稀土离子对CaM及Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活力及CD研究

研究了稀土离子（Ｌｎ３＋）对钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）调控的Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活力影响。结果表明,在ＣａＭ和Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的体系中,一些Ｌｎ３＋（Ｌａ３＋、Ｇｄ３＋）对由ＣａＭ调节的Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活力影响呈现双相效应,即Ｌｎ３＋在低浓度时,能提高激活Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的水解活力;在高浓度时,则抑制ＣａＭ调节Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的能力;少数Ｌｎ３＋（Ｓｍ３＋）仅表现出抑制效应。在无ＣａＭ的Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ体系中,高浓度的Ｌｎ３＋抑制Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的基础活力。结合圆二色（ＣＤ）谱信息对Ｌｎ３＋和ＣａＭ相互作用的分子机制进行了初步的探讨。     

若干蝙蝠葛碱衍生物对人红细胞膜Ca^2＋—Mg^2＋——ATPase活力的影响

本文测定了数种蝙蝠葛碱衍生物对钙调素激活的人红细胞膜Ｃａ＾２＋－Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ和的影响,结果表明,这些化合物对该酶都有不同程度的抑制作用,其机制表现为性抑制,过量的ＣａＭ能完全逆转这些化合物所引起的抑制。当Ｃａ＾２＋－Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ被胰蛋白酶限制性酶解完全活化后,其活力不再受ＣａＭ激活,但仍被这些化合物所抑制。     

花生幼苗下胚轴质膜Ca2+-ATP酶及其对低温胁迫的反应

经６％－１２％ＤｅｘｔｒａｎＴ７０密度梯度离心,获得了纯度较高的７ｄ龄花生幼苗下胚轴质膜制剂,质膜Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ在反应系统不存在Ｍｇ＾２＋时,可正常表现水解ＡＴＰ的活性,但此活性明显低于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ不受Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制,不被Ｋ＾＋激活,而被Ｃｌ＾－抑制,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的最适,ｐＨ不同于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,低温胁迫显著提高质膜Ｃ     

白芷细胞外21kD钙调素结合蛋白的生理功能初探

利用Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００及ＣＭ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ层析法,从白芷悬浮培养细胞的胞外盐提液中纯化了２１ｋＤ钙调素结合蛋白（２１ｋＤ ＣａＭＢＰ）,测其等电点的ｐＨ为８．９,紫外薄层扫描显示其纯度达９４％以上,以此蛋白为抗原,用免疫小鼠得水法制备了特异性抗体。由纯化的２１ｋＤ ＣａＭＢＰ及其特异性抗体研究其对白芷悬浮培养细胞增殖的影响,结果表明：加入外源纯化的２１ｋＤ ＣａＭＢＰ抑制细胞增殖,     

家蚕滞育生物钟蛋白质Ease A4的纯化及其分子结构分析

ＥａｓｅＡ４是家蚕卵的一种滞育生物钟蛋白质．产下后２ｄ的家蚕Ｃ１０８品种滞育性卵,经过丙酮脱脂、８５℃热处理、硫酸铵沉淀和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２５凝胶过滤层析初步分离,进一步经过Ｓｅｐ－ＰａｋＣ１８脱盐浓缩,ＨＰＬＣ（柱为ＹＭＣ－ＰａｃｋＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ－ＲＰ）分离,通过ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和ＭＡＬＤＩＭＳ方法鉴定,纯化得到ＥａｓｅＡ４蛋白质．从１０ｇ蚕卵最终得到了１１．８μｇＥａｓｅＡ４．ＥａｓｅＡ４由从Ｈｉｓ到Ｔｙｒ的１５５个氨基酸残基构成,蛋白质部分的分子量为１６６０１．其２２位氨基酸残基Ａｓｎ处有一个Ａｓｎ－Ｘ－Ｔｈｒ糖基化场所,并有糖基结合在该部位,糖基的分子量约为７６０．ＥａｓｅＡ４的６１位和１５０位的两个Ｃｙｓ氨基酸残基之间存在二硫键．糖基和二硫键的存在不仅有利于酶蛋白的分离,还可能与酶活性有关     

