中克隆表达了小鼠Ｉ型可溶性白细胞介素１受体（ｓＩＬ－１　ＲＩ）基因。以ＮＩＨ／３Ｔ３细胞ＲＮＡ为模板,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增得到小鼠ｓＩＬ－ＩＲＩ的ｃＤＮＡ,克隆至杆状病毒转移载体ｐＡｃＧＰ６７Ｂ,将转移重组质粒与野生病毒ＡＣＮＰＶ ＤＮＡ共转染昆虫细胞Ｓｆ９,经同源重组得到重组杆状病毒ｒＡＣＮＰＶ。应用经纯化的ｒＡｃＮＰＶ感染昆虫细胞Ｓｆ９,表达获得重组的ｓＩＬ－１ＲＩ。经对亲和层析样品的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析和对ＩＬ－１β生物活性阻断作用实验证实,表达产物能够与其配基结合,并且能够分泌至细胞培养上清中。     

白介素１信号转导研究进展

白介素（ＩＬ－１）是在局部和全身炎症反应中起核心作用的细胞因子,其信号转导机制极为复杂,最近几年发现了几条重要的信号转导途径,分别为：ＩＬ－１受体相关激酶途径、磷脂酰肌醇３－激酶信号转导途径、ＪＡＫ－ＳＴＡＴ信号通路和离子通道。这些信号转导途径的发现为深入理解ＩＬ－１的信号转导机制提供了新的理论,并为炎症治疗开辟了新思路。     

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Triggers Angiogenesis via the Modulation of Endometrial Stromal Cell Responsiveness to Interleukin 1: A New Possible Mechanism Underlying Embryo Implantation

Deep functional changes occurring within the endometrium during implantation are orchestrated by embryonic and maternal signals. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a major embryonic signal, plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy. Interleukin (IL) 1, one of the earliest embryonic signals, appears to exert a direct impact on the receptive endometrium and to induce major molecular changes that are essential for embryo implantation. Herein we investigate whether hCG can modulate endometrial stromal cell (ESC) receptivity to IL1 during the implantation window and assess the impact on angiogenesis in vitro. Primary cultures of ESCs from normal fertile women during the implantation window were treated for 24 h with different concentrations of hCG (0-100 ng/ml) and stimulated for 24 h with IL1B (0-0.1 ng/ml). IL1 receptors (IL1Rs), IL1R antagonist (IL1RA), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) 1 were analyzed by real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. The angiogenic activity in vitro was studied using human microvascular endothelial cell line, scratch wound assay, and cell proliferation via BrdU incorporation into DNA. Human CG induced a dose-dependent imbalance in ESC receptivity to IL1 by significantly upregulating the functional signaling IL1R1 and concomitantly downregulating the decoy inhibitory IL1R2 and IL1RA upon subsequent exposure to IL1B. Prior exposure to hCG amplified MCP1 secretion by ESCs in response to IL1B and triggered the release of angiogenic activity in vitro in which MCP1 appeared to play a significant role. Overexpression of IL1R2 using cell transfection inhibited IL1 and hCG/IL1B-mediated MCP1 secretion. These findings suggest that hCG coordinates embryonic signal interaction with the maternal endometrium, and point to a new possible pathway by which it may promote embryonic growth.     

白细胞介素-1家族与哺乳动物生殖

白细胞介素－1家族在哺乳动物生殖过程中起重要作用。它们调节卵巢和睾丸的生理功能,着床前胚胎和子宫相互作用,胚胎着床能力,同时参与蜕膜化,分娩等多个生殖环节。     

胚胎着床的分子调控网络

胚胎着床是活性胚胎与接受态子宫相互对话,并建立紧密联系的过程。在雌激素和孕酮的协同调控下,一些粘附分子、细胞因子和生长因子等呈时空特异性表达,许多信号通路间相互协作对于胚胎着床至关重要。近年来发现,miRNA等非编码RNA也参与胚胎着床的分子调控网络。本文旨在综述近年来胚胎着床分子调控网络方面的研究进展。     

Correlation of increased concentration of ovine endometrial cyclooxygenase 2 with the increase in PGE2 and PGD2 in the late luteal phase

The effect of intraoviductal embryos on endometrial receptivity was studied by intraendometrial and intrauterine embryo transfer. Five-week-old female ICR mice were mated after superovulation; a vaginal plug confirmed day 1 of pregnancy. On day 4 (90 h after hCG injection), blastocysts were collected and transferred to pseudopregnant female mice and to recipient mice in which the uterotubal junction had been ligated bilaterally on day 1 of pregnancy. Three embryos per uterine horn, a total of six embryos per recipient mouse at days 1-6, were transferred to the endometrium or uterine cavity and implantation and pregnancy rates were calculated. The implantation rate for intraendometrial embryo transfer to recipients of days 3, 5 and 6 was significantly higher for uterotubal junction-ligated mice (72.2, 20.8 and 9.7%, respectively) than for pseudopregnant mice (55.0, 8.3 and 0.0%, respectively). The implantation rate for intrauterine embryo transfer to recipients at days 2, 5 and 6 was significantly higher for uterotubal junction-ligated mice (11.1, 25.0 and 8.3%, respectively) than for pseudopregnant mice (0.0, 3.3 and 0.0%, respectively). Uterotubal junction-ligated mice achieved implantation and bore neonates by intrauterine embryo transfer on days 2 and 6, whereas no implantation was achieved in pseudopregnant mice. The difference in implantation rate could not be explained by a difference in progesterone concentration between the groups. The distribution of proliferating cells in the endometrium was also studied immunohistochemically by use of anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody in the recipient mice. PCNA-positive cells were more abundant in uterotubal junction-ligated mice and demonstrated a marked extension from the epithelium to the stroma over time, in contrast to those in pseudopregnant mice. These findings indicate that an intraoviductal embryo exerts a biological effect by sending a signal to the endometrial epithelium and stroma, thus facilitating endometrial receptivity to the embryo and improving the rate of implantation.     

Glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity in the preimplantation mouse embryo

1. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was determined in mouse embryos during the first 5 days of development from the time of ovulation up to implantation. 2. The activity decreased from 1.39 to 0.19mmumoles of NADP reduced/hr./embryo from ovulation to implantation. 3. The specific activity of the embryo on the first day was higher than specific activities reported for most other tissues.     

Effect of 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein antibody on mouse embryo implantation

Mouse embryo implantation depends on the complex interaction between the embryo trophoblast cells and the uterine environment, which deposits an extracellular matrix with abundant amounts of laminin. Intrauterine injection and blastocyst or ectoplacental cone culture models were used to study the effect of 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein antibody on mouse embryo implantation in vivo and in vitro. Intrauterine injection of 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein antibody (0.4 mg in 1 ml Ham's F-10 medium, 5 microl per mouse) into the left uterine horns of mice (n = 22) on day 3 of pregnancy inhibited embryo implantation significantly (P < 0.001) compared with the contralateral horns that had been injected with normal rabbit IgG. A continuous section study on day 5 after injection showed that the embryos in the control uteri implanted normally and developed healthily, but there were no embryos or the remaining embryos had disintegrated in the uteri injected with 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein antibody. Blastocysts or ectoplacental cones were cultured in media containing 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein antibody (0.2 mg ml(-1)) on laminin-coated dishes with normal rabbit IgG at the same concentration as in the controls. The 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein had no effect on blastocyst or ectoplacental cone attachment, but prohibited the blastocyst or ectoplacental cone outgrowth and primary or secondary trophoblast giant cell migration. These results indicate that 32/67 kDa laminin-binding protein antibody blocked mouse embryo implantation by preventing embryo trophoblast cell invasion and migration through the uterine decidual basement membrane-like extracellular matrix which has a high laminin content.     

Spatial and temporal alterations of phospholipids determined by mass spectrometry during mouse embryo implantation

Molecular events involved in successful embryo implantation are not well understood. In this study, we used MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technologies to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of phospholipid species associated with mouse embryo implantation. Molecular images showing phospholipid distribution within implantation sites changed markedly between distinct cellular areas during days 4–8 of pregnancy. For example, by day 8, linoleate- and docosahexaenoate-containing phospholipids localized to regions destined to undergo cell death, whereas oleate-containing phospholipids localized to angiogenic regions. Arachidonate-containing phospholipids showed different segregation patterns depending on the lipid class, revealing a strong correlation of phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylinositols with cytosolic phospholipase A_2α and cyclooxygenase-2 during embryo implantation. LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to validate MALDI IMS phospholipid distribution patterns. Overall, molecular images revealed the dynamic complexity of lipid distributions in early pregnancy, signifying the importance of complex interplay of lipid molecules in uterine biology and implantation.     

Excessive Intrauterine Fluid Cause Aberrant Implantation and Pregnancy Outcome in Mice

The normal intrauterine fluid environment is essential for embryo implantation. In hydrosalpinx patients, the implantation and pregnancy rates are markedly decreased after IVF–embryo transfer, while salpingectomy could significantly improve the pregnancy rates. The leakage of hydrosalpinx fluid into the endometrial cavity was supposed to be the major cause for impaired fertility. However, the underlying mechanisms of hydrosalpinx fluids on implantation and ongoing pregnancy were not fully understood and remain controversial regarding its toxicity. In present study, by infusing different volume of non-toxic fluid (0.9% saline) into uterine lumen before embryo implantation in mice (Day4 08:30), we found that while the embryos were not “flushed out” from the uteri, the timing of implantation was deferred and normal intrauterine distribution (embryo spacing) was disrupted. The abnormal implantation at early pregnancy further lead to embryo growth retardation, miscarriage and increased pregnancy loss, which is similar to the adverse effects observed in hydrosalpinx patients undergoing IVF-ET. We further examined uterine receptivity related gene expression reported to be involved in human hydrosalpinx (Lif, Hoxa10, Integrin α(v) and β(3)). The results showed that expression of integrin α(v) and β(3) were increased in the fluid infused mouse uteri, implicating a compensatory effect to cope with the excessive fluid environment. Our data suggested that the adverse effects of excessive non-toxic luminal fluid on pregnancy are primarily due to the mechanical interference for normal timing and location of embryo apposition, which might be the major cause of decreased implantation rate in IVF-ET patients with hydrosalpinx.     

哺乳动物滋养层细胞在胚胎植入中的作用

胚胎植入是哺乳动物生殖的关键环节,是一个非常复杂的过程.在胚胎植入过程中,多种着床相关因子、激素在母体-胚胎之间进行多重作用,引发复杂的生理作用,从而完成胚胎着床.在母体-胚胎界面上,胎源性滋养层细胞与母体子宫内膜细胞在信号联系（妊娠识别）和组织紧密连接（胚胎植入）过程中起着决定性作用,尤其是胚源性滋养层细胞,在胚胎植入过程中起主导作用.本文通过对滋养层细胞在胚胎植入中的作用的阐述,为进一步阐明胚胎植入的分子机制提供思路.