中国人群基因频率的主成分分析

对中国人群中38个基因座的130个等位基因的频率进行了主成分分析, 绘制了主成分分布地图和主成分综合地图. 结果显示, 汉族人群的第1主成分分布反映了南方蒙古人种与北方蒙古人种间遗传结构差异的梯度变化, 而其第2主成分分布则反映了蒙古人种与高加索人种间的基因流动. 中国少数民族人群的第1主成分分布与汉族中的第2主成分相似, 而第2主成分分布则与汉族中的第1主成分相似. 当将中国汉族与少数民族的基因频率放在一起分析时, 所得出的主成分分布基本上与少数民族的相似. 中国人群基因频率的第3, 4主成分的分布则可能反映了古代某些地区人口骤增而向外扩展的历史事件. 中国人群基因频率主成分综合地图明显地显示出: 在亚洲的南、北方蒙古人种间有一明显的分界线--长江. 猜测: 如果中国现代人确实起源于非洲, 则南、北方蒙古人种的祖先在进入亚洲以前已经分开, 南方蒙古人种的祖先自非洲或中东沿海岸向东迁徙、扩展、直至东南亚, 然后折向北, 至华南, 再直至长江, 甚至可能有一段时间曾占据过长江以北的一些地区. 北方蒙古人种的祖先则在帕米尔以北地区自西向东, 直至东北亚, 再扩展至美洲、日本等地, 同时向南, 直至长江. 在近二三千年内, 北方蒙古人种才不断向长江以南扩展、渗透.     

现代中国人身高的变异

本文依据16个省汉族和23个少数民族身高平均值,运用方差分析法分析和讨论了当代中国人身高的地理变化,男女两性身高的群体变化趋势。     

22省市汉族女青少年生长发育状况的分析

利用SPSS计算机软件的PCA-Q分析程序,从分析7项生长发育指标的相似与相异点入手,对我国22个省市区的44个汉族城乡女青少年样本进行聚类分析。分析结果表明,各地区女青少年在生长发育状况上存在着显著差异,这些差异与地理因素、城乡差别和社会经济发展水平有关。表现为北方女青少年的体格生长水平普遍高于南方,城市高于农村,经济发达地区高于相对欠发达地区。作者并就本结果在了解中国青少儿生长发育状况及趋势方面的作用,以及PCA-Q分析程序的实际应用体会进行了讨论。     

中国蒙古族的身高特征

研究目前中国蒙古族主要族群身高情况。对中国蒙古族共13个族群4410例（男43%,女57%）成人身高进行了测量,分析蒙古族身高分型情况,探讨不同年龄组之间、不同族群之间的身高变化趋势。中国蒙古族男性为超中等身材,女性为中等身材。在13个族群中,男性是额济纳土尔扈特部身高最高,云南蒙古族身材最矮。女性是鄂尔多斯部身材最高,云南蒙古族身材最矮。3个年龄组间身高差异均具有统计学意义。男性、女性都以高型出现率最高,过矮型出现率和很高型出现率都很低。中国蒙古族身高与中国其他北方族群接近,高于7个中国南方族群,低于北方汉族,但高于南方汉族,低于日本人、韩国人。中国蒙古族13个族群间身高差异均具有统计学意义,在中国族群中蒙古族属于身材较高的族群。     

Rh系统单倍型在中国人群中的分布

对中国已发表的125个人群Rh血型系统表型分布频率数据进行了收集和整理。用累积计算法（Counting method)重新计算单倍型频率,通过各单倍型的分布差异分析中国不同地区不同种族、人群的遗传差异,分组比较了不同地区汉族和少数民族人群的基因多样度和基因分化度,结果表明南方少数民族和北方少数民族民族亚群体基因多样度有明显差异,用不同方法计算中小组遗传距离并进行聚类分析。最后,计算了除维吾尔族和哈萨克族外的68个人群间的遗传距离并聚类比较,结果表明Rh基因单倍型的分布与地理分布基本相符。     

