枯草芽孢杆菌AS1.398的温和噬菌体

中性蛋白酶生产菌 Bacillus subtilis ASI．398为双溶源菌,能产细菌素,经紫外线和丝裂霉素C诱导,分离到二林温和噬菌体BSLl 0和BSLll。电镜观察表明,二株噬菌体形态相似,均属长尾噬菌体科的成员,经EcoRl限制酶消解,将BSLl0和RSLll分别切割成6和14个片段,经电泳方法测定其分子量分别为22．6kb和51．7kb。BSLl0和BSLll DNA的G十C含量分别为65mol％和60．2mol％。两者蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝肢电泳检测发现分别有3和4条主带。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BF7658噬菌体的研究

从一些工厂分离到6株感染枯草芽孢杆菌BF7658的噬菌体,对它们的形态学和生物学特性以及DNA和结构蛋白进行了比较,电镜观察指出,所有噬菌体的头部外形都呈现椭园形,但其大小和尾部长度有所不同,它们的宿主范围较窄,用限制酶分析,噬菌体DNA分子量在29.9kb和98kb之间,根据解链温度计算出噬菌体DNA的G+C含量在45.1和60.2mol％之间,6株噬菌体的蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定呈现四条主带和五条次带。     

三株苏云金杆菌噬菌体的形态结构及其蛋白性质的比较研究

对来自武汉微生物药厂的发酵裂解液中的噬斑形态、大小不同的 3株苏云金杆菌噬体的形态结构及其蛋白性质进行了比较研究。电镜观察发现 ,所有噬菌体的头部都呈长六棱柱状 ,具一短尾和一“衣领”状结构 ,并首次发现了“衣领”状结构是由 8～ 10个颗粒亚单位组成。 3株噬菌体所具有的这 8～ 10个颗粒亚单位对于噬菌体牢固地吸附于宿主表面应具有很强的促进作用 ,对于进一步研究噬菌体与宿主之间的关系提供一个结构上的证据。3株噬菌体的蛋白经SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定 ,都呈现 1条主带 ,分子量为 5 8884u ,1条次主带和 7条次带 ,表明 3株噬菌体的蛋白都是由 9种蛋白质构成。     

一株苏云金杆菌噬菌体的形态结构及其蛋白质性质

从武汉微生物药厂苏云金杆菌发酵裂解液中分离到1株具有独特形态结构的苏云金杆菌噬菌体GP-1。电镜观察发现,这株噬菌体的头部呈长六棱柱状,具一短直尾和一“衣领”状结构,并首次发现了“衣领”状结构是由8～10个颗粒亚单位组成。该株噬菌体所具有的这8～10个颗粒亚单位对于噬菌体牢固地吸附于宿主表面应具有很强的促进作用,对于进一步研究噬菌体与宿主之间的关系提供一个结构上的证据。该株噬菌体的蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定,呈现一条主带,分子量为58892 D,一条次主带和七条次带,表明该株噬菌体的蛋白是由9种蛋白质构成。     

费氏中华根瘤菌042BS结瘤调节基因的克隆及功能检测

费氏中华根瘤菌 (Sinorhizobiumfredii) 0 4 2BS可以在大豆和苜蓿上结瘤。用费氏中华根瘤菌USDA2 5 7的nodD1和nodD2基因分别作为探针 ,与 0 4 2BS总DNA进行Southern杂交 ,发现其DNA经EcoRI酶切后分别在 3 0kb和 6 0kb处各有一条阳性带。回收这两条阳性带附近的DNA片段 ,建立部分基因文库 ,克隆到带有nodD1基因的 3 0kb片段 ,以及带有nodD2基因的 6 0kb片段。对nodD1和nodD2进行序列分析 ,结果表明 0 4 2BS的nodD1与费氏中华根瘤菌根瘤菌USDA2 5 7和USDA1 91的同源性高达 99% ,而nodD2与USDA2 5 7的同源性为1 0 0 %。再将nodD1的片段克隆到pBBRIMCS 5载体上 ,导入豌豆根瘤菌蚕豆生物变种 (Rhi zobiumleguminosarumbv.viciae)LPR5 0 5 4中进行功能检测 ,显示 0 4 2BS的nodD1均可被大豆分泌的类黄酮物质染料木黄酮以及苜蓿分泌的类黄酮物质毛地黄黄酮所诱导     

