吸附精制百日咳菌苗、白喉、破伤风类毒素混合制剂稳定性的研究

将连续生产并已申报人体接种反应观察的三批吸附精制百日咳菌苗、白喉、破伤风类毒素混合制剂,分别于４～８℃、１８～２２℃、３７℃贮存半年、１年、１年半和３０天,然后以小鼠法或豚鼠法对该制剂进行安全稳定性、效力稳定性以及毒性逆转等测试。其毒力安全稳定性试验表明,三批混合制剂中的精制百日咳菌苗在４～８℃贮半年、１年、１年半后、它们的ＢＷＤＵ／ｍｌ、ＬＰＵ／ｍｌ、ＨＳＵ／ｍｌ均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;白喉及破伤风类毒素在４～８℃贮存半年,１年、１年半以及１８～２２℃贮存半年和３７℃贮存３０天后,三批测试组的豚鼠均健存且体重增加。在效力稳定性试验中,４～８℃贮存１年和１年半后精制百日咳菌苗的效力与贮存前（分别为２６．７３ＩＵ／ｍｌ、２１．０２ＩＵ／ｍｌ、１９．１７ＩＵ／ｍｌ）无显著性差异（ｔ＝０．１１４;Ｐ＞０．０５）;白喉及破伤风类毒素４～８℃贮存长达１年半后,效力仍在２～３．２ＩＵ／ｍｌ,动物保护率仍可达８０～１００％。三批混合制剂在３７℃贮存３０天后,通过Ｓｃｈｉｃｋ毒性试验及测定ＢＷＤＵ／ｍｌ、ＬＰＵ／ｍｌ、ＨＳＵ／ｍｌ各指标显示,精制百日咳菌苗、白喉和破伤风类毒素无毒性逆转。说明该吸附精制百、白、破混合     

吸附精制百日咳菌苗稳定性的研究

本文对新一代吸附精制百日咳菌苗保存于不同温度条件下的安全和效力稳定性进行了实验,结果表明,９批吸附精制百日咳菌苗经贮存于４～８℃条件下半年、１年、２年和３年后,贮存于常温（１８～２２℃）半年后和贮放于３７℃４０天后,其贮存前后的ＢＷＤＵ／ｍｌ、ＬＰＵ／ｍｌ和ＨＳＵ／ｍｌ间的数值变化,均在制检规程要求的标准数值内,无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,说明菌苗的毒性无逆转、菌苗的安全性良好。３批吸附精制百日咳菌苗经贮存于４～８℃条件下７个月和２年后、其贮存前后的效力单位间的数值变化,均在制检规程要求的标准数值内,无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,说明菌苗的效力无下降,菌苗的质量稳定。     

关于吸附精制百日咳菌苗、白喉、破伤风类毒素混合制剂配方的实验报告

本文对吸附精制百白破混合制剂的不同配方进行了实验,结果表明,新一代吸附精制百白破混合制剂最佳配方为：精制百日咳菌苗１８μｇＰＮ／ｍｌ、精制白喉类毒素为３０Ｌｆ／ｍｌ、精制破伤风类毒素为１０Ｌｆ／ｍｌ。由该配方组成的吸附精制百白破混合制剂,其中百日咳菌苗的毒性试验ＢＷＤＵ／ｍｌ、ＬＰＵ／ｍｌ、ＨＳＵ／ｍｌ三种指标均符合制检规程要求。其效力单位（ＩＵ／ｍｌ）超过规程要求一倍以上,精制白喉和破伤风类毒素的安全试验均符合规程要求,白类效力试验≥８０－１００％,破类效力试验≥０．５－４．５ＩＵ／ｍｌ。上述结果说明本文提出的配方作为新一代精制百白破混合制剂的配方是适宜和实用的。     

