诱导性多潜能干细胞技术进展

诱导性多潜能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)可以通过在分化的成纤维细胞中导入特定的转录因子获得。IPS细胞与胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESCs)在形态,增殖能力,基因表达谱和畸胎瘤形成上没有区别,因此在研究疾病机制,药物筛选和毒理学上有重要的应用价值。一旦解决了安全性和效率问题,iPS细胞将在再生医学上有重要的应用价值。主要从提高转化效率、制备无遗传修饰的iPS细胞和疾病特异性的iPS细胞这3个近来在iPS领域飞速进展的方向做一综述。     

诱导性多潜能干细胞(iPS细胞)的研究进展

通过转染特定的基因组合可以将已分化的体细胞重编程为多潜能干细胞,这种干细胞称为诱导性多潜能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS cells)。这是近年来干细胞研究领域最令人瞩目的一项新的干细胞制备技术。iPS细胞的出现不仅为体细胞重编程去分化机制的研究提供了新的模型,而且为疾病发生发展相关机制研究与特异的细胞治疗带来了新的希望。就当前获取iPS细胞的方法、影响iPS细胞转化率和多能性维持的一些因素及其研究进展进行综述。     

iPS细胞:一种肿瘤细胞

诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)可以用于定向分化、动物发育、药物筛选和疾病治疗等研究和应用领域,可以避免ES细胞产生的免疫排斥和伦理道德问题.因此,iPS细胞的产生具有里程碑的意义,并迅速成为生物科学领域中的研究热点.然而,iPS细胞并非非常完美,没有任何瑕疵.研究过程中发现iPS细胞存在诱导频率过低、致瘤性、临床应用安全等一系列问题.本文主要综述有关iPS细胞前期研究成果和iPS细胞存在的一些问题以及iPS细胞与肿瘤细胞之间的联系.     

药物代谢动力学在药物研发中的意义及应用

药物代谢动力学是一门研究药物在机体内动态规律的一门学科,其研究方式以方法阐述及数学原理为主,对药物在生物体内的过程进行定量研究。本研究对药物代谢动力学在临床毒理学、药理学、中药现代化及新药研发中的应用进行了分析研究。     

军事医学科学院药物毒理学研究30年回顾

军事医学科学院的药物毒理学研究源远流长、与时俱进,经过近30年的积累与发展,已建立一整套服务于新药发现、临床前开发、临床实验及上市后监督再评价等完整研发链条的药物毒理学研究体系和学科群,涵盖新药早期发现毒理学、非临床安全性评价以及药物毒性作用机制研究等内容,通过与新药研发体系中其他学科互动与协作,为军事医学科学院乃至全国的新药研发提供了良好的非临床安全性评价的技术平台和保障.     

iPS在临床应用的新进展

诱导性多潜能干细胞,即iPS细胞,是近年来干细胞领域最令人瞩目的一项新的干细胞制造技术,这个技术通过特定的基因组合与转染可以将已分化的体细胞诱导重编程为未分化的多能细胞.与胚胎干细胞(ES)不同,iPS细胞的制造不需要胚胎组织,也不涉及伦理学问题,更重要的是制备iPS细胞可以采用病人自己的体细胞制备,避免免疫排斥反应,并且来源广泛,因此给再生医学实践于临床带来了新的曙光.目前,iPS的研究尚处于初级阶段,本文就iPS的研究现状与已有在临床应用相关的实验报道作以综述.     

iPS细胞研究的新进展及应用

通过导入特定的转录因子可将分化的体细胞重编程为诱导性多能干细胞(Induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS cells),这项技术避免了干细胞研究领域的免疫排斥和伦理道德问题,是生命科学领域的一次巨大革命。与胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cells,ES cells)一样,iPS细胞能够自我更新并维持未分化状态,在体内可分化为3个胚层来源的所有细胞,进而参与形成机体所有组织和器官。在体外,iPS细胞可定向诱导分化出多种成熟细胞。因此,iPS细胞在理论研究和临床应用等方面都极具应用价值。文章对iPS细胞诱导的最新研究进展、iPS细胞诱导的不同方法,如何提高iPS细胞的制备效率和安全性,iPS细胞在基础研究以及临床研究等方面的应用进行了全面综述,并探讨了iPS细胞研究领域面临的问题以及该技术在转基因动物研究中的发展前景。     

诱导型细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)和诱导型多能干细胞(iPS细胞)的研究进展为生物学基础研究注入了新的活力,然而免疫排斥、致瘤性以及诱导效率低等缺陷制约其进一步快速发展和临床应用．最近,科学家借鉴iPS细胞诱导技术和传统的诱导体系,将终末分化细胞直接诱导为功能性细胞,如心肌细胞、神经细胞和肝脏细胞,称为诱导型细胞．这些研究进展极大地促进了细胞分化、重编程和表观遗传学的研究,也为人类再生医学的研究提供了新的途径．     

基于合成基因线路的智能药物

合成生物学自诞生以来对生物学领域的研究产生了重要的影响。利用工程学思维与方法,合成生物学揭开了生命系统许多调控机制,改造并扩展了一系列生物元件,同时带来了广泛的生物医学应用,为疾病诊断与治疗提供了新的思路。本文综述了适用于哺乳动物细胞或者细菌的合成基因线路并用于疾病诊断与治疗领域的最新进展,为未来智能药物设计提供新的思路。     

iPS细胞的制备者——山中伸弥

iPS细胞是一种通过转入特定基因而将体细胞诱导出来的干细胞,拥有全能性,在治疗器官衰竭或坏死方面具有巨大潜力。2006年,日本科学家山中伸弥首次将小鼠成纤维细胞转入4个转录因子而制备成功iPS细胞,随后利用相似方法还获得人的iPS细胞．证明了这个方法的可行性。iPS细胞的发明从根本上改变了发育生物学领域的研究,为许多疾病的治疗带来了新的希望。通过介绍山申伸弥及iPS细胞的制备过程,对iPS发明历史有一个轮廓性的认识。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。