碱性蛋白酶生产菌——地衣芽孢杆菌(B. licheniformis)的温和噬菌体

碱性蛋白酶生产菌——地衣芽孢杆菌经丝裂霉素C或紫外线处理,均可诱导释放噬菌体,电镜观察表明噬菌体头部外廓呈六边形,有不收缩的尾部(头部40nm×40nm,尾部107×5,7nm),噬菌体BLL1 DNA对限制酶Eco R Ⅰ,HindⅢ和Bam H Ⅰ敏感,分别切割成8,15,和9个片段,经电泳法测定。噬菌体DNA分子量约相当于23.4kb,根据解链温度计算出噬菌体的G+C含量约为31.2摩尔％,噬菌体提纯的外壳蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳呈现5条主带,其分子量分别约为78000,72000,55000,39000,35000。     

小单孢菌40027菌株噬菌体的分离及其生物学特性的研究

以福堤霉素A产生菌──小单孢菌40027菌株为指示菌,从土壤中分离得到三株噬菌体:ΦHAU7、ΦHAU9和ΦHAU11。三株噬菌体的寄主专一性较强,在测试的15株放线菌菌株中,三株噬菌体能感染小单孢菌40027菌株和A-M-01菌株,ΦHAU9和ΦHAU11还能感染蔷薇小单孢菌(Micromonospora purprea)。三株噬菌体都是由多面体的头部和尾部组成;形成噬菌斑时培养基中适宜的Ca2 、Mg2 浓度分别为32mM和30mM;ΦHAU7在储存液中适宜的pH范围为6~12,而其它两株噬菌体的适宜的pH范围为6~10;在储存过程中三株噬菌体适宜的温度范围为28~37℃,经60℃保温30min后,除ΦHAU7仍有53%活力之外,其它两株噬菌体全部失活。限制性内切酶酶切结果表明:三株噬菌体基因组DNA均为双链DNA;基因组大小分别约为60kb、58kb和55kb。高压脉冲电泳结果揭示:三株噬菌体基因组DNA均具有粘性末端。     

细胞质雄性不育高粱叶绿体 ndh D 基因的序列变异

片段SAAU－02 700特异地扩增自7种具可育细胞质的高粱材料的总DNA,含有叶绿体psa C(88bp)和ndh D(192bp)基因的部分序列。该片段与Eco Ri HindⅢ酶切的总DNA,线粒体DNA和叶绿体DNA杂交,在总DNA中获得了0.74kb的杂交带,而在叶绿体中获得0.74kb和0．45kb两条杂交带。与线粒体DNA无杂交;与经Hae Ⅲ酶切的总DNA杂交,在不育系中获得4．9kb的杂交带,而保持系的杂交带为4．45kb。参考GenBank中高粱的近缘物种玉米叶绿体基因组的序列,构建了ndh D基因区的酶切位点图谱,借此分析得出高粱不育系的叶绿体ndh D基因序列已发生改变。这种变异与高粱细胞质雄性不育反生的关系正在探讨中。     

年轻与衰老2BS细胞中差异表达基因片段的筛选及特征分析

为探索人衰老机制 ,采用差异显示法分别从年轻和衰老 2BS细胞中筛选出特异的cDNA片段 .衰老相关细胞cDNA片段长 2 86bp ,命名为orc ,GenBank登录号为AI35 30 6 5 ;年轻相关的cDNA片段长 2 35bp ,命名为yrc ,GenBank登录号为AI35 30 6 4.Southernblot分析表明 ,yrc在衰老和年轻2BS细胞、BGC 82 3细胞中的BamHⅠ酶切图谱均出现约 3 0kb杂交带 .Northern印迹分析显示 ,yrc在年轻和衰老 2BS细胞中均有 1 0kb和 0 5kb杂交带 ,其中 1 0kb带在两种细胞间差异不大 ,而0 5kb带则在年轻细胞中明显高于衰老细胞 .在胎儿心、肺、肝中也可见 0 5kb和 1 0kb两条杂交带 ;而在胎盘及胎儿肌肉、肾、脑、皮肤中 ,则只可见 0 5kb杂交带 ,无 1 0kb带 .orc基因转录本长约 2 0kb ,在衰老 2BS细胞中的表达高于年轻细胞 .结果表明 ,orc和yrc分别与细胞衰老和年轻相关 ,yrc 0 5kb转录本在维持细胞年轻状态及胎儿组织发育过程中可能具有调节作用     

铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及耐噬菌体突变频率测定

用铜绿假单胞菌为宿主菌自污水中分离到3株不同的铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体,命名为PaP1、PaP2及PaP3者均为DNA双链噬菌体,基因组大小分别约为47kb、34kb及24kb。3株噬菌体原液滴度（pfu）分别为109/mL、1011/mL和1011/mL。PaP1为裂菌性噬菌体,PaP2及PaP3为溶原性噬菌体。电镜观察,3株噬菌体头部均为多面体立体对称颗粒,直径分别约为70nm、55nm和65nm。PaP1属肌尾噬菌体科,PaP2和PaP3属短尾噬菌体科。研究中还发现了铜绿假单胞菌的耐噬菌体现象及耐受菌与敏感菌之间的“菌群交替”现象,经测定铜绿假单胞菌耐噬菌体的突变机率在1.4×10-7～7.9×10-7之间。     

Genetic characteristics and genome structure of Streptomyces coelicolor actinophages]

Actinophage phi C31 of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) and two novel temperate actinophages phi C43 and phi C62 isolated from strains of blue actinomycetes group are homoimmune, serologically and functionally related. DNA molecules of phages phi C31, phi C43 and phi C62 have cohesive ends; sizes of DNAs of these phages and some mutants have been determined. The extent of homology between the DNAs of three phages is 93-96% as shown by heteroduplex analysis. The regions of non-homology are of a deletion-insertion type and of approximately 1500 base pairs in the length. Location of deletions in DNAs of mutant phages phi C31 vd and phi C31 c5 has been shown. Structural modifications in phage dnas have been found only to occur in the right part of molecules. Heteroduplex maps have been constructed for all phages studied.     

Dispensable sequences and packaging constraints of DNA from the Streptomyces temperate phage phi C31

Deletion mutants of the temperate Streptomyces phage phi C31 were selected by two methods: resistance to the chelating agent sodium pyrophosphate, and plating of a phi C31::pBR322 hybrid phage on Streptomyces albus G to obtain large plaque mutants. The deletions defined a 7.7 kilobase (kb) segment of the phi C31 genome which is inessential for plaque formation, in addition to a shorter segment including the repressor gene. Analysis of deletions and insertions suggested that the minimum size of the phi C31 genome allowing plaque formation is 37.5 kb (91% of the wild-type length of 41.2 kb), and the maximum is at least 42.4 kb (103%). These results indicate that it should be possible to introduce up to 10 kb of foreign DNA into a suitably developed phi C31 vector.     

Two generalized transducing phages in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus.

Two bacteriophages named phi VP253 and phi VP143 isolated after ultraviolet induction from lysogenic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have been shown to be generalized transducing phages. So far, seven different auxotrophic markers of a V. parahaemolyticus strain could be transduced at the frequencies ranging from 2.2 x 10(-7) to 7.5 x 10(-5) per infected cell at the m.o.i. of approximately 1.0. The phage phi VP143, but not phi VP253, lysed 20 of the 28 strains of V. alginolyticus and the occurrence of generalized transduction by this phage in this Vibrio species has been confirmed. Molecular size of the genomes of both phages were estimated to be approximately 48 kb as judged from electrophoretic mobilities of the DNAs digested with HindIII endonuclease. The results and similarity of the two phages in morphology and other properties suggest very close relatedness of the phages.     

The restriction endonucleases in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N strain. Substrate specificities.

Two species of restriction endonuclease were isolated by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from a cell-free extract of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. subtilits) N strain; a lower molecular weight endonuclease (endonuclease R.BamNI) and a higher molecular-weight one (endonuclease R.BamNx). Both of them required only Mg2+ for their activities. Endonuclease R.BamNx introduced a larger number of site-specific scissions in Excherchia coli phage lambda DNA that endonuclease R.BamNI did. Endonuclease R.BamNx cleaved Bacillus phage phi 105C DNA at the specific sites which are classified into two groups: one type of sites is modified by B. amyloliquefaciens H strain in vivo while the other is not affected. It was also active on DNA'S OF E. coli phage T7, lambdadvl, Simian virus 40 (SV40) and colicinogenic factor ColEI and was inactive on DNAs of Bacillus phages phi 29 and M2. Endonuclease R.BamHI isolated from H strain by Wilson and Young. This endonuclease was active on DNAs of phage lambda, lambdadvl and SV40, adn was inactive on DNAs of phages phi 105C, phi 29, M2 and T7, and ColEI DNA.     

RNA-mediated specificity of DNA packaging into hybrid lambda/phi 29 proheads.

