苎麻CCoAOMT基因cDNA反义转化模式烟草''WS38''

苎麻咖啡酰辅酶A氧甲基转移酶(CCoAOMT)是其木质素合成过程的一种关键酶,运用克隆的该酶基因cDNA及植物表达载体pBI121、pWM101,分别构建了35S启动子控制的苎麻CCoAOMT基因反义cDNA基因质粒(pBI121-antiBnCCoAOMT)和cDNA全长表达质粒(pWM101-BnCCoAOMT),并通过根癌农杆菌介导法将其转化至模式烟草WS38,获得了转基因烟草.对转基因植株进行分子分析和组织学初步研究表明,转反义RNA基因植株叶柄木质素含量较野生烟草或转正义基因烟草叶柄木质素含量降低.说明运用反义RNA技术对CCoAOMT基因的表达进行基因工程调控,一定程度上可以对木质素的合成产生干扰,为获得低木质素或木质素组分改良的苎麻基因工程奠定基础.     

UGPase和反义4CL基因对转基因烟草纤维素和木质素合成的调控

用根癌农杆菌介导法将源于紫穗槐的尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UGPase）基因、反义4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4CL）基因以及两者的双价基因分别转移至烟草中。PCR和Southern杂交检测证实外源基因已整合到转基因烟草基因组中。测定全纤维素和Klason木质素含量的结果显示,增强UGPase基因的表达可提高转基因植株的纤维素含量,但对木质素含量没有影响;抑制4CL基因的表达可显著降低转基因植株的木质素含量,但对纤维素含量没有影响;转移双价基因的转基因植株中纤维素含量增加而木质素含量降低。     

白桦反义CCoAOMT基因调控木质素生物合成

白桦是我国北方重要的造林树种,但其中的高木质素含量严重制约了它作为造纸资源植物的开发利用。本文利用RACE技术获得了白桦咖啡酰辅酶A-3-O-甲基转移酶（CCoAOMT）基因全长ORF序列,并构建了白桦CCoAOMT基因的反义表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将其导入到白桦中。PCR检测表明反义CCoAOMT基因已整合到白桦的基因组中。对转化植株的半定量PCR检测显示转基因株系的CCoAOMT基因表达量下降;Wiesner染色发现,与野生型相比,转基因植株木质素含量有所下降。对七年生的转基因白桦和野生型对照进行了化学成分分析,结果表明转基因白桦的苯醇抽提物和Klason木质素显著减少,聚戊糖含量升高。上述结果暗示BpCCoAOMT基因参与白桦木质素的合成,反义表达该基因后木质素含量减少,更易于去除。白桦CCoAOMT基因对木质素的合成起重要作用,这为培育低木质素含量的制浆新品种白桦奠定了基础。     

棉花漆酶基因在转基因新疆杨中的表达及其对木质素合成的影响

以新疆杨叶柄为外植体,利用农杆菌法将棉花漆酶基因GaLAC1导入新疆杨.PCR,Soutllern杂交证明外源基因已经整合到杨树基因组中.漆酶活性分析表明转基因植株中漆酶活性较非转基因对照显著提高.与对照植株相比,转基因新疆杨茎段中总木质素的含量有不同程度的增加,最高达21.5%.木质素的组织化学染色进一步证实了GaLAC1的过量表达能够导致转基因植株中总木质素含量的增加.实验结果表明GaLAC1参与了植物体内木质素的合成,这是首次成功利用转基因植物证实植物漆酶基因参与木质素合成的报道.     

转双抗虫基因杂种741毛白杨的研究

用部分改造后的苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Bt)杀虫蛋白基因和慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂 (API)基因A构建了植物表达载体。然后通过根癌土壤杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens (SmithetTownsend)Conn .)介导将此表达载体上的双抗虫基因转入杂种 741毛白杨 [PopulusalbaL .× (P .davidianaDode P .simoniiCarr.)×P .tomentosaCarr.]获得了一批抗卡那霉素的转化再生植株。用杨扇舟蛾 (Closteraanachoreta (Fabricius) )进行虫试的结果表明有 3株抗虫杨树 ,其中有1株杨树的叶片可使试虫在 6天内的死亡率达 90 %以上 ,而且存活幼虫的生长发育受到了明显的抑制。PCR检测及基因组DNASouthern杂交分析的结果都表明Bt杀虫蛋白基因和API基因已整合到以上 3株抗虫杨树的基因组中 ,而且表现为单拷贝整合。用Bt毒蛋白抗血清进行滤膜免疫反应及ELISA检测结果表明 3株转基因杨树都有Bt杀虫蛋白的表达 ,表达量约占叶总可溶性蛋白的 0 .0 15 %。这是国内外首次报道用双抗虫基因获得的抗虫 741毛白杨植株。     

美洲黑杨材性相关候选基因PdCYTOB的功能鉴定

利用RT-PCR技术研究了美洲黑杨（Populus deltoides）材性相关候选基因细胞分裂素结合蛋白（cytokininbin ding protein）基因PdCYTOB的表达谱,结果显示,在未成熟木质部、未成熟韧皮部和韧皮部中PdCYTOB基因具有较高水平的表达量。对导入反义PdCYTOB的山新杨（Populus davidiana×P.bolleana）植株进行Southern杂交和RT-PCR检测,证实反义PdCYTOB基因已整合到杨树基因组中并表达。对大田转基因株系及对照植株进行表型观察、组织切片和微纤丝角的测定,结果表明,转反义PdCYTOB基因植株的高度明显增加,木质部、韧皮部变宽,微纤丝角明显变小,初步表明转基因杨树在造纸性能上有所改良。这些研究结果对于阐明PdCYTOB在美洲黑杨木材形成中的分子作用机制具有重要的理论意义。     