Beagle狗肾细胞及用于制备乙脑活疫苗的研究

Ｂｅａｇｌｅ乳狗（５－１０日龄）肾块用热消化法制成细胞批放液氮保存,检定合格后做下列试验：（１）复苏培养长满单层后更换维持液,其细胞能维持４天以上,克服了常规消化培养细胞维持时间短（３６小时）的缺陷。（２）传代１４－２株病毒时,１代病毒的滴度即达６．０４－６．２４ＬｏｇＰＦＵ／ｍｌ,１代后的各代（至１１代）病毒滴度无明显提高。（３）该细胞接种１４－２株病毒时不产生明显的破坏性病变（ＣＰＥ）,在收毒前采取冻溶１次比冻溶前的病毒滴度提高０．２７－０．５ＬｏｇＰＦＵ／ｍｌ。以ＢＤＫ细胞传１代的１４－２株病毒作生产毒种,收毒前冻溶１次等工艺法制备五批疫苗,全面检定结果均符合《乙脑活疫苗规程》的质量标准。其中病毒滴度为６．０９－６．２４ＬｏｇＰＦＵ／ｍｌ;免疫效价（ＩＤ５０＝ｍｌ）为１．９－４．０×１０－５,与相同滴度的原毒株１４－２ＰＨＫ苗对照无明显差异（ｔ＝０．９６８Ｐ＞０．０５）,表明其免疫原性与原毒株相似。     

无细胞百日咳菌苗纯度和生物学特性研究

本文对无细胞百日咳菌苗的纯度、免疫力和毒性进行了研究。实验证明菌苗中不仅含有百日咳毒素（ＰＴ）和丝状血凝素（ＦＨＡ）,而且还含有百日咳凝集素和百日咳粘着素。菌苗的纯度为５０％－９５．７％,菌苗中ＰＴ和ＦＨＡ的比例为１：１－１：１８。     

百日咳菌苗免疫力水平测定两种统计方法的比较

利用生物统计软件对兰州生研所１２年间生产的１４７批百日咳菌苗原液的免疫力进行质反应平行线测定分析（平行线法）,并与《中国生物制品规程》９５版中Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ Ｗｏｒｃｅｓｔｅｒ法（Ｗ－Ｗ）比较,结果表明,质反应平行线测定法的各剂量反应百分率落在经验区间内;ＥＤ５０可信限区间为０．０１６～０．０１４;相对效价９５％可信限区间为０７７５～０．６５５。按合格、不合格、复试三个水平对１４７批百日咳菌苗的免疫力进行了分析与评价。并以中国百日咳菌苗免疫力试验用参考品为对照,对待检菌苗的稳定性及实验一致性进行了质量检测,计得总体回归系数分别为１．５８７９（ｘ２＝６０．９０）和１．３８４９（ｘ２＝１６３．２４）;总体ＥＤ５０分别为０．０１４和０．０１５;待检菌苗总体相对效价０７１４,两法的ＥＤ５０值间及相对效价值间存在很好的相关性（ｒ＝０．８３７６及ｒ＝０．９９４０）。     

绿豆苯丙氨酸解氨酶的性质及抗肿瘤作用研究

本文参照Ｈａｖｉｒ的方法,从绿豆中分离纯化了苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）。纯化的ＰＡＬ经ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及等电聚焦电泳鉴定为单一的蛋白质区带,并测得亚基分子量为７６ＫＤ,等电点为５．４５。在ＰＡＬ对Ｌ１２１０小鼠淋巴细胞白血病细胞株的体外抑制实验观察到：ＰＡＬ对该瘤株的抑制作用随作用时间的延长和药物剂量的增加而增强,０．２Ｕ／ｍｌ、１．０Ｕ／ｍｌ、２．０Ｕ／ｍｌ、４．０Ｕ／ｍｌ、６．０Ｕ／ｍｌ、１０．０Ｕ／ｍｌ的ＰＡＬ作用癌细胞７２ｈ,其抑制率分别为２５．８％、４０．０％、５５．３％、７２．６％、７７．９％、８２．９％。     