小麦根液泡膜上存在两种类型ATPase

采用Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ柱层析的方法在小麦根液泡膜中分离出两种ＡＴＰａｓｅ,一种需Ｍｇ＾２＋存在于表现催化活性,受质子通道抑制剂ＤＣＣＤ（二环已基碳二亚胺）的抑制和Ｃｌ＾－的激活,为需Ｍｇ＾２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ,另一种不需Ｍｇ＾２＋就可表现出催化活性,受Ｃａ＾２＋的强烈激活,不受ＤＣＣＤ的抑制和Ｃｌ＾－激活,可能前者与转运质子有关,后者与Ｃａ＾２＋的转运有关。     

五种酶组织化学方洁显示大鼠海马微血管的比较

本文对１０例成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠海马,应用过氧化物酶二氨基联苯胺（ＤＡＢ）法、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＩＰ）、镁离子激活的三磷酸腺苷酶（Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）、钙离子激活的三磷酸腺昔酶（Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）和５’－核苷酸酶（５’－Ｎａｓｅ）等酶组织化学方法显示其微血管,并应用体视学方法测算,比较上述方法显示微血管的效果,结果表明：ＤＡＢ法显示微血管的效果最好,ＡＩＰ法次之,Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ法再次之。大鼠海马微血管Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ呈弱阳性,５‘－Ｎａｓｅ呈阴性。ＤＡＢ法和Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ法分别适宜作微血管长度密度和血管直径的定量分析。     

生物素标记钙调素用于植物钙调素结合蛋白的检测

用生物素标了己了花椰菜ＣａＭ。生物素标记的ＣａＭ具有与天然ＣａＭ相似的Ｃａ２＋依赖电泳特性,可激活ＣａＭ依赖性磷酸二酯酶,能够检测出５０ｎｇ的磷酸二酯酶。利用它建立了检测植物ＣａＭ结合蛋白的生物素－覆盖法（Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－ｏｖｅｒｌａｙ）并证实酶标亲和素可与胡萝卜愈伤组织内６４ｋＤ蛋白质非特异结合,因此将此法运用于植物材料时必需设置酶标亲和素处理的对照。用生物素－覆盖法检测胡萝卜愈伤组织形成过程中的ＣａＭ结合蛋白时可检出２,４－Ｄ诱导的ＣａＭ结合蛋白。     

DOPE、DOPC对重组去脂肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力和构象的影响

经磷脂酶Ａ２ 去脂的肌质网Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 重组于不同比例的二油酰磷脂酰胆碱（Ｄｉｏｌｅｏｙｌｐｈｏｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅ,ＤＯＰＣ） 和二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺（Ｄｉｏｌｅｏｙｌｐｈｏｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｅｔｈａｎｏｌａｍｉｎｅ,ＤＯＰＥ） 形成脂酶体,研究了不同磷脂环境中Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 的ＡＴＰ 水解和Ｃａ２ ＋ 转运活力。结果表明,ＤＯＰＣ 和ＤＯＰＥ 分别有利于ＡＴＰ 水解和Ｃａ２ ＋ 的转运,ＤＯＰＥ 可以增强Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 的ＡＴＰ水解和Ｃａ２ ＋ 转运之间的偶联效率。利用内源荧光、荧光淬灭及Ｆｏｒｓｔｅｒ 能量转移原理测定Ｃａ２ ＋ －ＡＴＰａｓｅ 相应的构象变化, 发现随着ＤＯＰＥ／ ＤＯＰＣ 比例的改变使Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 构象发生相应的变化。     

芝田硫化叶菌麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

用ＰＣＲ 方法从芝田硫化叶菌中扩增了编码一种新酶,即麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶（ ＭＴＳａｓｅ） 的基因,扩增的２－２ｋｂ ＤＮＡ 插入到原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０ 中,构建成重组质粒ｐＳＢＧＴ１ 。ｐＳＢＧＴ１ 中ＭＴＳａｓｅ 基因在大肠杆菌中得到表达。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ 分析表达产物ＭＴＳａｓｅ蛋白的分子量约为７４ｋＤａ ,同核苷酸序列测定所推导的值相符。表达产物占细胞总蛋白约４－４ ％ 。ｐＳＢＧＴ１ 产生的重组酶作用于淀粉部分水解物,使ＤＥ 值降低,得到非还原糖或低还原糖。     

