渤海围填海发展趋势、环境与生态影响及政策建议

近年来,中国沿海处于快速工业化和城市化驱动下的新一轮大规模围填海阶段,环渤海围填海历史久、规模大,已成为我国围填海的重心区域。由于围填海和河口三角洲增长,1940s以来渤海面积萎缩了0.57×104km~2,萎缩速率大于82km2/a,2000年以来萎缩速率更高达141km~2/a;渤海自然岸线的长度和比例也急剧下降,由1990年的1397km减少为2014年的561km,占岸线总长度的比例由54.92%下降为16.18%。围填海导致多种危害,如:海洋潮波和水动力条件变化,近岸和近海沉积环境与水下地形变化,加剧近岸水环境与底泥环境污染,潮滩湿地面积减损与生态功能下降,底栖生物栖息地减损和群落破坏,侵占和破坏渔业资源"三场一通道",加剧海岸带自然灾害风险、诱发经济社会系统风险,对产业和经济发展带来不利影响,等。在分析我国围填海监督管理现状和问题的基础上,提出政策建议:改革和优化围填海管理体制,建立陆海协调与联动机制,完善法律法规;严格执行生态红线制度,控制围填海规模与速度,推进和优化保护区建设;开展已围填区及其周边海域环境和生态的恢复与重建;强化已围填区新增土地资源的监管和集约优化利用;加强基础观测体系建设,大力促进科学研究的发展;促进公众、利益相关方及非政府组织参与到滨海湿地的保护。

Development trend, environmental and ecological impacts, and policy recommendations for Bohai Sea reclamation

In recent years, a new round of large-scale reclamation activities, driven by rapid industrialization and urbanization, has been carried out in the coastal areas of China. Bohai Sea, with a long history of extensive reclamation, has become the area with the most intensive reclamation activities in recent years. Owing to sea reclamation and estuarine delta growth, the area of Bohai Sea has shrunk by 0.57×10⁴km² since the 1940s, with shrinking rates of > 82km²/a and as high as 141km²/a since 2000. The natural coastline of Bohai Sea decreased sharply from 1397km in 1990 to 561km in 2014, and its proportion decreased from 54.92% to 16.18%. Large-scale reclamation might cause several hazards and decline of ecological functions, as well as ocean hydrodynamic changes, near-and off-shore topographical and morphological changes, coastal water and sediment pollution, tidal wetland damage, benthic habitat and community destruction, spawning and nursery ground degradation, natural disaster and social system risk aggravation in coastal areas, and declines in industry and economic development. Based on the analysis of the status quo and the problems of the management and policies for sea reclamation in China, the following policies were suggested:to reform and optimize the management system of the reclamation activities, to establish a land-sea coordination mechanism, to improve laws and regulations, to strictly execute the ecological red line system, to control the scale and speed of reclamation, to promote the construction of reserve area, to restore and reconstruct the ecological environment in the reclamation area, to strengthen the supervision and intensive use of the new land resources, to construct basic observation systems, to promote scientific research, and to promote the participation of the general public, stakeholders, and non-governmental organizations in conservation activities.