渤海围填海发展趋势、环境与生态影响及政策建议

近年来,中国沿海处于快速工业化和城市化驱动下的新一轮大规模围填海阶段,环渤海围填海历史久、规模大,已成为我国围填海的重心区域。由于围填海和河口三角洲增长,1940s以来渤海面积萎缩了0.57×104km~2,萎缩速率大于82km2/a,2000年以来萎缩速率更高达141km~2/a;渤海自然岸线的长度和比例也急剧下降,由1990年的1397km减少为2014年的561km,占岸线总长度的比例由54.92%下降为16.18%。围填海导致多种危害,如:海洋潮波和水动力条件变化,近岸和近海沉积环境与水下地形变化,加剧近岸水环境与底泥环境污染,潮滩湿地面积减损与生态功能下降,底栖生物栖息地减损和群落破坏,侵占和破坏渔业资源"三场一通道",加剧海岸带自然灾害风险、诱发经济社会系统风险,对产业和经济发展带来不利影响,等。在分析我国围填海监督管理现状和问题的基础上,提出政策建议:改革和优化围填海管理体制,建立陆海协调与联动机制,完善法律法规;严格执行生态红线制度,控制围填海规模与速度,推进和优化保护区建设;开展已围填区及其周边海域环境和生态的恢复与重建;强化已围填区新增土地资源的监管和集约优化利用;加强基础观测体系建设,大力促进科学研究的发展;促进公众、利益相关方及非政府组织参与到滨海湿地的保护。     

Protected areas in the North Sea: An absolute need for future marine research

There are many signals that different human activities affect the marine ecosystem on local and sometimes regional scales. There is evidence that in the Dutch sector of the North Sea at least 25 species have decreased tremendously in numbers or have totally disappeared. But what has caused their disappearance: fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, climatic changes, or a combination of causes? On the Dutch Continental Shelf, the fisheries are now so intensive that every square metre is trawled, on an average, once to twice a year. Furthermore, it has been shown that trawling causes direct damage to the marine ecosystem. This indicates that the “natural” North Sea ecosystem we are studying is already a heavily influenced system. And what is the value of data on the diversity and production of benthic animals, if the research area has been raked by beamtrawl gear an unknown amount of times before sampling? To be able to study the natural trends in the marine ecosystem, or to answer the question which human activity has most influenced the ecosystem, there is an absolute and immediate need for protected areas to be established. The size of the protected areas must be determined by the behaviour of that species characteristic for the area. In such areas, where fisheries and local pollution would be forbidden or very limited, scientific research into the species composition and age distribution of different populations should be carried out and trends should be established.     

The management of European estuaries: A comparison of the features,controls and management framework of the Tagus (Portugal) and Humber (England)

The paper describes the local, national, European and wider-area framework, statutes, and formal and voluntary mechanisms for managing European estuaries. These aspects are discussed in relation to two large and representative estuarine systems, the Tagus, Portugal, and the Humber, on the English North Sea coast As estuaries are sites of many activities and uses, most of which are encouraged or at least condoned, management has the role of preventing and resolving conflicts between those uses and users. Accepted uses of estuaries include the discharge and dumping of waste materials, fin and shell-fisheries, conservation, land reclamation, natural usage, abstraction by industry, and recreation. Estuarine management is now being carried out within the constraints of local and regional government planning, planning and activities of water pollution control bodies, fisheries control bodies, and navigation and port authorities The Tagus and Humber estuaries support all of the above activities and uses, and have controls within a European legislative framework but have differing histories of management and planning in order to resolve conflicts. In addition the Humber is subject to controls placed on North Sea areas. The paper discusses the relevant national and European legislation (Directives) and accepted practices for management. Furthermore, the paper discusses the formulation and practice of estuarine management plans as used by various bodies (nature conservation, water quality and regional authority). It is of particular note that the lessons from these two estuaries are relevant to many other European estuaries.     