Ca(2+)/Calmodulin-binding proteins from the C. elegans proteome

Calmodulin (CaM) is the primary Ca(2+)-sensor that regulates a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Although many Ca(2+)/CaM-binding proteins have been identified, very few such proteins could be found from the genome-wide protein-protein interaction maps of Caenorhabditis elegans constructed by yeast two-hybrid screening. Using a genotype-phenotype conjugation method called mRNA-display, we performed a selection for Ca(2+)/CaM-binding proteins from a proteome library of C. elegans. The method allowed the identification of 9 known and 47 previously uncharacterized Ca(2+)-dependent CaM-binding proteins from the adult worm proteome. The Ca(2+)/CaM-binding properties of these proteins were characterized and their binding motifs were identified. The availability of such information could facilitate our understanding of the signaling pathways mediated by Ca(2+)/CaM in C. elegans. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the method could be readily applied to examine the Ca(2+)-dependent binding partners of numerous other Ca(2+)-binding proteins, which may play important roles in many signaling pathways in C. elegans.     

Calcineurin B- and calmodulin-binding preferences identified with phage-displayed peptide libraries

Calcineurin B (CnB) and calmodulin (CaM) are two structurally similar but functionally distinct 'EF-hand' Ca2+-binding proteins. CnB is the regulatory subunit of the CaM-stimulated protein phosphatase, calcineurin. CaM is a unique multifunctional protein that interacts with and modulates the activity of many target proteins. CnB and CaM are both required for the full activation of the phosphatase activity of calcineurin and are not interchangeable. The two proteins recognize distinct binding sites on calcineurin A subunit (CnA) and perform different functions. Phage-displayed peptide libraries (pIII and pVIII libraries) were screened with CnB and CaM to isolate peptides that could then be compared to determine if there were binding preferences of the two proteins. The Ca2+-dependent binding of phage-displayed peptides to CnB and CaM is specifically blocked by synthetic peptides derived from the CnB-binding domain of CnA and the CaM-binding domain of myosin light chain kinase respectively. Both CnB- and CaM-binding peptides have a high content of tryptophan and leucine, but CnB-binding peptides are more hydrophobic than CaM-binding peptides. CnB-binding peptides are negatively charged with clusters of hydrophobic residues rich in phenylalanine, whereas the CaM-binding peptides are positively charged and often contain an Arg/Lys-Trp motif. The binding preferences identified with peptide libraries are consistent with the features of the CnB-binding domains of all CnA isoforms and the CaM-binding domains of CaM targets.     

Affinity isolation of heat-shock and other calmodulin-binding proteins following hyperthermia

The interaction of calmodulin (CaM) with heat-shock and other binding proteins was studied in rat adenocarcinoma cells. Cells were equilibrium-labeled for 48 h prior to heating for 1 h at 43 degrees C, or pulse-labeled for 2 h at 37 degrees C after heating, to monitor the effect of heat on the affinity of CaM-binding proteins synthesized under these conditions. A CaM antagonist shown to sensitize to heat killing, W-7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], was used in competition assays to help monitor any changes in affinity. We found that heating tended to reduce the CaM-binding of proteins synthesized before heating relative to their 37 degrees C controls and proteins synthesized after heating tended to have increased binding relative to their respective controls. Members of the heat-shock protein (hsp) 90-, 70-, and 26-kDa families were among the proteins that bound to CaM and were eluted by W-7. The peak elution fractions for the hsp's and other cellular proteins varied, but hsp-70 eluted in the early fractions. The hsp-70 family was also found to be among a number of W-7-binding proteins. We conclude that the assumption that CaM antagonists potentiate killing of heated cells solely by competing nonspecifically for CaM-binding protein sites on CaM does not explain the process completely. These antagonists could also act by competing for CaM-binding sites with specific proteins whose interaction with CaM is important for survival following heating, or by directly binding to other proteins whose function is important for survival and inhibiting their activity. We do not have sufficient data to discern the predominant mechanism among these possibilities, but we believe all are likely to occur in heated cells and speculate that inhibition of the functions of the hsp-70 family is important in several of these antagonist actions.     