转录组学对转基因杨树表型变化的代谢调控机制解析北大核心CSCD

D型细胞周期蛋白(D-type cyclin)调控着细胞周期G1/S的转变,在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。转基因杨树PtoCYCD2;1(OE-PtoCYCD2;1)植株出现明显的表型变化,株高降低,茎粗变细且叶片发生卷曲。该研究以转基因杨树OE-PtoCYCD2;1为研究材料,通过转录组学测序和生理指标变化并结合植株表型特征分析PtoCYCD2;1在植物生长发育中的功能,为研究木本植物D型细胞周期蛋白功能提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)在OE-PtoCYCD2;1中共鉴定得到1269个差异表达基因,其中有700个上调表达,569个下调表达。分析发现,有26个属于AP2/ERF转录因子的基因上调表达;有8个下调的差异表达基因富集在木质部合成通路中;在碳代谢通路中共富集27个下调差异表达基因,其中有8个基因富集到卡尔文循环通路中。(2)qRT-PCR实验结果显示,9个差异表达基因的qRT-PCR结果与RNA-seq测定的表达水平变化趋势一致,表明所用RNA-seq结果可靠。(3)生理指标分析发现,与野生型(WT)相比,转基因杨树OE-PtoCYCD2;1的幼叶和成熟叶的总叶绿素含量分别增加57.36%和78.22%;成熟叶的可溶性糖含量下降了12.72%;幼叶和成熟叶中的木质素含量分别下降了4.48%和8.03%;幼茎和成熟茎中的木质素含量分别下降了20.03%和31.63%。研究认为,转基因杨树OE-PtoCYCD2;1通过影响杨树碳代谢和木质素合成过程中相关基因的表达,从而造成转基因植株相应代谢物含量减少,最终导致植株表型改变,总体生物量降低。     

抗虫的转AaIT基因杨树的获得

通过根癌农杆菌叶盘法将构建在双元载体上的昆虫特异性神经蝎毒素AaIT基因转化至中国南方杨树N106(小叶杨×美洲黑杨,P.deltoides×P.simonii)中,共获得了62株再生植株。PCR分析及PCR产物Southernblotting的分析结果表明,AaIT基因整合在再生植株的基因组上。对部分转AaIT基因植株进行了杀虫实验,转基因植株A5对一龄舞毒蛾(Lymantriadispar)幼虫有明显的抗性,饲喂转基因杨树叶片的幼虫死亡率显著高于未转基因对照植株,其取食面积小,存活幼虫体重明显小于对照。ELISA分析证明了AaIT蛋白的表达。     

华南象草PpCAD基因的亚细胞定位及其在转基因烟草中的异源表达

该研究根据已克隆的华南象草(Pennisetum purpureum cv.Huanan)肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)基因PpCAD的cDNA序列,构建亚细胞定位载体pAN580-PpCAD,用PEG介导法转化象草原生质体,以探究PpCAD蛋白在细胞内的定位;同时构建植物过表达载体pBA002-PpCAD,通过农杆菌介导法在烟草中异源表达,以研究PpCAD基因与植物木质素合成的关系。结果显示:(1)PpCAD定位在象草原生质体的细胞质内;(2)过表达载体pBA002-PpCAD转化烟草后获得27株转基因烟草,其中25株PCR鉴定为阳性;(3)半定量RT-PCR检测6株转基因烟草后发现,PpCAD基因在不同植株的表达量存在差异,通过Southern杂交检测后发现该差异与目的基因插入的拷贝数有关;(4)6株转基因烟草和野生型烟草表型上没有明显差异,除目的基因多拷贝插入的植株OEC6外,木质素含量有不同程度的提高,最高比野生型提高了56.50%。研究表明,PpCAD是一个细胞质蛋白,在烟草中过表达PpCAD能够提高植株木质素含量,表明PpCAD基因参与了植物的木质素合成,可用于象草的木质素调控研究。     

鸭梨PAL基因的反义遗传转化及表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanin ammonia-lyase,PAL,EC4.3.1.5)是植物通过苯丙烷代谢途径合成木质素的关键酶和限速酶,其通过影响木质素的合成而与果实中石细胞的分化、发育及果实品质密切相关。为了降低鸭梨中苯丙氨酸解氨酶的含量,该研究利用反义PAL基因遗传转化鸭梨、降低鸭梨内源PAL基因的表达。结果表明:(1)采用RT-PCR技术,利用根据Gen Bank中西洋梨PAL基因序列设计特异性引物,扩增得到496 bp的鸭梨PAL基因片段。(2)将扩增片段反向插入载体p BI121的MCS区域,构建植物PAL基因反义表达载体p BI121-As PAL。接着采用电转化法将反义表达载体转入农杆菌EHA105中,并制备出农杆菌工程菌液。(3)利用农杆菌介导法对鸭梨组培苗叶片外植体进行遗传转化,得到23株转基因鸭梨苗。PCR检测证实PAL反义基因片段转入鸭梨中,实时定量PCR检测表明转基因鸭梨苗体内PAL基因表达量均有所降低,为非转基因苗的65%~75%。该研究结果表明利用反义RNA技术获得了抑制内源性PAL基因表达的转基因鸭梨植株,为改善鸭梨果实品质、改良品种奠定了基础。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.