功能性大豆低聚糖分离纯化工艺现状

大豆构成成分内,主要由水苏糖、蔗糖及棉籽糖共同构成的具有可溶性质的糖类统称为大豆低聚糖。除此之外,葡萄糖、果糖等也是大豆低聚糖的组成成分之一。文章以研究大豆低聚糖的工艺为基本点,深刻探究大豆低聚糖的开发与研究过程对科学发展所产生的深远影响。     

大豆Harosoy近等基因系低聚糖及其组分含量的变异分析

以高效液相色谱技术检测在北京和内蒙古种植的供试材料Harosoy近等基因系的低聚糖及其组分含量,考查Harosoy近等基因系的低聚糖含量的变异和不同地点材料的低聚糖及其组分含量相互间的相关性,低聚糖及其组分含量分别与蛋白质、脂肪含量间的相关性。研究结果表明,内蒙古种植材料低聚糖含量的平均值均高于北京种植的材料,说明内蒙古的条件有利于大豆的低聚糖形成和贮存。北京和内蒙古的材料蔗糖含量分布范围分别是3.3%~6.5%、3.9%~6.9%,棉籽糖分布范围分别是0.6%~1.4%、0.7%~1.1%,水苏糖分布范围分别是2.7%~3.7%、2.8%~3.8%,大豆低聚糖分布范围分别是6.9%~10.9%、7.8%~11.3%。同时发现,两地种植材料的低聚糖含量间和蔗糖含量间均具有显著负相关性,蔗糖含量间r=-0.7810,低聚糖含量间r=-0.7355;低聚糖及其组分含量与蛋白质、脂肪含量间均无相关性(P0.05)。还发现了低聚糖及其组分含量在两地稳定表达的材料共10个。     

大豆低聚糖对人胃癌细胞株BGC-823细胞的细胞凋亡和细胞周期的影响

目的通过观察大豆低聚糖对胃癌癌细胞株BGC-823细胞的细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响,探索乳酸杆菌发酵滤液对胃癌细胞作用的可能机制。方法用光镜和流式细胞仪分析不同浓度大豆低聚糖对BGC-823细胞的凋亡诱导效果;用流式细胞仪分析不同浓度大豆低聚糖对BGC-823细胞细胞周期的影响。结果大豆低聚糖可以诱导BGC-823细胞的凋亡。形态学观察处理后的BGC-823细胞,可见细胞变形,细胞皱缩,体积变小,细胞间隙增大,细胞核固缩。流式细胞仪分析50 mg/ml和100 mg/ml大豆低聚糖作用48 h和72 h BGC-823细胞的凋亡比例,分别为6.76%和7.93%。50 mg/ml大豆低聚糖作用48 h,引起BGC-823细胞G1期阻滞,100 mg/ml大豆低聚糖作用48 h,引起BGC-823细胞出现S期阻滞。结论大豆低聚糖可诱导部分BGC-823细胞凋亡。大豆低聚糖对BGC-823细胞的生长抑制作用在低浓度时可能通过G1期阻滞实现,在高浓度时可能通过S期阻滞实现。     

功能性低聚糖及其检测方法研究的现状

低聚糖（oligosaccharides）又称寡糖,是由2～10个单糖以直链或分支结构形成的糖类的总称。低聚糖包括普通低聚糖和功能性低聚糖（functional oligosaccharides）。普通低聚糖有蔗糖、麦芽糖、麦芽三糖等。而功能性低聚糖如低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、大豆低聚糖、低聚异麦芽糖,是一类在人体不被消化,具有特殊生理功能,特别是有益于肠道健康的一类低聚糖,是一种功能性食品的重要基料。     

