杨树NL-80106转Bt基因植株的获得及抗虫性

通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导将苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)毒蛋白基因Bt转入杨树NL-80106(美洲黑杨×小叶杨,Populus deltoides×Populus simonii),获得了再生植株.PCR及PCR-Southernblotting的分析结果表明,Bt基因已整合到基因组中.部分转基因植株的杀虫实验表明,转基因植株B45和B64对一龄舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar Linn.)幼虫有明显抗性,饲喂转基因杨树叶片的幼虫死亡率显著高于未转基因的对照植株.     

小黑杨花药培养植株转化胆碱氧化酶基因提高耐盐性

以小黑杨（Populus simonii×p．nigra）花药培养植株无菌苗叶片为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法将胆碱氧化酶基因（codA）导入小黑杨中,共获得4株转化株系,PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测结果全部呈阳性,表明codA基因已整合到小黑杨花药培养植株基因组中。荧光定量RT-PCR检测证明,codA基因在小黑杨花药培养植株中获得表达。耐盐实验结果显示,各转基因株系在0．6％的NaCl浓度下能够生长,而非转基因对照小黑杨受盐害严重,说明codA基因的导入提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

小黑杨花药培养植株转化胆碱氧化酶基因提高耐盐性

以小黑杨(Populus simonii ×P. nigra)花药培养植株无菌苗叶片为外植体, 通过根癌农杆菌(Agrob acteriumtumefaciens)介导法将胆碱氧化酶基因(codA)导入小黑杨中, 共获得4株转化株系, PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测结果全部 呈阳性, 表明codA基因已整合到小黑杨花药培养植株基因组中。荧光定量RT-PCR检测证明, codA基因在小黑杨花药培养植株中获得表达。耐盐实验结果显示, 各转基因株系在0.6%的NaCl浓度下能够生长, 而非转基因对照小黑杨受盐害严重, 说明codA基因的导入提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

毛白杨CCoAOMT cDNA片段的克隆与转基因杨木质素含量的调控

用RT_PCR方法从毛白杨 (PopulustomentosaCarr.)中克隆了CCoAOMT基因的cDNA片段 ,并对其序列进行了分析。Northern杂交表明该基因在毛白杨正在木质化的次生木质部高水平表达 ,且与木质化进程同步。构建了该基因反义表达载体 ,根癌土壤杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens (SmithetTownsend)Conn)介导转化杂交杨 (欧洲山杨×银白杨 ,P .tremula×P .alba)。采用PCR、PCR_Southern及Southern杂交对获得的转基因植株进行分子检测 ,并测定移栽 5～ 6个月的转基因植株的Klason木质素含量 ,其中一个转基因株系的Klason木质素含量比未转基因对照杨树下降 17.9%。结果表明利用反义RNA技术对杨树CCoAOMT基因的表达可以降低转基因植株的木质素含量 ,达到改善其造纸性能的目的     

抗虫的转AaIT基因杨树的获得

通过根癌农杆菌叶盘法将构建在双元载体上的昆虫特异性神经蝎毒素AaIT基因转化至中国南方杨树N106(小叶杨×美洲黑杨,P.deltoides×P.simonii)中,共获得了62株再生植株。PCR分析及PCR产物Southernblotting的分析结果表明,AaIT基因整合在再生植株的基因组上。对部分转AaIT基因植株进行了杀虫实验,转基因植株A5对一龄舞毒蛾(Lymantriadispar)幼虫有明显的抗性,饲喂转基因杨树叶片的幼虫死亡率显著高于未转基因对照植株,其取食面积小,存活幼虫体重明显小于对照。ELISA分析证明了AaIT蛋白的表达。     

向小黑杨转化蜘蛛杀虫毒素基因（英文）

近年来,危害小黑杨Populus simonii×Ｐ.nigra的害虫发生严重,给林业生产造成很大损失。为了提高小黑杨的抗虫能力,避免使用杀虫剂带来的污染,用农杆菌介导法将澳大利亚漏斗蛛Atrax robustus的毒蛋白基因和苏云金芽孢杆菌CryⅠA（b）基因C末端的融合基因BGT转化入小黑杨。PCR 和Southern印记分析转基因植株,结果表明,BGT杀虫基因已经整合在小黑杨基因组上。活性实验表明,取食转基因杨树6天和9天后,舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar 2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别是37.0%和92.6%。方差分析表明取食转基因和对照杨树的舞毒蛾幼虫体重差异显著。这些结果显示转基因杨树上的舞毒蛾的发育速率受到影响。     