基于生态系统服务评价的围填海区域景观生态红线划分方法及应用研究

以围填海活动为代表的高强度的人类开发利用方式从根本上改变了海岸带地区的自然属性,区域生态环境发生了深刻变化。定位于我国大陆沿海的围填海区域,通过人机交互目视解译的方法获取我国大陆沿海围填海区域的矢量数据,基于围填海活动影响下海岸带区域的景观类型和生态系统服务变化的评估结果,识别我国海岸带的生态脆弱区和重点保护区,提出围填海区域景观生态红线的划分方法。通过分析可知:(1)围填海区域景观生态红线区呈现出"总体分散、局部集中"的的分布特点;(2)景观生态红线区主要分布在人工湿地和残存自然湿地中。围填海区域是进行海陆统筹研究的关键区域,而景观生态红线作为识别其重要生态功能区,并进行二次保护和抢救性保护的有效手段,将为我国海岸带生态管理提供新思路和新方法。     

矿业废弃地复垦耕地多目标质量评价体系与应用

复垦耕地质量评价是矿业城市管理土地的重要环节, 也是土地复垦监测的关键步骤。采用模糊综合评价、单因子指数、内梅罗指数和灰色关联相结合的方法, 建立了矿业废弃地复垦耕地的多目标评价体系, 并以湖北省某废弃铜矿的复垦耕地为对象进行案例研究。结果表明: (1)案例区复垦耕地生产力总体处于中等水平, 土壤速效磷和土壤有机质的含量为主要限制因素。且速效磷和土壤有机质的变异系数大于40%, 在空间分布上有较大的差异。在复垦后的利用过程中应该注意土壤理化性质的监测和改善; (2)案例区安全利用状况在全区范围内差异较小, 全区均为轻度污染, 主要污染物为重金属砷。各重金属的空间相关性较弱, 表明受人类活动影响程度较大, 需要进一步对重金属污染进行防控; (3)该案例区复垦耕地与参比耕地的关联度均值为0.82, 较接近参比耕地综合质量。关联度的空间分布与耕地生产力的空间格局具有一致性, 耕地综合质量受生产力变化的影响较大。基于以上案例研究结果可以看出, 建立的评价体系可以较好地反映复垦耕地多目标质量, 为矿业废弃地耕地质量评价提供一定的思路。     

Biomarkers in natural fish populations indicate adverse biological effects of offshore oil production

Background

Despite the growing awareness of the necessity of a sustainable development, the global economy continues to depend largely on the consumption of non-renewable energy resources. One such energy resource is fossil oil extracted from the seabed at offshore oil platforms. This type of oil production causes continuous environmental pollution from drilling waste, discharge of large amounts of produced water, and accidental spills.

Methods and principal findings

Samples from natural populations of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in two North Sea areas with extensive oil production were investigated. Exposure to and uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were demonstrated, and biomarker analyses revealed adverse biological effects, including induction of biotransformation enzymes, oxidative stress, altered fatty acid composition, and genotoxicity. Genotoxicity was reflected by a hepatic DNA adduct pattern typical for exposure to a mixture of PAHs. Control material was collected from a North Sea area without oil production and from remote Icelandic waters. The difference between the two control areas indicates significant background pollution in the North Sea.

Conclusion

It is most remarkable to obtain biomarker responses in natural fish populations in the open sea that are similar to the biomarker responses in fish from highly polluted areas close to a point source. Risk assessment of various threats to the marine fish populations in the North Sea, such as overfishing, global warming, and eutrophication, should also take into account the ecologically relevant impact of offshore oil production.     

