6—8周龄Wistar大白鼠血清尿素氮的抽样测试与统计分析

为提供大白鼠血清尿素氮正常值范围的参考，该文对６～８周龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大白鼠随机抽样，♀，♂各１３１只，眼底静脉丛取血，用二乙酰肟法测血清尿素氮，按统计学原理进行统计，并对总体正常值范围估计。结果，♂：ｘ±ｓ＝１２２３±３３０μ±Ｓｘ＝１２２３±０２９，μ的可信区间估计为１１６５～１２８１（９５％可信度）和１１５５～１２９１（９９％可信度），正常值范围估计为６４～１９３（含９５％总体）和５１～２１７（含９９％总体）；♀：ｘ±ｓ＝１３３５±３１０，μ±Ｓｘ＝１３３５±０２７，μ的可信区间估计１２８１～１３８９（９５％可信度）和１２７１～１３９９（９９％可信度），正常值范围估计为７４～１９２（含９５％总体）和５８～２１４（含９９％总体），单位均为ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，性别间有显著性差异。结果可作为科研，教学等的大白鼠血清尿素氮正常值的参考。     

无细胞百日咳菌苗纯度和生物学特性研究

本文对无细胞百日咳菌苗的纯度、免疫力和毒性进行了研究。实验证明菌苗中不仅含有百日咳毒素（ＰＴ）和丝状血凝素（ＦＨＡ）,而且还含有百日咳凝集素和百日咳粘着素。菌苗的纯度为５０％－９５．７％,菌苗中ＰＴ和ＦＨＡ的比例为１：１－１：１８。     

不同月龄婴儿接种DTP后血清中百日咳抗体水平的观测

本文对比观察了２１３例２月龄、３月龄婴儿接种ＤＴＰ后百日咳抗体水平的变化,探讨了母传抗体对免后抗体增长的影响。结果表明２月龄、３月龄婴儿ＤＴＰ免疫后１个月和３个月血清中百日咳抗体达保护水平的百分率无显著性差异（ｘ￣２＝０．０３６,ｐ＞０．９;ｘ￣２＝０．３２７,ｐ＞０．５）,免后１个月抗体ＧＭＴ无显著性差异（ｔ＝０．１７,ｐ＞０．５）,免后３个月抗体ＧＭＴ３月龄组高于２月龄组（ｔ＝２．２２,ｐ＜０．０５）。我们还发现免前抗体水平与免后１个月ＧＭＴ虽有负相关（ｒ＝—０,７５４）的倾向,但总体上对抑制免后抗体应答不明显,因而建议将儿童ＤＴＰ基础免疫的起始月龄提前至２月龄进行。     

乙型肝炎疫苗中游离抗原对免疫效果的影响

将按《生物制品规程》制备除氢氧化铝吸附方式不同外,其余所有过程均一致的疫苗各１０批,在ＨＢｓＡｇ含量相同前提下,于５００公升大罐内吸附制备的疫苗中游离抗原含量比在１０公升瓶内吸附制备的疫苗高４倍,两者均数分别为３０４．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ和７３．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ,吸附率分别为９７．９５％和９９．５１％;用ＲＰＨＡ测定游离抗原滴度前者也比后者高２倍;动物免疫效价（ＥＤ５０）高４７％。在上述吸附率范围内,游离抗原含量与ＥＤ５０呈正相关（ｒ＝０．７１７９Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

国产与法国Merieux产伤寒Vi多糖菌苗人体接种反应及血清抗体应答比较

作者对国产伤寒Ｖｉ多糖菌苗和法国Ｍｅｒｉｅｕｘ产伤寒Ｖｉ多糖菌苗人体接种反应及血清抗体应答情况进行比较,接种后６～８小时法国菌苗的体温反应同国产菌苗相比有显著性差异（ｘ２＝５．３４７,０．２５＞Ｐ＞０．０１）,２４小时后反应消失,免后一月国产菌苗和法国菌苗Ｖｉ抗体四倍增长率分别为９１．８０％和８９．６％（ｘ２＝０．１６４,Ｐ＞０．０５）,ＧＭＴ分别为３６．９４和３５．４９（ｔ＝０．６５３,Ｐ＞０．０５）,二者均无显著性差异。     

6—8周龄Wistar大白鼠血清谷丙转氨酶的抽样测试与统计分析

对６～８周龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大白鼠随机抽样，♂１３６只，♀１３７只，眼底静脉丛抽血，用赖氏法测血清谷丙转氨酶，按统计学原理进行统计，并对总体正常值范围估计。结果，♂：Ｘ±Ｓ＝４０１３±１４１３，μ±ＳＸ＝４０１３±１２１，μ的可信区间估计为３７７２～４２５４（９５％可信度）和３６９５～４３３１）９９％可信度，正常值范围估计为１３～６９（含９５％总体）和９～７７（含９９％总体）；♀：Ｘ±Ｓ＝３８１６±１５５１，μ±ＳＸ＝３８１６±１３３，μ的可信区间估计为３５５３～４０７９（９５％可信度）和３４６８～４１６４（９９％可信度），正常值范围估计为９～７０（含９５％总体）和６～８１（含９９％总体），单位均为卡门氏单位，性别间无显著性差异。     