Matrin 3 is a Ca2+/calmodulin-binding protein cleaved by caspases

Matrin 3 is a nuclear matrix protein that has been implicated in interacting with other nuclear proteins to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix, in modulating the activity of proximal promoters, and as the main PKA substrate following NMDA receptor activation. In our proteome-wide selections for calmodulin (CaM) binding proteins and for caspase substrates using mRNA-displayed human proteome libraries, matrin 3 was identified as both a Ca(2+)-dependent CaM-binding protein and a downstream substrate of caspases. We report here, the in vitro characterization of the CaM-binding motif and the caspase cleavage site on matrin 3. Significantly, the Ca(2+)/CaM-binding motif is partially overlapped by the RRM of matrin 3 and is also very close to the bipartite NLS that is essential for its nuclear localization. The caspase cleavage site is downstream of the NLS but upstream of the second U1-like zinc finger. Our results suggest that the functions of matrin 3 could be regulated by both Ca(2+)-dependent interaction with CaM and caspase-mediated cleavage.     

Expression of Calmodulin-Dependent Phosphodiesterase, Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Phosphatase, and Other Calmodulin-Binding Proteins in Human SMS-KCNR Neuroblastoma Cells

Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent enzymes, such as CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase (CaM-PDE), CaM-dependent protein phosphatase (CN), and CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II), are found in high concentrations in differentiated mammalian neurons. In order to determine whether neuroblastoma cells express these CaM-dependent enzymes as a consequence of cellular differentiation, a series of experiments was performed on human SMS-KCNR neuroblastoma cells; these cells morphologically differentiate in response to retinoic acid and phorbol esters [12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)]. Using biotinylated CaM overlay procedures, immunoblotting, and protein phosphorylation assays, we found that SMS-KCNR cells expressed CN and CaM-PDE, but did not appear to have other neuronal CaM-binding proteins. Exposure to retinoic acid, TPA, or conditioned media from human HTB-14 glioma cells did not markedly alter the expression of CaM-binding proteins; 21-day treatment with retinoic acid, however, did induce expression of novel CaM-binding proteins of 74 and 76 kilodaltons. Using affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies, CaM-PDE immunoreactivity was detected as a 75-kilodalton peptide in undifferentiated cells, but as a 61-kilodalton peptide in differentiated cells. CaM kinase II activity and subunit autophosphorylation was not evident in either undifferentiated or neurite-bearing cells; however, CaM-dependent phosphatase activity was seen. Immunoblot analysis with affinity-purified antibodies against CN indicated that this enzyme was present in SMS-KCNR cells regardless of their state of differentiation. Although SMS-KCNR cells did not show a complete pattern of neuronal CaM-binding proteins, particularly because CaM kinase II activity was lacking, they may be useful models for examination of CaM-PDE and CN expression. It is possible that CaM-dependent enzymes can be used as sensitive markers for terminal neuronal differentiation.     

玉米花粉形成过程不同阶段特异蛋白变化规律及酯酶同工酶研究

利用薄层胶电泳技术对玉米花粉形成过程不同阶段的酯酶同工酶及可溶性蛋白种类和含量变化进行了研究。结果表明在玉米花粉形成过程中的不同阶段酯酶同工酶的种类和活性均有不同。四分体时期出现两种小分子量酯酶同工酶到小孢子阶段即很快消失,早期小孢子阶段酯酶同工活性及种类达到高峰,以后则逐步递减。玉米花粉可溶性蛋白电泳显示玉米花粉形成过程中不同发育时期蛋白类和含量有很大变化。四分体时期存在有特异性蛋白（ＴＰ）,它     

The cilia of Paramecium tetraurelia contain both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-inhibitable calmodulin-binding proteins.