中国乡村汉族脂肪质量指数与瘦体质量指数的地理性分布

2009-2013年测量了中国36个汉族乡村族群的体质数据值,计算了脂肪质量指数和瘦体质量指数,进行了乡村汉族人的脂肪质量指数、瘦体质量指数与纬度的相关分析。研究结果表明:男性瘦体质量指数与纬度呈正相关(P0.05)。女性的脂肪质量指数、瘦体质量指数与纬度均呈正相关(P<0.01)。从南方到北方,男性瘦体质量指数呈线性增长是导致男性体质量指数与纬度相关的原因。女性瘦体质量指数、脂肪质量指数均呈线性增长,共同导致女性体质量指数与纬度的相关。     

Y染色体单倍型在中国汉族人群中的多态性分布与中国人群的起源及迁移

观察了由19个单核苷酸多态位点(SNP)组成的Y染色体单倍型在全国22个省市汉族人群中的分布. 结果表明, 中国南北人群的Y染色体单倍型组成有较大差异, 南方人群的多态性明显高于北方人群, 而后者中的单倍型仅包含前者的一部分, 其中单倍型H7, H10, H11和H12仅出现在南方群体. 这一观察结果与中国南北少数民族人群间差异相符, 提示现代人类自南方进入中国, 随后由南向北逐渐迁移. 同时对携带南北人群共同的单倍型个体在3个Y染色体微卫星标记位点进行了基因组分型, 据此估算了现代人类进入中国的时间大致在18 000～60 000 a前.     

中国汉族人的身体围度

2009~2013年在中国22个省、自治区测量了26695例(乡村男性8174例,城市男性4791例,乡村女性8327例,城市女性5403例)的头围、颈围、平静胸围、吸气时胸围、呼气时胸围、腹围、臀围、大腿围、小腿围、上臂围、前臂围、上臂最大围值,进行了围度与纬度、经度、年龄的相关分析,城市与乡村汉族、北方与南方汉族身体围度均数的比较。结果发现,男性的上臂围、上臂最大围与纬度无显著相关,其余10项围度均与纬度呈显著正相关。女性12项围度均与纬度呈显著正相关。男性、女性12项围度均与经度呈显著正相关,男性四肢围度多与年龄呈显著负相关。女性下肢围度也与年龄呈显著负相关,但上肢3项围度与年龄呈显著正相关。男性、女性躯干5项围度、颈围随年龄增加而增大。北方男性除头围、上臂围值与南方男性接近外,其余10项围度值均大于南方男性。北方女性12项围度值均大于南方女性。城市、乡村汉族12项围度的差异均具有统计学意义。城市汉族的各项围度均大于乡村汉族。     

汉族9个人群AcP_1、EsD及6-PGD的遗传多态性

用淀粉凝胶电泳法对我国汉族９个人群的红细胞酸性磷酸酶（ＡｃＰ１）、酯酶Ｄ（ＥｓＤ）、及６－磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（６－ＰＧＤ）的遗传多态性进行了研究。研究结果表明：兰州、呼和浩特、哈尔滨、西安、郑州、成都、贵阳、漳州、梅州等９市汉族人群的ＡｃＰＢ１基因频率依次为０．７９２９、０．８１６７、０．７９３８、０．８１３１、０．８０８８、０．８００５、０．７８９６、０．７７９４和０．７６７５;ＥｓＤ１基因频率依次为０．６４７３、０．６１４８、０．６４４３、０．６４３９、０．６４７５、０．６３０５、０．６２８７、０．５９０７和０．５８２５;６－ＰＧＯＡ基因频率依次为０．８８８１、０．９１４３、０．９３３０、０．９３１８、０．８７５６、０．９２１２、０．９１８８、０．９４６１和０．９３７５。ＥｓＤ１基因频率在中国南、北方人群间有差异,北方人群的ＥｓＤ１频率高于南方人群,随着北纬纬度由高向低,汉族人群ＥｓＤ１频率也随着从北向南降低。在中国汉族人群中,ＥｓＤ基因及６－ＰＧＤ基因分化比较显著,而ＡｃＰ基因分化则不显著     