反义磷脂酶Dγ(Anti-PLDγ)基因转化美洲黑杨G2的研究

通过农杆菌介导法将反义磷脂酶DT(Anti-PLDγ)基因转入美洲黑杨G2中以提高其耐盐性。本研究建立了美洲黑杨G2组培再生体系,确立了美洲黑杨G2叶片分化最适宜培养基和生根培养基,进行了卡那霉素(选择性抗生素)敏感性试验,改良了传统的农杆菌介导转化法。经诱导不定芽及生根阶段卡那霉素(选择性抗生素)连续筛选,获得了21株卡那霉素抗性植株,抗性植株经PCR及PCR-Southern杂交检测,有13株均呈阳性,证明Anti-PLDγ基因成功整合到美洲黑杨G2基因组中。耐盐性实验表明,4株转基因植株抗NaCl能力比对照有不同程度提高。     

以胆碱脱氢酶基因对小黑杨花粉植株的遗传转化

以小黑杨（Populus simoniixP．nigra）花粉植株叶片为外植体,用根癌农杆菌介导法将胆碱脱氢酶基因（betA）导入其中,将获得的4株卡那霉素抗性转基因株系进行PCR检测,结果均为阳性。用荧光定量PCR对转基因株系的betA基因转录结果检测表明,4个转基因株系均已表达外源基因,但表达量有差异。对获得的4株转基因株系及对照进行NaCl胁迫处理,当NaCl浓度为0．55％时,非转基因小黑杨花粉植株生根率为0,转基因株系生根率为80％～100％;在NaCl为0．70％～0.80％时,则转基因株系生根率也为0。4个转基因株系的甜菜碱含量显著高于未转基因对照,说明抛融基因的导入提高了转基因株系的耐盐性。     

美洲黑杨次生维管组织发育的内在节律性与细胞内含物的动态变化

美洲黑杨（Populus deltoids）是一种重要的商业用材树种,在我国多用作胶合板和纸浆原料,其速生性的特点也很早为人们所认识。众所周知,树木次生维管组织的发育具有内在的节律性,与此同时维管组织的细胞内含物也会发生动态变化。利用电镜技术及细胞化学方法,研究了美洲黑杨次生维管组织的发育以及细胞内含物分布的变化,发现次生维管组织的发育具有内在节律性,在年周期中表现为分化期和休眠期交替出现,次生韧皮部与次生木质部交替分化形成。在维管组织发育过程中,早期蛋白质和脂类物质首先减少,然后淀粉粒解体消失,发育期内维管组织的蛋白质、脂类和淀粉的积累最少,休眠期内维管组织细胞内最早出现淀粉的积累,然后蛋白质和脂类物质积累大大增加。杨树维管组织发育过程的内在节律性与细胞内含物的动态变化密切相关。     

美洲黑杨次生维管组织发育的内在节律性与细胞内含物的动态变化

美洲黑杨(Populus deltoids)是一种重要的商业用材树种, 在我国多用作胶合板和纸浆原料, 其速生性的特点也很早为人们所认识。众所周知, 树木次生维管组织的发育具有内在的节律性, 与此同时维管组织的细胞内含物也会发生动态变化。利用电镜技术及细胞化学方法, 研究了美洲黑杨次生维管组织的发育以及细胞内含物分布的变化, 发现次生维管组织的发育具有内在节律性, 在年周期中表现为分化期和休眠期交替出现; 次生韧皮部与次生木质部交替分化形成。在维管组织发育过程中, 早期蛋白质和脂类物质首先减少, 然后淀粉粒解体消失, 发育期内维管组织的蛋白质、脂类和淀粉的积累最少, 休眠期内维管组织细胞内最早出现淀粉的积累, 然后蛋白质和脂类物质积累大大增加。杨树维管组织发育过程的内在节律性与细胞内含物的动态变化密切相关。     