ELISA 法用于马抗狂犬病毒抗体的检测

本文建立了ＥＬＩＳＡ间接法,用以检测精制（马）抗狂犬病血清（或血浆）制造过程中的中和抗体效价,并与传统的小鼠脑内中和法比较。结果表明（１）两种检测方法对不同水平抗体的检出是一致的。它们之间有很好的线性关系（ｙ＝２．１７ｘ＋２１,ｒ＝０．９９,ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）应用ＥＬＩＳＡ间接法测定马抗狂犬病血清效价简便、快速、特异性及重复性好,可代替小鼠脑内中和法。     

无细胞百日咳菌苗毒性试验参考苗制备条件的探讨

将不同灭活条件下制备的无细胞百日咳毒性试验参考苗进行了检测。结果表明,以浓度０．１％Ｆｏｒｍａｌｉｎ溶液２５℃灭活９６－１２０小时制备的无细胞百日咳菌苗毒性试验参考苗,凝集效价仍可达到百日咳Ⅰ相血清原效价;不耐热毒素试验呈阴性;毒性试验ＢＷＤＵ／ｍｌ为７５．９－１２８．４;ＬＰＵ／ｍｌ为２．１－６．０;ＨＳＵ／ｍｌ为３．９－５．７;稳定性良好。该苗可标化作为无细胞百日咳菌苗毒性试验的参考标准     

兽类的死亡率

本文共收集了３３种兽类的年均死亡率数据。求得陆生兽类的死亡率和体重的回归模型为： Ｄｔ＝０．６９５－０．０９７３ｌｎ Ｗｔ（ｒ２＝０．８６５,ｐ＜０．００１） Ｄｈ＝０．７３２－０．１００ｌｎ Ｗｈ（ｒ２＝０．８９１,ｐ＜０．００１） Ｄｃ＝０．６１９－０．０９０８ｌｎ Ｗｃ（ｒ２＝０．８６９,ｐ＜０．００１）这里,Ｄｔ、Ｄｈ和 Ｄｃ分别为陆生兽类、食植兽类和食肉兽类的年均死亡率;Ｗｔ、Ｗｈ和 Ｗｃ则分别是它们的体重（公斤）。研究发现：陆生兽类的体重决定了年均死亡率８６％以上的变异：食肉兽类比同样体重的食植兽类的年均死亡率小;飞行兽类比同样体重的陆生兽类的年均死亡率小。兽类死亡率的这一变异规律被认为和能量限制有关。     

安徽省宁国县畲族红细胞血型分布

调查１６０名安徽省宁国县畲族村民的ＡＢＯ、Ｒｈ、Ｐ、ＭＮ系统红细胞血型,结果显示ＡＢＯ血型表型频率分布为Ｏ（０．４６８７）〉Ｂ（０．２３７５）〉Ａ（０．２２５０）〉ＡＢ（０．０６８８）,基因频率ｐ＝０．１５００,ｑ＝０．１５７５,ｒ＝０．６９２５;Ｒｈ血型表型频率分布为ＣＣｄｅｅ（０．５３８５）〉ＣＣＤＥ（０．１６６７）〉ＣｃＤＥ（０．１４７４）〉ＣｃＤｅｅ（０．０９６１）〉ｃｃＤＥ（０．０３２１     

Linkage group selection: towards identifying genes controlling strain specific protective immunity in malaria

Protective immunity against blood infections of malaria is partly specific to the genotype, or strain, of the parasites. The target antigens of Strain Specific Protective Immunity are expected, therefore, to be antigenically and genetically distinct in different lines of parasite. Here we describe the use of a genetic approach, Linkage Group Selection, to locate the target(s) of Strain Specific Protective Immunity in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi. In a previous such analysis using the progeny of a genetic cross between P. c. chabaudi lines AS-pyr1 and CB, a location on P. c. chabaudi chromosome 8 containing the gene for merozoite surface protein-1, a known candidate antigen for Strain Specific Protective Immunity, was strongly selected. P. c. chabaudi apical membrane antigen-1, another candidate for Strain Specific Protective Immunity, could not have been evaluated in this cross as AS-pyr1 and CB are identical within the cell surface domain of this protein. Here we use Linkage Group Selection analysis of Strain Specific Protective Immunity in a cross between P. c. chabaudi lines CB-pyr10 and AJ, in which merozoite surface protein-1 and apical membrane antigen-1 are both genetically distinct. In this analysis strain specific immune selection acted strongly on the region of P. c. chabaudi chromosome 8 encoding merozoite surface protein-1 and, less strongly, on the P. c. chabaudi chromosome 9 region encoding apical membrane antigen-1. The evidence from these two independent studies indicates that Strain Specific Protective Immunity in P. c. chabaudi in mice is mainly determined by a narrow region of the P. c. chabaudi genome containing the gene for the P. c. chabaudi merozoite surface protein-1 protein. Other regions, including that containing the gene for P. c. chabaudi apical membrane antigen-1, may be more weakly associated with Strain Specific Protective Immunity in these parasites.     