How,and how much,natural cover loss increases species richness

Aim The species–area relationship has been applied in the conservation context to predict monotonic species richness declines as natural area is converted to human‐dominated land covers. However, some conversion of natural cover could introduce new habitat types and allow new open habitat species to occur. Moreover, decelerating richness–area relationships suggest that, as natural area is converted to human‐dominated covers, more species will be added to the rare habitat than are lost from the common one. Area effects and increased habitat diversity could each lead to a peaked relationship between species richness and the relative amount of natural area. The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect on avian species richness of conversion of natural area to human‐dominated land cover. Location Ontario, Canada. Methods We evaluated the responses of total avian richness, forest bird richness and open habitat bird richness to remaining natural area within 993 quadrats, each of 100 km². We quantified the amount of natural land cover and land‐cover heterogeneity using remote sensing data. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to disentangle the relationships among avian richness, natural area and land‐cover heterogeneity. Results Spatial variation in avian richness was a peaked function of remaining natural area, such that losses of up to 44% of the natural area increased avian richness. This partly reflects increased variety of land cover; however, SEM suggests that much of the increase in richness is due to pure area effects. Richness of forest species declined by two species over this range of natural cover loss while open habitat bird richness increased by approximately 20 species. The effect of natural area on species richness is consistent with the sum of species–area curves for natural habitat species and human‐dominated habitat species. Main conclusions At least in northern temperate forests, almost half of the natural land cover can be converted to human‐dominated forms before avian richness declines. Conversion of < 50% of regional natural area to human‐dominated land cover can benefit open‐area species richness with relatively few losses of forest obligate species. However, with > 50% natural area conversion, species begin to drop out of regional assemblages.     

沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展

沿海滩涂湿地生态系统,典型的生态脆弱区,既是地球表面最为活跃的自然区域,又承载着人类的生存与发展,其生态环境面临着巨大压力。在社会经济发展和人口增长的推动下,沿海国家大力从海洋中争夺陆地,围填海造地和围垦开发成为许多沿海地区和国家缓解人地矛盾的主要方法。在此背景下,对沿海滩涂围垦历史进行简述,从滩涂土壤性质、生物多样性、土地利用变化及景观格局、生态安全和生态系统服务等5个方面综述了人类围垦活动的生态环境影响。随着围垦时间的增加,滩涂土壤在脱盐过程中累积养分,逐渐熟化,土壤物理、化学和生物特性朝着有利于人类利用的方向变化;植物物种多样性呈不断增加的总体趋势,且随着生境的变化,陆生昆虫和土壤动物逐渐替代湿地典型的底栖动物和水鸟;土地利用方式从自然状态转变为以人工方式为主,景观格局表现为破碎化程度升高、多样性降低和优势度上升;从自然景观为主的自然湿地生态系统转为以人工景观为主的人工陆地生态系统过程中,供给服务的价值是唯一处于增长趋势的生态系统服务功能,但供给服务的价值增加量小于调节服务、文化服务和支持服务的减少量致使生态系统服务总价值降低,而且滩涂湿地面临着土地资源安全、水资源安全、生物入侵以及自然灾害加剧等风险。在全球气候变化背景下,如何权衡资源利用与环境保护并实现人与自然共生,是海岸带湿地生态系统在人类围垦活动中面临的重要难题之一。因此,未来应以机理研究为基础,以长期定位监测为手段,以综合集成的研究体系及对策制定为目标,不断深化沿海滩涂开发利用对生态环境影响的研究,为推动人类围垦活动下沿海滩涂湿地生态系统的可持续发展提供参考。     

The response of bird populations to habitat loss

Environmental change through altered climate and land use could have a severe impact on bird populations. Predicting the consequences for the size of bird populations is one of the crucial problems for their conservation. We show how a population model based on the behaviour of individuals can be used to predict the consequences of habitat loss. For a wide range of conditions, loss of either wintering or breeding habitat results in population reduction. The approach is then extended to consider the impact of habitat loss in the wintering area on bird species with complex migratory systems. This shows that 'knock-on' effects may occur, so that habitat loss in a wintering area may affect populations which did not initially use that area. The ability to alter migration routes in response to environmental change may be crucial to the future viability of populations. Using a simple model combining genetics and population dynamics, we show that aspects of the biology of a species may affect whether or not its migration strategy is flexible enough to shift in response to habitat change. Some species may be able to adopt new migration routes and avoid the catastrophic consequences of habitat loss in traditional wintering areas; however, other species may lack this flexibility and may suffer severe population declines as a consequence.     