Cloning of cDNA Encoding CCoAOMT from Populus tomentosa and Down-regulation of Lignin Content in Transgenic Plant Expressing Antisense Gene (in English)

cDNA encoding caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) from Chinese white poplar ( Populus tomentosa Carr.) was cloned by RT-PCR and sequenced. Northern analysis displayed that the CCoAOMT was expressed specifically in the developing secondary xylem and its expression was coincident with lignification. The antisense CCoAOMT cDNA was transformed into P. tremula×P. alba mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn. Transgenic plants were identified with PCR, PCR-Southern and Southern analysis. Lignin content in 5- to 6-month-old transgenic plants was measured. One of the transgenic lines had significant reduction of 17.9% in Klason lignin content as compared with that of untransformed poplar. The results demonstrate that antisense repression of CCoAOMT is an efficient way to reduce lignin content for improving pulping property in engineered trees.     

Cloning of cDNA Encoding COMT from Chinese White Poplar (Populus tomentosa), Sequence Analysis and Specific Expression

cDNA encoding caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) from Chinese white poplar ( Populus tomentosa Carr.) was cloned by RT-PCR and sequenced. Northern analysis displayed that the CCoAOMT was expressed specifically in the developing secondary xylem and its expression was coincident with lignification. The antisense CCoAOMT cDNA was transformed into P. tremula×P. alba mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn. Transgenic plants were identified with PCR, PCR-Southern and Southern analysis. Lignin content in 5- to 6-month-old transgenic plants was measured. One of the transgenic lines had significant reduction of 17.9% in Klason lignin content as compared with that of untransformed poplar. The results demonstrate that antisense repression of CCoAOMT is an efficient way to reduce lignin content for improving pulping property in engineered trees.     

Downregulation of high-isoelectric-point extracellular superoxide dismutase mediates alterations in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and developmental disturbances in hybrid aspen

Transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx.) plants expressing a high-isoelectric-point superoxide dismutase (hipI-SOD) gene in antisense orientation were generated to investigate its function. Immunolocalization studies showed the enzyme to be localized extracellularly, in the secondary cell wall of xylem vessels and phloem fibers. The antisense lines of hipI-SOD exhibited a distinct phenotype; growth rate was reduced, stems were thinner and leaves smaller than in wild-type (WT) plants. The abundance of hipI-SOD was reduced in the bark and xylem of plants from these antisense lines. The vascular tissue of transgenic lines became lignified earlier than in WT plants and also showed an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Xylem fibers and vessels were shorter and thinner in the transgenic lines than in WT plants. The total phenolic content was enhanced in the antisense lines. Furthermore, microarray analysis indicated that several enzymes involved in cell signaling, lignin biosynthesis and stress responses were upregulated in apical vascular tissues of transgenic plants. The upregulation of selected genes involved in lignin biosynthesis was also verified by real-time PCR. The results suggest that, in the transgenic plants, a premature transition into maturation occurs and the process is discussed in terms of the effects of increased accumulation of ROS due to reduced expression of hipI-SOD during development and differentiation.     

Secondary Cell Wall Deposition in Developing Secondary Xylem of Poplar

Although poplar is widely used for genomic and biotechnological manipulations of wood, the cellular basis of wood development in poplar has not been accurately documented at an ultrastructural level. Developing secondary xylem cells from hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x P. trichocarpa), which were actively making secondary cell walls, were preserved with high pressure freezing/freeze substitution for light and electron microscopy. The distribution of xylans and mannans in the different cell types of devel...     