大豆低聚糖对小鼠体液免疫功能的影响试验研究

通过利用大豆低聚糖对小鼠灌服后溶血素生成量的测定,阐明大豆低聚糖对小鼠体液免疫功能的影响。     

大豆低聚糖对肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌的促生长作用

目的:观察大豆低聚糖和所含糖对肠道菌群中双歧杆菌、肠杆菌体外促生长作用。方法:按1％大豆低聚糖、0．36％水苏糖、0．52％蔗糖、0．11％棉子糖含量配制培养液,分别接种各试验菌株,在0、12、24小时测定各培养液吸光度A值(分光光度计．550nm)和pH值。结果:经24小时培养,加大豆低聚糖的双歧杆菌标准株和临床分离株培养液A值分别为>1．5和1．307,大于肠杆菌标准株和临床分离株的1．1和1．173,而其pH值小于肠杆菌;加水苏糖的双歧杆菌培养液A值为1．47,大于蔗糖的1．4和棉子糖的0．53。结论:大豆低聚糖促双歧杆菌生长作用大于促肠杆菌生长,水苏糖是促双歧杆菌增殖生长的主要成分。     

传统大豆发酵食品中大豆低聚糖的生理功能研究

大豆低聚糖是大豆中可溶性碳水化合物的总称,在大豆和传统大豆发酵食品中含量丰富。近年研究发现大豆低聚糖在改善肠胃道功能、抗肿瘤、调节血脂等方面具有着重要的生理活性,因此引起了国内外研究人员的广泛关注。大豆低聚糖的研究,不仅能为功能性大豆制品的开发提供理论基础,也能为人们合理的膳食提供参考。本文综述了近年来国内外对大豆低聚糖生理保健机能的研究进展。     

常见几种功能性低聚糖对肠道菌群调节机制的研究进展

低聚糖(oligosaccharides)又称寡糖,是一种新型功能性糖源。它可分为普通低聚糖和功能性低聚糖,目前研究较多的是功能性低聚糖。功能性低聚糖对肠道菌群的调节机制已成为医学研究的热点之一。目前研究比较成熟的功能性低聚糖主要有低聚果糖、低聚木糖、大豆低聚糖、低聚异麦芽糖和低聚半乳糖等。同时,由于香蕉的润肠通便作用,对香蕉低聚糖的研究日益成为热点。现就常见的几种功能性低聚糖对肠道菌群调节机制的研究进展作一综述。     

酶法制备功能性纤维低聚糖的研究

研究里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C30纤维素酶单一组分EGI、EGII和CBHI降解纤维素的机理及纤维低聚糖酶法制备技术,进而初步研究纤维低聚糖对青春双歧杆菌的增殖作用。以内切葡聚糖酶EGII酶法制备纤维低聚糖,每克纤维素最佳酶用量1 U,最佳酶解时间90 min,制备得到的纤维低聚糖中纤维二糖、纤维三糖和纤维四糖占总糖的比例分别为43.8%、34.8%和7.9%。以纤维二糖、纤维低聚糖为C源增殖青春双歧杆菌,菌体质量浓度增殖倍数分别为2.14、2.84。     

功能性低聚糖生产工艺的研究现状

功能性低聚糖（functional oligosaccharides）是由2—10个单糖通过糖苷键连接形成直链或支链的一类寡糖,具有低热量、抗龋齿、抗肿瘤、防治糖尿病、防止腹泻和便秘等生理作用。因具有糖类某些共同特性,可作为甜食配料,但人体肠道内不具备分解消化功能性低聚糖的酶系统,所以不被人体胃酸、胃酶降解,不在小肠吸收,直接进入大肠内为双歧杆菌所利用,是一类优良的双歧杆菌增殖因子,故又名双歧因子。功能性低聚糖包括水苏糖、棉子糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖、低聚半乳糖、大豆低聚糖和低聚异麦芽糖等。近年来,国外上市品种有10多种,生产批量较大,我国自1996年开始才有批量生产,主要以低聚异麦芽糖、低聚果糖和大豆低聚糖为主。本文综述了不同种类的功能性低聚糖及生产工艺的现状。     

Enzyme synthesis of oligosaccharides using cashew apple juice as substrate

The use of agriculture substrates in industrial biotechnological processes has been increasing because of their low cost. In this work, the use of clarified cashew apple juice was investigated as substrate for enzyme synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharide. The results showed that cashew apple juice is a good source of reducing sugars and can be used as substrate for the production of dextransucrase by Leuconostoc citreum B-742 for the synthesis of oligosaccharides using the crude enzyme. Optimal oligosaccharide yield (approximately 80%) was obtained for sucrose concentrations lower than 60 g/L and reducing sugar concentrations higher than 100 g/L.     