闽江河口湿地生物多样性及其保护

根据闽江河口湿地比较系统的调查资料,分析了生物多样性的状况及其受人为活动影响的原因,提出了湿地生物多样性保护的对策。研究表明,闽江河口区西自闽侯竹岐,东至连江川石岛,共划分10个湿地类型,总面积约459.2km2。闽江河口众多的湿地串珠状排列,有6块面积较大的湿地,是鸟类的主要栖息、繁殖和迁徙地。闽江河口湿地的维管束植物107科337属465种,被子植物89科317属438种,大型水生无脊椎动物61种,鸟类29科118种,植被类型4种类型、18个群系和22个群丛。文中分析了环境污染、不合理开发利用、盲目围垦等人为活动对闽江口湿地生物多样性的影响,最后提出了湿地生物多样性的保护对策。     

华北平原土地利用/覆盖对CO空间分布的调控作用

CO不仅是中国主要的空气污染物之一，还是温室效应的贡献者。农业用地每年消耗了大量的CO通量，土地利用/覆盖格局对于调控CO空间分布发挥了较大的作用。针对土地利用/覆盖调控CO空间分布开展研究，以华北平原为例揭示人类活动对CO空间异质性的影响。研究发现2010至2020年华北平原CO排放量由4964×10⁴ t降低至2683×10⁴ t,大部分耕地CO浓度由90 t/km²下降至45 t/km²以下。CO浓度空间集聚程度呈现先降低后升高趋势，Moran′s I指数由0.25增加至0.41。经济发展迅速的地区CO污染较为严重，北京和周边城市形成了CO污染高-高集聚区，周口和淮北等城市则形成了低-低集聚区。总体来看，CO浓度呈低-低集聚分布的区域不断扩大，反映出CO减排措施已经初见效果。研究表明土地利用/覆盖在类型与结构方面的差异影响了CO的排放、扩散以及氧化消耗，增加了大气CO收支的不确定性，对CO空间分布具有一定的调控作用。通过分析土地利用/覆盖与CO空间分布的关联性，探究土地利用/覆盖及景观格局对区...     

Evidence of a hybrid-zone in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic and the Danish Belt Sea revealed by individual admixture analysis

The study of hybrid zones is central to our understanding of the genetic basis of reproductive isolation and speciation, yet very little is known about the extent and significance of hybrid zones in marine fishes. We examined the population structure of cod in the transition area between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea employing nine microsatellite loci. Genetic differentiation between the North Sea sample and the rest increased along a transect to the Baltic proper, with a large increase in level of differentiation occurring in the Western Baltic area. Our objective was to determine whether this pattern was caused purely by varying degrees of mechanical mixing of North Sea and Baltic Sea cod or by interbreeding and formation of a hybrid swarm. Simulation studies revealed that traditional Hardy-Weinberg analysis did not have sufficient power for detection of a Wahlund effect. However, using a model-based clustering method for individual admixture analysis, we were able to demonstrate the existence of intermediate genotypes in all samples from the transition area. Accordingly, our data were explained best by a model of a hybrid swarm flanked by pure nonadmixed populations in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea proper. Significant correlation of gene identities across loci (gametic phase disequilibrium) was found only in a sample from the Western Baltic, suggesting this area as the centre of the apparent hybrid zone. A hybrid zone for cod in the ecotone between the high-saline North Sea and the low-saline Baltic Sea is discussed in relation to its possible origin and maintenance, and in relation to a classical study of haemoglobin variation in cod from the Baltic Sea/Danish Belt Sea, suggesting mixing of two divergent populations without interbreeding.     

Transport of North Sea cod larvae into the Skagerrak coastal populations

The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is economically one of the world's most important marine species--a species presently suffering from heavy overexploitation throughout its range of distribution. Although not fully understood, the Atlantic cod is believed to be structured into populations in a rather complex manner, whereby both highly migratory and more confined ocean-spawning stocks coexist with stationary coastal populations. Owing to the complex population structure, little is presently known about how overexploitation of offshore stocks may affect other segments of the species. Here, we use microsatellite DNA analyses of coastal and offshore cod in combination with oceanographic modelling to investigate the population structure of Atlantic cod in the North Sea-Skagerrak area and evaluate the potential for larval transport into coastal populations. Our results suggest an extensive but temporally variable drift of offshore cod larvae into coastal populations. In a year (2001) with high inflow of North Sea waters into the Skagerrak we find that juvenile cod caught along the Skagerrak coast are predominantly of North Sea origin, whereas in a year (2000) with low inflow juveniles appear to be of local origin. These findings indicate that offshore cod may influence coastal cod populations over large distances.     

