我国23个群体体质的聚类分析与主成分分析

作者选取13项指标（头长、头宽、额最小宽、面宽、形态面高、鼻宽、鼻高、口裂宽、两眼内宽、身高、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽）对我国23个群体体质特征进行了聚类分析与主成分分析。研究结果显示：23个群体可分为南方组、北方组（含两个小组）和中间类群组。南方组与北方组的体质区别主要为体部的长度、宽度的差异。北方组各群体之间头面部指标值差异较大,南方组各群体之间头面部指标值则较为接近。     

早期新石器时代贾湖遗址人类的体质特征及与其他地区新石器时代人和现代人的比较

河南省舞阳县贾湖村遗址是新石器时代早期文化遗存。根据非测量性特征,贾湖人具有一般蒙古人种的特点,其人种属性应归属于蒙古人种。根据测量性特征,贾湖人的体质特征主要表现在颅指数属于园颅型;颅长高指数Ⅰ和Ⅱ都属于高颅型;颅宽高指数属于中颅型;全面指数（M395）属于狭面型;上面指数（pr）属于中上面型;眶指数Ⅰ（mf-ek）和眶指数Ⅰ（d-ek）都属于中眶型;鼻指数属于中鼻形;腭指数属于阔腭型;枕大孔指数属于阔型;总面角属于平颌型（下限）。把贾湖人与其他新石器时代人组和现代人组（共15组,11个体质特征项目）,运用多元统计分析方法的系统聚类、BIPLOT法及判别分析法加以统计并作比较分析,可把所比较群体划分为3大类群：①新石器时代组的北方类群;②新石器时代组的南方类群;③我国现代人类群。贾湖新石器时代人属于新石器时代组的北方类群。在新石器时代组的北方类群这个小范围内,贾湖新石器时代人的体质特征与本省内的下王岗新石器时代人的体质特征又较接近些。通过比较,可看到现代人类与新石器时代人类之间的区别大于现代南方人和现代北方人之间的区别;在从新石器时代人类向现代人类进化发展的几千年过程中,处于南方、北方地理位置上的人类在体质上的差异有趋于缩小的趋势; 此外 , 在此进化发展过程中 , 各地不同的新 石器时代人类基因的扩散速度、 范围和方向也都不尽相同。     

中国柳属多雄蕊类群的分支系统学研究

应用杨属(Populus)和钻天柳属(Chosenia)分别作为不同的外类群,对中国柳属多雄蕊类群构建了两个分支图。结果表明,钻天柳属、大叶柳和四子柳组(Sect.Tetraspermae)都是较原始的类群。支持建立Toisusu Kimura属。根据分支图和染色体数目资料,多雄蕊类群可划分五个类组。支持方振富教授关于"南方型"和"北方型"的划分以及在东亚有从南方向北方演化的趋势,特别对于中国特有组紫柳组(Sect.Wilsonianae).Sect.Salix和Sect.Subalbae两组的分化应予以承认。     

汉族人群指纹综合分析

汉族人口数占世界第一,汉核人群的指纹参数是肤纹界关注的重要项目。对17个汉族群体的分析可知汉族人群的指纹总参数及指纹在人群分类上的作用。聚类分析证明:依指纹参数可确定一个较均质的南方群和一个北方混合群,他们以北纬33°线为界,南方群为长江畔或长江以南各群体;使人注意的是北京群体也归入南方群,这与北京人口迁移量大有关。汉族内各群体有多态性。汉族作为蒙古人种,与高加索人种比较,汉族各群体又有统一性。     

中国东方蜜蜂的形态分化(英文)

【目的】遗传分化研究是认识蜜蜂形态多样性和适应性进化的重要环节,是确定蜜蜂资源管理单位和保护单位的前提,有助于保护蜜蜂的遗传资源。本研究通过分析形态分化,研究中国东方蜜蜂Apiscerana在中国地理环境下的遗传分化和遗传资源分布。【方法】从我国所有东方蜜蜂分布区102个采样点共采集6 147头东方蜜蜂工蜂,每一采样点10~20群中取60头工蜂进行解剖,测定与翅、个体大小、后足和体色相关的33个形态特征,进行多变量形态统计分析,划分形态类群。同时对分出的不同东方蜜蜂类群的形态特征及分布模式进行分析。【结果】根据判别分析和主成分分析的聚类结果,我国东方蜜蜂分为14个形态类群。有5个类群具有较小的个体大小。海南类群个体最小,其次为滇南类群,台湾类群,南方类群和北方类群。这5个类群之间在吻长、前翅长、前翅第3亚缘室结构、体色和蜡镜长上存在显著差异。长白类群具有最大的肘脉指数、蜡镜和第5背板绒毛带宽。而西藏波密类群具有全国最小的第五背板绒毛带宽。西北类群具有最长的后足。川西高原的5个形态类群具有个体大、体色黑等特点。其中,巴塘类群肘脉指数(3.0169)全国最小,个体大小全国最大。阿坝类群具有仅次于长白类群的肘脉指数,且翅长和第七腹板最大。德荣类群体色最黑。雅江类群具有独特的翅脉角 (A4, N23, E9和J10最小,B4最大)。川滇类群在川西高原个体最小。【结论】本研究在全面收集我国所有东方蜜蜂分布区样本,尤其是西藏波密、台湾省和川西高原的珍贵样本的基础上,进行了东方蜜蜂形态测量学分析。在我国共发现东方蜜蜂14个形态类群：海南类群、滇南类群、长白类群、台湾类群、波密类群、阿坝类群、巴塘类群、德荣类群、雅江类群、川滇类群、川贵类群、西北类群、南方类群以及北方类群。研究结果为中国东方蜜蜂遗传资源的保护和遗传资源的开发利用提供理论基础。     