Immunity in Decapod Crustaceans

Immunity in the decapod crustaceans is surveyed. Types of immuneresponses include encapsulation, phagocytosis with or withoutthe aid of serum factors, bactericidins active with or withoutthe aid of hemocyte factors, hemagglutinins, hemolysins, agglutinins,and precipitins. Immunity to gaffkemia in Panulirus interruptusis also discussed.     

Plant immunity from A to Z

A report of The Keystone Symposium on Plant Innate Immunity, Keystone, USA, 10-15 February 2008.     

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem

In the absence of specialized mobile immune cells, plants utilize their localized programmed cell death and Systemic Acquired Resistance to defend themselves against pathogen attack. The contribution of a specific Arabidopsis gene to the overall plant immune response can be specifically and quantitatively assessed by assaying the pathogen growth within the infected tissue. For over three decades, the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Psm ES4326) has been widely applied as the model pathogen to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the Arabidopsis immune response. To deliver pathogens into the leaf tissue, multiple inoculation methods have been established, e.g., syringe infiltration, dip inoculation, spray, vacuum infiltration, and flood inoculation. The following protocol describes an optimized syringe infiltration method to deliver virulent Psm ES4326 into leaves of adult soil-grown Arabidopsis plants and accurately screen for enhanced disease susceptibility (EDS) towards this pathogen. In addition, this protocol can be supplemented with multiple pre-treatments to further dissect specific immune defects within different layers of plant defense, including Salicylic Acid (SA)-Triggered Immunity (STI) and MAMP-Triggered Immunity (MTI).     

Complex responses to a diverse environment

A report on the Keystone Symposium 'Innate Immunity: Signaling Mechanisms', Keystone, USA, 24-29 February, 2008.     

Dynamics of acquired immunity boosted by exposure to infection

A mathematical model is presented to describe the dynamics of immunity which can be boosted by reexposure to infection. Immunity is assumed to last until a specified interval of time elapses without an exposure. This assumption is incorporated into a compartmental model as a differential-delay equation. When the model is applied to malaria epidemiology, the prevalence of disease among adults is greatest at intermediate rates of infection. Observed age-prevalence curves have shapes similar to those of the predicted curves. Immunity in an individual is formulated in terms of a stochastic process, and an expression for the average duration of immunity is obtained. The average duration of immunity increases with the rate of exposure, but the presence of mortality (or other kinds of removal) shortens the average duration observed, in analogy with the theoryof competing risks.     

Immunity to fungous diseases as a physiological test in genetics and systematics, exemplified in cereals

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Immunity to fungous diseases as a physiological test in genetics and systematics, exemplified in cereals

     

Cell-autonomous immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in mouse and man

The protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, is a natural pathogen of mouse and a zoonosis of man. Immunity against the pathogen is largely mediated by interferon-stimulated cell-autonomous mechanisms that are strikingly different between man and mouse. There are many poorly understood host and pathogen variables that affect the outcome of infection.     

2007-2016年度国家自然科学基金医学科学领域"病毒 、病毒感染与宿主免疫"项目申请与资助情况分析

本文统计分析了2007-2016年度国家自然科学基金"病毒、病毒感染与宿主免疫(申请代码:H1904)"学科领域内的项目申请及资助情况,希望能对一线科研人员有所帮助.     

Adoptive transfer of immunity against Vibrio anguillarum in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, vaccinated by the immersion method

Rainbow trout, immunized by the immersion method against Vibrio anguillarum , were used as donors of plasma and cells for transfer to unimmunized trout. Recipients were then challenged with a 20 min exposure to a virulent Vibrio anguillarum suspension, and the mortality was compared to that of trout receiving plasma and cells from unimmunized donors. Immunity was successfully conferred by plasma taken from immune donors 16 days post-immunization (PI), and by pronephros and spleen cells from Day 20 and 21 PI donors. Plasma was most effective in transferring vibriosis protection, followed by pronephros cells. Splenocytes gave variable results, while trials with thymus cells were negative in all cases.