To identify protein targets for calmodulin (CaM) in the cilia of Paramecium tetraurelia, we employed a 125I-CaM blot assay after resolution of ciliary proteins on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. Two distinct types of CaM-binding proteins were detected. One group bound 125I-CaM at free Ca2+ concentrations above 0.5-1 microM and included a major binding activity of 63 kDa (C63) and activities of 126 kDa (C126), 96 kDa (C96), and 36 kDa (C36). CaM bound these proteins with high (nanomolar) affinity and specificity relative to related Ca2+ receptors. The second type of protein bound 125I-CaM only when the free Ca2+ concentration was below 1-2 microM and included polypeptides of 95 kDa (E95) and 105 kDa (E105). E105 may also contain Ca2+-dependent binding sites for CaM. Both E95 and E105 exhibited strong specificity for Paramecium CaM over bovine CaM. Ciliary subfractionation experiments suggested that C63, C126, C96, E95, and E105 are bound to the axoneme, whereas C36 is a soluble and/or membrane-associated protein. Additional Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding proteins of 63, 70, and 120 kDa were found associated with ciliary membrane vesicles. In support of these results, filtration binding assays also indicated high-affinity binding sites for CaM on isolated intact axonemes and suggested the presence of both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-inhibitable targets. Like E95 and E105, the Ca2+-inhibitable CaM-binding sites showed strong preference for Paramecium CaM over vertebrate CaM and troponin C. Together, these results suggest that CaM has multiple targets in the cilium and hence may regulate ciliary motility in a complex and pleiotropic fashion.     

Comparison of mRNA-display-based selections using synthetic peptide and natural protein libraries

mRNA display is a genotype-phenotype conjugation method that allows the amplification-based, iterative rounds of in vitro selection to be applied to peptides and proteins. Compared to prior protein selection techniques, mRNA display can be used to select functional sequences from both long natural protein and short combinatorial peptide libraries with much higher complexities. To investigate the basic features and problems of using mRNA display in studying conditional protein-protein interactions, we compared the target-binding selections against calmodulin (CaM) using both a natural protein library and a combinatorial peptide library. The selections were efficient in both cases and required only two rounds to isolate numerous Ca2+/CaM-binding natural proteins and synthetic peptides with a wide range of affinities. Many known and novel CaM-binding proteins were identified from the natural human protein library. More than 2000 CaM-binding peptides were selected from the combinatorial peptide library. Unlike sequences from prior CaM-binding selections that correlated poorly with naturally occurring proteins, synthetic peptides homologous to the Ca2+/CaM-binding motifs in natural proteins were isolated. Interestingly, a large number of synthetic peptides that lack the conventional CaM-binding secondary structures bound to CaM tightly and specifically, suggesting the presence of other interaction modes between CaM and its downstream binding targets. Our results indicate that mRNA display is an ideal approach to the identification of Ca2+-dependent protein-protein interactions, which are important in the regulation of numerous signaling pathways.     

Defect of calmodulin-binding protein in expression of interleukin-1 beta gene by LPS-nonresponder C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages

Peritoneal macrophages of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-refractory C3H/HeJ mouse failed to express the mRNA coding interleukin 1 (IL-1) beta when stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or LPS, though macrophages of LPS-responsive C3H/He responded to these stimulants. These results suggest that the defect of the response in C3H/HeJ macrophages toward LPS stimulation may be related to the Ca2+-dependent signal pathway. The extracts from the C3H/HeJ macrophages showed normal activities of both protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin (CaM) in comparison with those from LPS-responsive C3H/He macrophages. However, one species of CaM-binding proteins could hardly be detected by the cross-linking assay with 125I-CaM in C3H/HeJ macrophages stimulated by LPS. These results suggest that the LPS-refractory site in C3H/HeJ macrophages is related to the lack of this CaM-binding protein, and the Ca2+-dependent CaM system may play an important role in the activation of cells by LPS.