我国土壤中小双孢菌的分离

从我国南方和西南各省,分离到300多株属于小双孢菌属的放线菌,对其中200株进行了形态和培养特征的观察。根据培养特征,将这些菌分为8个群：白色类群、白紫类群、玫瑰类群、玫瑰红类群、玫瑰黄类群、紫色类群、产色类群和黄色类群。     

肤纹参数在52个中国人群中的分布

根据11项肤纹参数对28个民族的52个群体进行分析表明:指纹W频率在每一个群体中都是女性不显著多于男性或少于男性,指纹L″频率都是男性不显著多于女性或少于女性;在L_2距离的系统树上可以看到南方群、北方群、混合群,混合群中又各包括了南、北方民族的小聚类群;L_2距离与地理位置有平行关系,南、北群间以长江或北纬30°—33°为界带。     

中国近海重要生态建群红藻真江蓠的群体遗传多样性

真江蓠(Gracilaria vermiculophylla)是中国近海潮间带生态系统结构组成和功能维持的重要支撑物种, 但有关其群体遗传结构和多样性分布模式的研究目前仍较缺乏。本研究利用线粒体cox1序列对我国近海19个真江蓠地理群体进行了系统发育和群体遗传分析。461个长度为641 bp的cox1序列片段共含有21个多态位点, 产生15个单倍型。基于cox1序列的系统进化分析、单倍型分析和主成分分析显示, 19个真江蓠群体分化为南北两个类群, 其中浙江嵊泗以北的13个群体形成北方类群, 福建厦门以南的6个群体形成南方类群。遗传距离和分子方差分析显示真江蓠南北各类群内的遗传分化较小, 南北类群间的遗传分化达到亚种水平。南北类群间的差异是我国近海真江蓠群体遗传变异的主要来源。     

山茱萸种子形态变异及与环境因子的相关性

山茱萸广泛分布于中国长江沿岸各省地区.由于土壤和气候的影响,分布区间山茱萸种子的形态变异较大.本文对4个省7个山茱萸群体的种子形态指标(种长、种宽、种子体积和种形系数)变异、种子形态指标间及与环境因子的相关性、种子形态地理变异趋势和群体聚类进行了探讨.研究表明:不同群体种子形态均存在显著差异;种子宽度与体积呈显著正相关,且二者与纬度呈显著负相关;种子宽度和种子体积的地理变异趋势明显;基于种子形态指标的聚类分析可将7个群体分为2个聚类群,北方群包括陕西佛坪、陕西汉中和河南栾川,南方群包括安徽宁国、安徽黄山、江苏镇江和安徽旌德.研究结果可为不同区域筛选优良山茱萸种源提供参考.     

中国人肤纹研究：Ⅲ.中国52个民族的肤纹聚类

中国有56个民族,肤纹学研究中的最后一个民族——门巴族——的肤纹研究至今刚刚完成。根据52个民族的122个群体指掌纹的11个参数:TFRC、a-bRC、A、L~u、L~r、W、T、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、H做聚类分析,在系统树上可以见到南方群、混合群、北方群。混合群包括了各自南、北方民族的聚类群,聚类群与其地理位置有平行关系,南北间以长江或北纬30°～33°度为界带。     

福建山樱花形态多样性分化的研究

以闽、赣、粤、台4省13个种群292份福建山樱花种质为分析材料,对16个形态性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:福建山樱花不同个体间各性状均有明显差异,变异系数较大,优株选择潜力很大。系统聚类分析可将292份参试材料划分为2个表征群4个亚表征群,除重瓣型福建山樱花外,单瓣型福建山樱花的形态特征在种群间总体上无明显的分化规律,不同种群的个体交叉聚在同一个表征群内,但在同一亚表征群内,同一种群的多数个体常能聚在一起,表明种群之间在形态上发生了一定程度的分化,只是这种分化还不能清楚地区分不同的种群。主成分分析结果表明叶形、叶尖、叶缘、分枝能力、60 d苗高、花色和花形是造成福建山樱花形态分化的主要因素。     