Essential role of caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase in lignin biosynthesis in woody poplar plants

Caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) has recently been shown to participate in lignin biosynthesis in herbacious tobacco plants. Here, we demonstrate that CCoAOMT is essential in lignin biosynthesis in woody poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) plants. In poplar stems, CCoAOMT was found to be expressed in all lignifying cells including vessel elements and fibers as well as in xylem ray parenchyma cells. Repression of CCoAOMT expression by the antisense approach in transgenic poplar plants caused a significant decrease in total lignin content as detected by both Klason lignin assay and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The reduction in lignin content was the result of a decrease in both guaiacyl and syringyl lignins as determined by in-source pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the reduction in lignin content resulted in a less condensed and less cross-linked lignin structure in wood. Repression of CCoAOMT expression also led to coloration of wood and an elevation of wall-bound p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Taken together, these results indicate that CCoAOMT plays a dominant role in the methylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of caffeoyl CoA, and the CCoAOMT-mediated methylation reaction is essential to channel substrates for 5-methoxylation of hydroxycinnamates. They also suggest that antisense repression of CCoAOMT is an efficient means for genetic engineering of trees with low lignin content.     

Regulation of secondary xylem formation in young hybrid poplars by modifying the expression levels of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">PtaGLIMa</Emphasis> gene

Due to the importance of wood in many industrial applications, a tremendous amount of research has focused on the regulation of secondary xylem formation and wood properties. In this study, we performed functional analysis of PtaGLIM1a, a LIM gene that is predominantly expressed in the differentiation of secondary xylem of the hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba). With no growth retardation, transgenic poplar plants with increased and reduced expression levels of PtaGlim1a exhibited enhanced and diminished secondary growth, respectively, accompanied by a corresponding change in their lignin abundance. This study demonstrates that the wood-associated PtaGlim1a acts as a positive regulator of secondary xylem formation in poplar trees and could potentially be utilized in modifying the synthesis of plant secondary wall lignin.     

Influence of over-expression of the FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR 1 gene (FPF1) from Arabidopsis on wood formation in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.)

Constitutive expression of the FPF1 gene in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) showed a strong effect on wood formation but no effect on flowering time. Gene expression studies showed that activity of flowering time genes PtFT1, PtCO2, and PtFUL was not increased in FPF1 transgenic plants. However, the SOC1/TM3 class gene PTM5, which has been related to wood formation and flowering time, showed a strong activity in stems of all transgenic lines studied. Wood density was lower in transgenic plants, despite significantly reduced vessel frequency which was overcompensated by thinner fibre cell walls. Chemical screening of the wood by pyrolysis GC/MS showed that FPF1 transgenics have higher fractions of cellulose and glucomannan products as well as lower lignin content. The latter observation was confirmed by UV microspectrophotometry on a cellular level. Topochemical lignin distribution revealed a slower increase of lignin incorporation in the developing xylem of the transgenics when compared with the wild-type plants. In line with the reduced wood density, micromechanical wood properties such as stiffness and ultimate stress were also significantly reduced in all transgenic lines. Thus, we provide evidence that FPF1 class genes may play a regulatory role in both wood formation and flowering in poplar.     

Regulation of sulfur nutrition in wild-type and transgenic poplar over-expressing gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol as affected by atmospheric H2S

This study with poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) cuttings was aimed to test the hypothesis that sulfate uptake is regulated by demand-driven control and that this regulation is mediated by phloem-transported glutathione as a shoot-to-root signal. Therefore, sulfur nutrition was investigated at (a) enhanced sulfate demand in transgenic poplar over-expressing gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC) synthetase in the cytosol and (b) reduced sulfate demand during short-term exposure to H2S. H(2)S taken up by the leaves increased cysteine, gamma-EC, and glutathione concentrations in leaves, xylem sap, phloem exudate, and roots, both in wild-type and transgenic poplar. The observed reduced xylem loading of sulfate after H2S exposure of wild-type poplar could well be explained by a higher glutathione concentration in the phloem. In transgenic poplar increased concentrations of glutathione and gamma-EC were found not only in leaves, xylem sap, and roots but also in phloem exudate irrespective of H(2)S exposure. Despite enhanced phloem allocation of glutathione and its accumulation in the roots, sulfate uptake was strongly enhanced. This finding is contradictory to the hypothesis that glutathione allocated in the phloem reduces sulfate uptake and its transport to the shoot. Correlation analysis provided circumstantial evidence that the sulfate to glutathione ratio in the phloem may control sulfate uptake and loading into the xylem, both when the sulfate demand of the shoot is increased and when it is reduced.