Rapid production of ethanol in high concentration by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through soya flour supplementation

Summary Ethanol concentration and fermentation productivities were substantially increased when soya extract was added to the fermentation medium using immobilized cells of a locally isolated strain of S. cerevisiae. Very high concentrations, 152 and 162 g/l of ethanol, were obtained from a medium containing 300 and 350 g/l sugars respectively by supplementing the medium with soya extract. The fermentation time was also reduced by more than 50%.     

Development of selectable marker free,insect resistant,transgenic mustard (Brassica juncea) plants using Cre/loxmediated recombination

β-Fructofuranosidases (or invertases) catalyse the commercially-important biotransformation of sucrose into short-chain fructooligosaccharides with wide-scale application as a prebiotic in the functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. We identified a β-fructofuranosidase gene (CmINV) from a Ceratocystis moniliformis genome sequence using protein homology and phylogenetic analysis. The predicted 615 amino acid protein, CmINV, grouped with an existing clade within the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 32 and showed typical conserved motifs of this enzyme family. Heterologous expression of the CmINV gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742∆suc2 provided further evidence that CmINV indeed functions as a β-fructofuranosidase. Firstly, expression of the CmINV gene complemented the inability of the ∆suc2 deletion mutant strain of S. cerevisiae to grow on sucrose as sole carbohydrate source. Secondly, the recombinant protein was capable of producing short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) when incubated in the presence of 10% sucrose. Purified deglycosylated CmINV protein showed a molecular weight of ca. 66 kDa and a Km and Vmax on sucrose of 7.50 mM and 986 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Its optimal pH and temperature conditions were determined to be 6.0 and 62.5°C, respectively. The addition of 50 mM LiCl led to a 186% increase in CmINV activity. Another striking feature was the relatively high volumetric production of this protein in S. cerevisiae as one mL of supernatant was calculated to contain 197 ± 6 International Units of enzyme. The properties of the CmINV enzyme make it an attractive alternative to other invertases being used in industry.     

Totally chlorine-free bleaching of flax pulp

Invertase and urease are enzyme entities highly associated with the cells of the astaxanthin-producer yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) during any stage of its cell growth cycle. In this study cellobiose was a more efficient carbon source than sucrose or its hexose counterparts for invertase expression. Extensive ultrasonication or abrasion with glass pearls were required in order to promote enzyme release. In contrast to the yeast whose growth declines above 27 degrees C, the released enzymes displayed a higher optimum temperature range when assayed in vitro. Isoforms from both enzymes could be resolved either by FPLC on DEAE-Sepharose or by an affinity approach on immobilized Concanavalin. The zymogram for invertase showed a pI somewhat less acidic than that of the similar enzyme from S. cerevisiae.     

Sucrose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking hexose transport

Sucrose is the major carbon source used by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during production of baker's yeast, fuel ethanol and several distilled beverages. It is generally accepted that sucrose fermentation proceeds through extracellular hydrolysis of the sugar, mediated by the periplasmic invertase, producing glucose and fructose that are transported into the cells and metabolized. In the present work we analyzed the contribution to sucrose fermentation of a poorly characterized pathway of sucrose utilization by S. cerevisiae cells, the active transport of the sugar through the plasma membrane and its intracellular hydrolysis. A yeast strain that lacks the major hexose transporters (hxt1-hxt7 and gal2) is incapable of growing on or fermenting glucose or fructose. Our results show that this hxt-null strain is still able to ferment sucrose due to direct uptake of the sugar into the cells. Deletion of the AGT1 gene, which encodes a high-affinity sucrose-H(+) symporter, rendered cells incapable of sucrose fermentation. Since sucrose is not an inducer of the permease, expression of the AGT1 must be constitutive in order to allow growth of the hxt-null strain on sucrose. The molecular characterization of active sucrose transport and fermentation by S. cerevisiae cells opens new opportunities to optimize yeasts for sugarcane-based industrial processes.     