A small RNA (pRNA, 174 nt) is known to be essential for DNA packaging in bacteriophage phi 29. However, in an in vitro DNA packaging system based on hybrid lambda/phi 29 proheads (made up of head proteins from phage lambda and connectors from phage phi 29), the specificity of DNA packaging is lost, and different RNA molecules fulfil the requirements for DNA packaging, albeit with less efficiency than phi 29 pRNA. Competition assays with RNAs from different sources have shown that phi 29 connectors bind preferentially pRNA. An increase in the efficiency of phi 29 DNA packaging into hybrid proheads induced by phi 29 pRNA is observed because, when phi 29 pRNA is incubated with hybrid proheads, phi 29 DNA is packaged more efficiently than other DNAs of similar length. Furthermore, when hybrid proheads carrying phi 29 pRNA are incubated with a mixture of DNAs from different sources, phi 29 DNA is selectively packaged, thus indicating that phi 29 pRNA determines the specificity of DNA packaging.     

A minor 9.8 kb rDNA unit of rice variety IR-20

A clone bearing a 9.8 kb EcoRI fragment of rice DNA containing the genes for the rRNAs and the intergenic spacer was identified by screening a rice genomic library in lambda Charon 4 phage with rRNAs. The 9.8 kb EcoRIDNA fragment was found to be a minor rDNA unit of rice variety IR-20. The rRNA genes and the intergenic spacer were mapped by hybridization and nucleotide sequence analyses. The DNAs in the intergenic spacer of the minor rDNA unit of 9.8 kb and the major rDNA unit of 8.9 kb cross-hybridized showing that those regions are homologous.     

Cryptic satellites rich in inverted repeats comprise 30% of the genome of a hermit crab

One major very highly repeated (VHR) DNA (approximately 7 X 10(6) copies/genome; repeat unit = 156 base pairs (bp)), a family of three minor VHR DNAs (approximately 2.8 X 10(6) copies/genome; repeat units = 71-74 bp), and a number of trace components account for almost 30% of the genome of a hermit crab. The repeat units of the three minor variants are defined by identical 14-bp G + C-rich inverted repeats that might form cruciforms. Two copies of the repeat unit (CCTA) of one of two patent satellites of this crab (Skinner, D. M., and Beattie, W. G. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 3922-3929; Skinner, D. M., Beattie, W. G., Blattner, F. R., Stark, B. P., and Dahlberg, J. E. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 3930-3937) occur at the center of one in seven of the G + C-rich inverted repeats; copies of the other patent satellite (Chambers, C. A., Schell, M. P., and Skinner, D. M. (1978) Cell 13, 97-110) are found in main component DNA. The sequences of both the major and minor VHR DNAs are characterized by short tracts of An and/or Tn (n = 4-7) residues whose presence would permit the formation of perfectly matched stems separated by loops of 8-16 bp. The An and/or Tn tracts are interspersed with segments of G + C-rich DNA and are arranged differently in the major and minor VHR DNAs. Although the repeat units of the major and the three minor VHR DNAs are arranged in tandem, the composition and sequence of their bases are such that they do not form distinct bands in CsCl gradients; they are cryptic satellites.     

Proposal of two subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum (Flügge) Moore and Holdeman: Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum subsp. nov., nom. rev. (ex Flügge 1886), and Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme subsp. nov., nom. rev. (ex Hallé 1898)

The biological and biochemical properties, DNA base compositions, and levels of DNA-DNA homology of two biovars of Fusobacterium necrophorum were examined. Some differences were found between the two biovars in biological and biochemical properties. The G + C contents of DNAs from biovar A strains VPI 2891T (T = type strain), NCTC 10576, N167, Fn47, and Fn43, were 32, 30, 29, 28, and 31 mol%, respectively. The G + C contents of DNAs from biovar B strains Fn524T, 606, Fn49, Fn45, and 1260 were 30, 31, 27, 31, and 30 mol%, respectively. Labeled DNA from biovar A strain VPI 2891T exhibited 100 to 80% relatedness to DNAs from biovar A strains and 59 to 51% relatedness to DNAs from biovar B strains. Labeled DNA from biovar B strain Fn524T exhibited 100 to 81% relatedness to DNAs from biovar B strains and 71 to 60% relatedness to DNAs from biovar A strains. Therefore, the names Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum subsp. nov., nom. rev. (ex Flügge 1886), and Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme subsp. nov., nom. rev. (ex Hallé 1898), are proposed for Fusobacterium necrophorum biovars A and B, respectively. The type strain of F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum is strain VPI 2891 (= JCM 3718 = ATCC 25286), and the type strain of F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme is strain Fn524 (= JCM 3724).