特大型露天煤矿区生态系统演变及其生态储存估算

露天煤矿区生态系统在人为干扰下具有特殊的演变过程。从土地利用变化的角度描述矿区生态系统演变及生态水平变化,旨在为特大型露天煤矿区生态系统研究提供科学依据。以山西省朔州市平朔大型露天煤矿区为研究对象,以1986年、2000年、2013年的遥感影像为主要数据源,在分析研究区近30年土地利用特征的基础上,探讨矿区生态系统的演变过程;同时利用生态储存模型定量分析矿区生态系统在研究时段内所处的水平。结果表明:(1)1986—2013年耕地和林地大幅减少,城镇建设用地和采矿造成的损毁土地面积迅速增加;(2)矿区生态系统各子系统用地之间的转化均较为活跃,城镇扩张、采矿活动加剧、损毁土地复垦是造成这一现象的主要原因;(3)平朔矿区生态系统演变可划分为原地貌阶段、损毁阶段、重建阶段;(4)研究区生态储存状态呈恶化趋势,生态储存转化表现为逆向过程,生态储存能力增强。研究结果可为中国特大型露天煤矿区生态系统研究提供科学依据。     

基于土地利用变化的东海区大陆海岸带生境质量时空演变研究

人类活动对生态环境的影响主要表现为土地利用方式的变化。土地利用变化影响下的生境质量时空格局演变,对优化区域国土生态布局具有重要意义。利用DEM数据、气象数据、社会经济数据与1980、1990、2000、2010、2018年5期土地利用数据,通过InVEST模型、景观格局指数、地理探测器评估、描述、分析东海区大陆海岸带生境质量时空演变特征。结果表明：(1)1980—2018年东海区大陆海岸带陆地面积增加,土地利用中林地所占比重最大,耕地、建设用地面积变化最明显,2000—2010年土地利用转化最显著。土地变化北部大于南部、东侧大于西侧。(2)1980—2018年生境质量均值为0.75,总体生境质量较好,但呈下降趋势,2000—2010年生境质量下降最明显,2010年后下降速度减缓。生境质量斑块趋于破碎化、多样化、均匀化。(3)生境质量总体上从沿海向内陆下降,受岸线性质与围垦影响,北部生境质量由陆向海退化,南部生境退化沿海向陆推进。低等生境质量区呈现点—面—带的扩张趋势。(4)建设用地指数、高程、夜间灯光亮度、土壤类型、坡度为影响生境质量分布的主要因素,38年间主导因素由高程变为建设用地指...     

别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度的空间自相关分析

人类的开垦和开发活动使湿地生物多样性遭到严重的干扰和破坏,随着人们对湿地功能和价值的正确认识,湿地生物多样性保护越来越被广泛关注,湿地生物多样性空间分布格局及其影响因素是湿地生物多样性保护要解决的关键问题。利用空间自相关与空间滞后模型,对三江平原别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度的空间自相关性及其驱动因子进行了研究,结果表明:别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度及其驱动因子都具有明显的空间自相关性;影响别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度空间分布的主要因子是干扰度、生境类型数、到道路的距离、到沟渠的距离、到湖泊的距离、到居民点的距离、海拔高度、坡度和人口密度;由于受空间自相关的影响,空间自回归模型优于传统的回归模型。研究有助于人们更好地理解湿地生物多样性保护的热点地区及其形成机制,对人们更好地保护和利用湿地生物多样性具有重要价值,同时也为研究湿地鸟类分布与环境因子的关系,建立预测物种分布模型提供科学依据。     

Plastic Accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea

Concentrations of floating plastic were measured throughout the Mediterranean Sea to assess whether this basin can be regarded as a great accumulation region of plastic debris. We found that the average density of plastic (1 item per 4 m²), as well as its frequency of occurrence (100% of the sites sampled), are comparable to the accumulation zones described for the five subtropical ocean gyres. Plastic debris in the Mediterranean surface waters was dominated by millimeter-sized fragments, but showed a higher proportion of large plastic objects than that present in oceanic gyres, reflecting the closer connection with pollution sources. The accumulation of floating plastic in the Mediterranean Sea (between 1,000 and 3,000 tons) is likely related to the high human pressure together with the hydrodynamics of this semi-enclosed basin, with outflow mainly occurring through a deep water layer. Given the biological richness and concentration of economic activities in the Mediterranean Sea, the affects of plastic pollution on marine and human life are expected to be particularly frequent in this plastic accumulation region.     