Role of Competition for Sugars by Yeasts in the Biocontrol of Gray Mold of Apple

The yeasts, Cryptococcus laurentii BSR-Y22 or Sporobolomyces roseus FS-43-238, but not Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY-1, reduced gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea ) when applied to wounds of apples (cv. Golden Delicious) which were stored at 22IC for 7 days or 3IC for up to 2 months. The role of competition for sugars by these yeasts as a mechanism of antagonism was investigated at 22IC. Populations of C. laurentii and S. roseus in wounds were 6-9 times greater than those of S. cerevisiae from 1 to 7 days following inoculation. Yeasts in wounds utilized more 14C-labelled fructose, glucose or sucrose than conidia of B. cinerea during 48 h, but yeasts did not differ in their utilization of sugars. Utilization of 14C-sugars by yeasts in vitro was greater at most sampling times for conidia; the uptake after 48 h was always greater for yeasts and the addition of nitrogen did not alter this result. The utilization of 14C-sugars by S. roseus in vitro was greater than that in the other yeasts. The uptake and utilization of 14C-fructose by C. laurentii or S. roseus was greater than that of S. cerevisiae , but the utilization of glucose or sucrose by C. laurentii and S. cerevisiae was similar and the uptake of these sugars by these yeasts did not differ. Yeasts mixed with conidia in sterile, dilute solutions of fructose, glucose or sucrose, or in dilute apple juice inhibited conidial germination compared with no-yeast controls; S. cerevisiae was less effective than C. laurentii or S. roseus . Only yeasts rapidly depleted sugars from juice or sugar solutions. Yeasts did not alter the pH or oxygen content of dilute juice to the detriment of conidial germination. These results strongly suggest that competition for sugars by yeasts played a role in the biocontrol of gray mold, but that some other factor(s) most likely contributed to differences in efficacy between the yeasts.     

蜜蜂螺原体的分离鉴定及致病性研究

从患"爬蜂病"的蜜蜂体内分离到一株螺原体M10,具有典型的螺原体形态和运动性,能透过0.22μm孔径的滤膜,在含青霉素浓度为2000U/mL的R-2培养基中生长良好。该菌株生长需要血清,能利用葡萄糖、精氨酸、不能利用尿素,其16S rDNA序列与Spiroplasma melliferum BC-3(=ATCC33219)同源性为99.86%。通过饲喂菌液的方式,发现供试蜜蜂4d开始出现"爬蜂病"病症,15d内71%的蜜蜂死亡,说明M10对蜜蜂具有较强的致病性,且感染致死的蜜蜂体内螺原体的分离率为100%,利用螺原体特异性16S rDNA引物在感染致死的蜜蜂的不同部位(头、胸、腹、足)均能扩增出螺原体16S rDNA,反映了螺原体对蜜蜂的系统性侵染。     

Differences between pectic enzymes produced by laboratory and wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The laboratory strain of S. cerevisiae, IM1-8b, showed pectolytic activity in the presence of either glucose, fructose, or sucrose as the carbon source, but not with galactose. The enzyme activity was rapidly lost with shaking. The optimum pH and temperature for activity were 4.5 and 45°C, respectively. The enzyme was an endopolygalacturonase, since it preferentially hydrolysed pectate over pectin and decreased the viscosity of a 5% polygalacturonic solution by about 30% in 30min producing oligogalacturonic acid and digalacturonic acid as end-products.     

酿酒酵母菌耐热性快速鉴别的方法研究

目的:找出快速有效的鉴别酵母耐热性的方法。方法:酿酒酵母菌经过不同温度热激处理后,用美兰染色计数、稀释平板计数、发酵活力直接测定法和浊度测定法对酿酒酵母菌耐热性进行了测定,同时对酵母菌的形态也进行了观察。结果:表明浊度测定的结果和发酵活力直接测定法测定的结果关系没有相关性,不便用来测定酵母菌的活力。用美兰染色计数、稀释平板计数和发酵活力直接测定法所得的结果有同样的趋势,通过相关性分析,这些方法都可以表示酵母菌的活力,但各有其特点。其中,美兰染色计数是鉴别酵母耐热性的快速有效的方法。