Genetic differentiation of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) populations in China, Nepal and south-east Asia: inferences on the region of domestication of the swamp buffalo

Data from three published studies of genetic variation at 18 microsatellite loci in water buffalo populations in China (18 swamp type, two river type), Nepal (one wild, one domestic river, one hybrid) and south-east Asia (eight swamp, three river) were combined so as to gain a broader understanding of genetic relationships among the populations and their demographic history. Mean numbers of alleles and expected heterozygosities were significantly different among populations. Estimates of θ (a measure of population differentiation) were significant among the swamp populations for all loci and among the river populations for most loci. Differentiation among the Chinese swamp populations (which was due primarily to just one population) was much less than among the south-east Asian. The Nepal wild animals, phenotypically swamp type but genetically like river type, are significantly different from all the domestic river populations and presumably represent the ancestral Bubalus arnee (possibly with some river-type introgression). Relationships among the swamp populations (D(A) genetic distances, principal component analysis and structure analyses) show the south-east Asian populations separated into two groups by the Chinese populations. Given these relationships and the patterns of genetic variability, we postulate that the swamp buffalo was domesticated in the region of the far south of China, northern Thailand and Indochina. Following domestication, it spread south through peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi, and north through China, and then to Taiwan, the Philippines and Borneo.     

利用HPA-1～3,5和15系统多态性估算中外不同人群遗传距离

依据血小板同种抗原5个系统的遗传多态性, 采用聚合酶链反应序列特异性引物技术, 对1 000名中国汉族无关献血者HPA-1~3, 5和15系统进行基因分型, 计算基因频率。使用DISPAN软件及PHYLIP软件计算不同群体间遗传距离并绘制系统树。系统树显示, 亚洲人群先与欧洲人群相聚, 之后再与非洲人群相聚, 非洲人群位于系统发生树的最顶部; 印度人群处于亚洲人群与欧洲人群之间; 南美洲巴西白人与欧洲人群聚在一起; 大洋洲的波利尼西亚人与亚洲人群聚在一起。此研究从一个侧面证明了人类“非洲起源说”, 印证亚洲人群由南亚向东南亚再向东亚迁徙的路线, 并推断出欧洲人群由南欧向北欧、西欧迁徙的线路。HPA能有效估算不同人群间遗传距离, 分析人类迁徙过程, HPA可作为遗传标记应用于人类进化的研究。     

Intraspecific variation in Podostemum ceratophyllum (Podostemaceae): evidence of refugia and colonization since the last glacial maximum

? Premise of the Study: Intraspecific variation among 20 populations of Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. was investigated to test the hypothesis of range expansion from southern refugia since the last glacial maximum. ? Methods: Six noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA were sequenced in 60 individuals. Populations were divided into two groups, north and south of the glacial boundary, in addition to isolated populations in Arkansas and Honduras. Variation in populations north of the boundary was compared with variation in populations to the south and in the isolated populations. ? Key Results: Nucleotide diversity was an order of magnitude lower in populations north of the glacial boundary than in those to the south. The Arkansas and Honduras populations showed no variation. The predominant haplotype in northern populations was also found in a Virginia population. ? Conclusions: Reduced variation north of the glacial boundary suggests a founder event associated with range expansion since the last glacial maximum. Colonization probably occurred from populations in refugia located several hundred kilometers south of the glacial boundary. The results provide insight into the effects of past and current climate change on patterns of geographic distribution and genetic variation in aquatic plants.     

Across the highest mountain on earth: discordant phylogeographic patterns and recent dispersal of Tibetan stone loaches (Triplophysa) in the Himalayas

Phylogeographic congruence among co-distributed taxa is regarded as an inherent inference to vicariance events. Nonetheless, incongruent patterns of contemporary lineage divergence among taxa indicated that species differ in their response to common past events. To investigate the role of past events, ecological traits and lineage diversification time in shaping the contemporary phylogeographic patterns, comparative analyses were conducted for Tibetan stone loaches in the Himalayas using three gene markers and two ecological traits (depth of caudal peduncle in their length and presence/absence of posterior chamber of the air bladder). By a thorough sampling in two flanks of the Himalayas, the authors detected that phylogenetic breaks were spatially discordant and divergences of populations were also temporally asynchronous in co-distributed loaches. Estimated divergence time using fossil-calibrated node dating indicated that the Tibetan stone loaches colonised into the south flank of the Himalayas until the Pleistocene. The demographic expansions were also disconcerted between populations in north and south flanks, or east and west Himalayas. Ongoing gene flows between populations in north and south sides implied that the Himalayas do not strictly impede dispersal of cold-adapted species. The results highlight that the quaternary climatic oscillation, in conjunction with ecological traits and lineage diversification time, shaped contemporary phylogenetic patterns of stone loaches in the Himalayas and provide new insights into the biodiversity and composition of species in the Himalayas and surrounding region.     

Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes: implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia

DNA variation on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome was examined in 610 male samples from 14 global populations in north, east, and southeast Asia, and other regions of the world. Eight haplotypes were observed by analyses of seven biallelic polymorphic markers ( DYS257(108), DYS287, SRY(4064), SRY(10831), RPS4Y(711), M9, and M15) and were unevenly distributed among the populations. Maximum parsimony tree for the eight haplotypes showed that these haplotypes could be classified into four distinct lineages characterized by three key mutations: an insertion of the Y Alu polymorphic (YAP) element at DYS287, a C-to-G transversion at M9, and a C-to-T transition at RPS4Y(711). Of the four lineages, three major lineages (defined by the allele of YAP(+), M9-G, and RPS4Y-T, respectively) accounted for 98.6% of the Asian populations studied, indicating that these three paternal lineages have contributed to the formation of modern Asian populations. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed three monophyletic Asian clusters, which consisted of north Asian, Japanese, and Han Chinese/southeast Asian populations, respectively. Coalescence analysis in the haplotype tree showed that the estimated ages for three key mutations ranged from 53,000 to 95,000 years, suggesting that the three lineages were separated from one another during early stages of human evolutionary history. The distribution patterns of the Y-haplotypes and mutational ages for the key markers suggest that three major groups with different paternal ancestries separately migrated to prehistoric east and southeast Asia.     

Genetic differentiation of piscivorous chub (genus Opsariichthys) in Japan,Korea and Russia

A comparison of allozyme variation, restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the mitochondrial DNA and partial sequences of the ND II gene (496 bp) was made among two lacustrine populations of the piscivorous chub (Opsariichthys uncirostris uncirostris) in Japan, four fluvial populations in Korea, one lacustrine population in Russia and one specimen from the Amur River (O. u. amurensis). All analyses indicate that the Japanese populations of piscivorous chub are separable from the Asian mainland populations of Korea and Russia. The latter populations were further divided into the Korean and Russian fish. Although opinions are divided on the phylogenetic position of the population in Lake Mikata, Japan, which shows unique morphological traits intermediate between those of the population in Lake Biwa and the mainland populations, the current analysis indicates a closer relationship to the population in Lake Biwa.     

内蒙古山杏种群表型变异

为明确内蒙古山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)种群间和种群内的表型变异程度和变异规律, 以内蒙古山杏自然分布区的13个种群的23个表型性状为研究对象, 采用巢式方差分析、多重比较、变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等多种分析方法, 对种群间和种群内的表型多样性及其与地理生态因子的相关性进行了讨论。研究结果表明: 内蒙古山杏的表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在丰富的变异, 种群间的变异大于种群内的变异, 表型性状的平均分化系数为73.03%, 种群间变异是山杏表型变异的主要变异来源。各性状的平均变异系数为14.28%, 变异幅度为7.01%-27.23%, 其中核的变异系数最大, 果的变异系数最小。土默特左旗万家沟种群表型多样性最丰富, 科尔沁右翼前旗察尔森种群表型多样性最小。表型性状主要受经度、年降水量以及年日照时间3个主要地理生态因子影响。通过主成分分析可以把13个种源区划为四大类, 其中乌拉山种群的叶性状和阿鲁科尔沁旗种群的核性状受地理生态因子影响最大。     

High-level phenotypic variations in populations of Armeniaca sibirica in Nei Mongol,China北大核心CSCD

Aims: Our objectives were to determine the variations in phenotypic traits of Armeniaca sibirica populations and their spatial patterns. Methods: We used nested variation, coefficient of variation, multi-comparison, correlation analysis and principal component analysis to analyze the 23 phenotypic traits for 130 individuals in 13 populations of A. sibirica. Important findings: The results showed that there were significant differences in phenotypic variations among and within populations. The variation was greater among populations (47.15%) than within population (16.43%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 73.03% among populations, indicating the variance among populations being the main source of the phenotypic variation. The average variation coefficient of 23 traits ranged from 7.01% to 27.23%, with an average of 14.28%. The variation coefficient of nutlet was highest (15.67%), and the variation coefficient of fruit was smallest (12.11%). The phenotypic diversity is highest in Wanjiagou Tumotezuoqi and smallest in Horqin, Right Front Banner Chaersen. Longitude, mean annual precipitation and sunshine duration were significantly correlated with major traits of phenotypic. The 13 populations could be divided into four groups according to the principal component analysis. Leaf traits of Wula Mountain and nutlet traits of Archorchin Banner were significantly correlated with ecological and geographic factors.