亚洲21个人群体部特征的比较研究

本文通过对亚洲群体体部测量资料的聚类分析与主成分分析 ,认为亚洲群体可分为北方类群与南方类群。北方类群人体格较粗壮 ,如身材高、骨盆宽、体重大、胸围大、四肢相对短。南方类群人体格较为纤细。我国南方一些少数民族从体部特征来说属于南方类群。北方类群还可分为 5个组。每个组都具有各自独特的体部特征。     

Body size variation and sexual size dimorphism across climatic gradients in the widespread treefrog Scinax fuscovarius (Anura,Hylidae)

Variation in body size represents one of the crucial raw materials for evolution. However, at present, it is still being debated what is the main factor affecting body size or if the final body size is the consequence of several factors acting synergistically. To evaluate this, widespread species seem to be suitable models because the different populations occur along a geographical gradient and under contrasted climatic and environmental conditions. Here we describe the spatial pattern of variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the snouted treefrog Scinax fuscovarius (Anura, Hylidae) along a 10° range in latitude, 25° longitude, and 2000 m in altitude from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay using an information‐theoretic approach to evaluate the support of the data for eight a priori hypotheses proposed in the literature to account for geographical body size, and three hypotheses for sexual size dimorphism variation. Body size of S. fuscovarius varied most dramatically with longitude and less so with latitude; frogs were largest in the northwestern populations. Body size was positively related with precipitation seasonality, and negatively with annual precipitation. Furthermore, the degree of sexual size dimorphism was greatest in the western populations with less annual precipitation, as the increase in body size was stronger for females. Our results on body size variation are consistent with two ecogeographical hypotheses, the starvation resistance and the water availability hypotheses, while our results on sexual size dimorphism in S. fuscovarius supports the differential‐plasticity hypothesis but the inverse to Rensch's rule and the parental investment hypothesis. Due to the weak association between environmental variables and body size and sexual size dimorphism variation, we stress that there are other factors, mainly those related to the life history, driving the geographical variation of S. fuscovarius.     

中国汉族乡村成年人的身高与体质量的地理性分布

目前尚未见大样本的中国乡村汉族人随纬度、经度增长,身高、体质量值的变化规律的报道。为此,2009～2013年测量了16501例汉族人(共36个调查地区)乡村成人的身高、体质量等13项指标值,并计算了3项指数。研究不同纬度、经度地区汉族乡村成人的身高、体质量值变化规律以及这种规律形成的原因。研究发现,汉族人的身高、体质量与纬度、经度均呈正相关。随纬度增加,男性和女性的躯干、下肢的高度值均增大是身高与纬度呈正相关的原因。随纬度增加,男性身高的增加、躯干的增粗共同促进体质量与纬度呈正相关,女性身高、躯干围度、四肢围度、背部皮下脂肪厚度值的增大是体质量与纬度呈正相关的原因。男性随经度增加,身高增大,躯干部的增粗是导致体质量与经度相关的原因。而四肢和躯干的皮下脂肪、四肢的围度并不随经度的增加而线性增大。随经度增加,女性的身高、臀围呈线性增大,这是导致女性体质量与经度相关的主要原因。遗传、环境、经济发展水平的差异是导致身高、体质量与纬度、经度呈正相关的因素。     

Latitudinal Influence on the Sexual Dimorphism of the Marine Fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bathygobius soporator</Emphasis> (Gobiidae: Teleostei)

Environmental gradients in a marine setting may have significant effects on morphological variations and evolutionary patterns, including sexual dimorphism variations within and between fish populations. We analyzed sexual shape and size dimorphism in accordance with Rensch and Bergmann’s rules in five coastal populations of the gobiid Bathygobius soporator along 4000 km of the Brazilian coastline. The populations differ significantly in sexual body shape dimorphism, with a tendency toward reduced intrapopulation dimorphism, increasing with latitude. Body size variation was significant between populations and population vs. sex, and inverse to Bergmann’s rule. Moreover, size dimorphism among populations of B. soporator does not follow Rensch’s rule. These data represent a rare example of inter and intrapopulation spatial variation in sexual dimorphism associated with latitude in marine fish. This suggests a complex and particularized scenario of biotic and abiotic interactions acting on local populations of B. soporator in extensive coastal areas of the Western Atlantic, with profound implications for species evolution.     

Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism of a seed-feeding beetle

Body size of many animals varies with latitude: body size is either larger at higher latitudes (Bergmann's rule) or smaller at higher latitudes (converse Bergmann's rule). However, the causes underlying these patterns are poorly understood. Also, studies rarely explore how sexual size dimorphism varies with latitude. Here we investigate geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism of the seed-feeding beetle Stator limbatus, collected from 95 locations along a 38 degrees range in latitude. We examine 14 variables to test whether clines in environmental factors are adequate to explain geographic patterns of body size. We found that body size and sexual size dimorphism of S. limbatus varied considerably with latitude; beetles were smaller but more dimorphic at lower latitudes. Body size was not correlated with a gradient in mean temperature, contrary to the commonly accepted hypothesis that clines are produced by latitudinal gradients in temperature. Instead, we found that three factors were adequate to explain the cline in body size: clinal variation in host plant seed size, moisture (humidity), and seasonality (variance in humidity, precipitation, and temperature). We also found that the cline in sexual size dimorphism was partially explainable by a gradient in moisture, though moisture alone was not sufficient to explain the cline. Other ecological or environmental variables must necessarily contribute to differences in selection on male versus female body size. The main implications of our study are that the sexes differ in the magnitude of clinal variation in body size, creating latitudinal variation in sexual size dimorphism, and that clines in body size of seed beetles are likely influenced by variation in host seed size, water availability, and seasonality.     

Human fertility variation, size-related obstetrical performance and the evolution of sexual stature dimorphism

In several animal species, change in sexual size dimorphism is a correlated response to selection on fecundity. In humans, different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the variation of sexual dimorphism in stature, but no consensus has yet emerged. In this paper, we evaluate from a theoretical and an empirical point of view the hypothesis that the extent of sexual dimorphism in human populations results from the interaction between fertility and size-related obstetric complications. We first developed an optimal evolutionary model based on extensive simulations and then we performed a comparative analysis for a total set of 38 countries worldwide. Our optimization modelling shows that size-related mortality factors do indeed have the potential to affect the extent of sexual stature dimorphism. Comparative analysis using generalized linear modelling supports the idea that maternal death caused by deliveries and complications of pregnancy (a variable known to be size related) could be a key determinant explaining variation in sexual stature dimorphism across populations. We discuss our results in relation to other hypotheses on the evolution of sexual stature dimorphism in humans.     

Human size evolution: no evolutionary allometric relationship between male and female stature

In many animal groups, sexual size dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in species with large body size. Similarly, in a previous cross-cultural analysis, male and female stature in humans were shown to be positively allometrically related, indicating a similar relationship where populations with larger stature were more dimorphic. In this study, we re-examine the hypothesis of an allometric relationship between the sexes using phylogenetic methodology. First, however, we tested whether there exist phylogenetic signals in male and female stature. Data on mean stature from 124 human populations was gathered from the literature. A phylogenetic test showed that male and female stature were significantly associated with phylogeny. These results indicate that comparative methods that to some degree incorporate genetic relatedness between populations are crucial when analyzing human size evolution in a cross-cultural context. Further, neither non-phylogenetic nor phylogenetic analyses revealed any allometric relationship between male and female stature. Thus, we found no support for the idea that sexual dimorphism increases with increasing stature in humans.     

Sexual dimorphism in stature and women's work: a phylogenetic cross-cultural analysis.

The following cultural variables were tested for their association with sexual dimorphism: sexual division of labor, type of subsistence (hunting and agriculture), and polygyny. The transmission of these traits among populations was investigated. All the traits were found to be associated with phylogeny, indicating that they are inherited from mother to daughter populations. A cross-cultural comparative method was used which controls for the statistical effects of similarity due to common ancestry (Galton's problem). Cross-cultural variation in sexual dimorphism in stature is negatively associated with women's contribution to subsistence. Women are taller, relative to men, in societies where women contribute more to food production. This may be because female nutritional status is better in these societies. No relationship was found between sexual dimorphism and other aspects of subsistence or polygyny. These results are discussed in relation to other studies of sexual dimorphism in modern and archaeological populations, and in relation to cross-cultural variation in sex-biased parental investment.     