基于CENTURY模型研究干旱区人工绿洲开发与管理模式变化对土壤碳动态的影响

近半个世纪前,中国西北干旱区人类大规模的水土开发活动使得流域下部的荒漠覆被土地转变成了人工绿洲,强烈的人类耕作活动使得人工绿洲土壤有机碳库发生了显著变化。以干旱区典型的三工河流域下部的人工绿洲为例,基于CENTURY模型,研究人工绿洲开发前后及农业管理模式变化对表层土壤有机碳库(0-20cm)的影响。CENTURY模型模拟结果表明:(1)研究区荒漠灌木林地开垦为人工绿洲后,在最初的2a土壤总有机碳(TOC)快速增加,随后呈逐渐下降的趋势;(2)研究区人工绿洲在被开发后50a的连续耕作下,平均土壤TOC呈先增后减再增的"N"型变化趋势,但最终土壤TOC超过了原始自然状态下的TOC,而且2008年土壤TOC比原始荒漠状态增加7.74%,说明研究区表层土壤有机碳总体呈"碳汇"趋势。尤其在研究区实施了免耕、秸秆粉碎还田、科学测土配方施肥等保护性耕作措施后,土壤固碳效应明显,这完全不同于热带森林、中国北部温带半干旱草原及非洲Savanna半干旱稀树草原开垦为耕地后土壤有机碳大量损失的结论。     

Land use changes affect distributional patterns of desert birds in the Baja California peninsula, Mexico

Reliable plans for desert bird conservation will depend on accurate prediction of habitat change effects on their distribution and abundance patterns. Predictive models can help highlight relationships between human‐related and other environmental variables and the presence of desert bird species. Presence/absence of 30 desert bird species of Baja California peninsula was modelled on the basis of explanatory variables taken from the field, maps, and digital imagery. Generalized linear models were fit to each bird species using both variables representing human activity and other environmental factors as predictors that might influence distribution. Probability of species presence was used as a habitat suitability index to evaluate the effect of human activity when the model contained a significant human activity variable. No differences were found in bird species richness between natural sites and those transformed by agriculture or urbanization. Of 59 bird species recorded in surveys, 34% were positively or negatively associated with human‐transformed habitats. Fourteen species seem to benefit from transformation of natural vegetation by agriculture or urbanization, while six were negatively affected. Sensitivity analyses of final models indicated all were robust. Results suggest that the occurrence of a large percentage of bird species inhabiting scrub habitats is sensitive to human habitat transformation. This finding has important conservation implications at regional scale as fragmentation and conversion of desert ecosystems into agricultural and urban areas affect the distribution of species that are highly selective for scrub habitat. Land use and anthropogenic activities seem to change ecological patterns at large spatial scales, but other factors could drive species richness distribution too (i.e. individual species response, species–energy relationships). The spatial modelling approach at regional scale used in this study can be useful for designing natural resource management plans in the Sonoran desert scrub.     

Policy plans and management measures to restore eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea

The Dutch Wadden Sea has been changed dramatically over the last centuries by human activities like land reclamation and different forms of fishery. This has, amongst other things, led to changes in the number of biological communities. One of the changes was the near extinction of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. The deterioration of the area led to policy plans in the late 1980s that aimed at restoring the original natural communities of which the eelgrass community was one. This paper presents a restoration strategy which contains a selection procedure for suitable transplantation sites. The selection procedure is based on factors such as sediment composition, exposure time, current velocity and wave action. These were combined in a GIS-based map integrating these factors. One important action in the restoration process is to increase the number of freshwater discharge points to meet the requirements of the brackish water community in general and the growing conditions for eelgrass in particular. Received: 27 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 3 February 2000 / Accepted: 3 February 2000