华北人欧洲人和澳洲土著人的头骨厚度

The thickness of the cranial vault at the midline on the mid-frontal squama, pre-bregmatic einence, frontal at bregma, parietal at vertex, occipital at lambda and the external occipita1 protuberance was recorded in 40 male and 7 female Northern Chinese crania, 47 male and 52 female Australian Aboriginal crania and 13 male European crania using specially nodified vernier calipers. Comparison of vault thickness data obtained through direct measurement with those obtained fron lateral radiographs indicated that direct measurenent provided consistently more accurate results.
Male and fermale samples were processed separately so that the extent of sexbased variation could be examined.Student's t test was used to compare the sample means and the percentage of sexual dimorphism for each dimension was calculated according to Garn et al, (1964).The possibility of an allometric association between the thickness of the bones within the cranial vault, size of the cranial vault and stature was examined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the Australian Aboriginal sample.
All but one of the mean thickness dimensions in the Australian Aboriginal male sample is significantly greater than the Northern Chinese and European means. The female results support those obtained with the males.In both males and females thickness at the external occipital protuberance, in all of the populations examined,did not correlate highly with that obtained from other parts of the cranial vault.This reflects the high degree of morphological variation in the position of the internal occipital protuberance and its influence on cranial vault thickness dimensions recorded at the external occipital protuberance.The European and Northern Chinese samples have similar cranial vault thickness dimensions. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient matrix scores provide sone support for a biological association between vault thickness and overall cranial size. However, there appears to be little support for an association between stature and cranial vault thickness. The difference between the male and female mean vault thickness dimensions were significant at bregma, vertex and the external occipital protuberance in Australian Aboriginals and lambda and the external occipital protuberance in Northern Chinese. Some caution is needed in the interpretation of the Northern Chinese female data as the sample is extremely small.
Evidence of trauma, supressed fractures, is extremely common on the vaults of Australian Aboriginal crania from southern and central Australia. Traditionally Australian Aboriginals, males and females, involved in agressive dispute will use a substantial wooden implement and strike to the head of thir opponent(Meggitt 1962).The injuries that result from this are more common in females than in male. This form of social interaction must have rigorously selected against those individuals with thinner bones in their cranial vaults. To a large degree this may explain the greatly thickened vaults in Australian Aboriginals relative to Europeans and Northern Chines.This may also provide a clue to the factors resulting in the development of marked cranial vault thickness in Homo erectus.
     

Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies

In this study, which is concerned with the varying degrees of sexual dimorphism of stature between human societies, adult male and female height measurements and male-female height ratios – the measure of sexual dimorphism – from 216 societies are statistically compared with several variables: marriage practices, protein availability, the presence of milking herds, settlement size, and climate. Our results indicate that while greater mean male height is associated with polygynous marriage, marriage practices did not exert an influence on the degree of sexual dimorphism of stature. On the other hand, the results suggest that while sexual dimorphism in height has a strong genetic component, dietary factors can influence the degree of dimorphism.     

Latitude and intersocietal variation of human sexual dimorphism of stature

In a recent article Alexander et al.(1979) argue that intersocietal variation in human sexual dimorphism of stature can be explained by differing degrees of male- male competition for mates found in different types of societal marriage systems. In this paper we reexamine their data and suggest that their results may be more simply explained by reference to the latitude of the societies in their sample. Our investigation indicates that latitude has a significant influence on the degree of societal sexual dimorphism of stature. Peoples of the arctic region and the short peoples of the equatorial regions are less dimorphic in stature than midlatitude peoples. Thus, we conclude that the sociobiological hypothesis presented by Alexander et al.cannot alone explain the intersocietal variation in sexual dimorphism of stature and that environmental factors must be taken into account in the explanation of such variation.This research was supported by a Faculty Research Grant from North Texas State University.