rHB-DTaP联合疫苗中抗-HBs抗体应答

在乙肝、白喉、破伤风、无细胞百日咳（ｒＨＢ－ＤＴａＰ）四联疫苗的研制过程中,我们采用基因工程乙肝疫苗（ＣＨＯ）,精制白喉、破伤风类毒素和无细胞百日咳菌苗原液,按不同的稀释液,不同的加入顺序以及不同的含量等制备四联疫苗,并以单价基因工程乙肝疫苗（ｒＨＢ）做对照,进行小鼠试验,接种４周后采血检测抗－ＨＢｓ水平。结果表明,不同配方的四联疫苗中ｒＨＢ与ＤＴａＰ均无干扰,相容性好;抗－ＨＢｓ免疫应答水平与单价苗（ｒＨＢ）无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,使用生理盐水制备的ｒＨＢ－ＤＴａＰ其抗－ＨＢｓ免疫应答水平较醋酸盐缓冲液者高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ｒＨＢ－ＤＴａＰ中的抗－ＨＢｓ免疫应答水平与ｒＨＢ原液的加入顺序无关（Ｐ＞０．０５）;ｒＨＢ含量以２０μｇ／ｍｌ为宜。     

无细胞百日咳菌苗毒性试验参考苗

简述了无细胞百日咳菌苗毒性试验参考苗的研制现状,以及用于无细胞百日咳组分新菌苗体内生物学活性的毒性试验质控中所起的重要作用。     

应用Vero细胞检定法和家兔皮内中和法检测吸附白喉类毒素的效价

Ｖｅｒｏ细胞法测定ＤＴＰ疫苗中白喉类毒素的效价与家兔皮内中和法（简称ＮＴ法）所得结果两法之间有一种平行关系,并且有很好的相关性,ｒ＝０．９３。但Ｖｅｒｏ细胞法测得平均值低于ＮＴ法,二者之间的平均比率为０．２８７,Ｓ＝０．０８９。本试验结果与１９９５部颁规程ＮＴ法０．２５ＩＵ／ｍｌ相比,确定了Ｖｅｒｏ细胞法以０．０７ＩＵ／ｍｌ作为检定吸附ＤＴＰ效价的最低要求。     

吸附精制百日咳菌苗质量控制的研究

本文就吸附精制百日咳菌苗制检过程中使用的菌株、有效组分ＬＰＦ和ＦＨＡ提纯工艺以及毒性,效力等检定方法阳相应的质量控制指标等进行了研究。结果表明,中国Ｃ、Ｓ菌株产毒优于日本Ｔｏｈａｍａ株。ＬＰＦ和ＦＨＡ─ＥＬＩＳＡ用作菌苗工艺各步骤中质控有效组分的产量,是一种快速、敏感和特异的方法。根据５年中菌苗批量生产每ｍｌ培养基ＬＰＦ和ＦＨＡ产量逐年上升趋势,说明生产工艺不断改进完善和操作技术的熟练是提高菌苗产量和质量的关键。制检规程中用作毒性和效力试验的方法,是菌苗安全有效质控的有效实用方法。     

Pertussis Vaccine Testing for Freedom-from-Toxicity

The results of 9.5 years of official testing of vaccines containing pertussis vaccine, plain or adsorbed with alum, Al(OH)₃, or AlPO₄, are reported. Toxicity was evaluated by weight changes in mice at 3 and 7 days after injection and intercurrent deaths. Toxicity was encountered during the early use of AlPO₄ in pertussis vaccine products, with a special product and quadruple-antigen vaccines. Throughout the study Al(OH)₃ products, few in number, were the least reactive of the adsorbed products. The slopes of regression lines of graded-dose responses reflected variations in reactivity of “nontoxic” vaccines. The U.S.-prescribed test is discussed relative to the (i) reactivity in children, (ii) causes of toxicity, (iii) other assays for pertussis vaccine toxicity, and (iv) the use of a reference vaccine in the toxicity test.     

The development of a new generation of pertussis vaccine

The results of the weight gain test on mice have shown that acellular pertussis vaccine is less toxic than the pertussis component of adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine due to a lower content of endotoxin in the acellular vaccine; but the leukocytosis-promoting and histamine-sensitizing activities of JNIH-6 and adsorbed DPT vaccines are indicative of incomplete inactivation of Bordetella pertussis toxin. The content of incompletely inactivated B. pertussis toxin is practically the same in both preparations, constituting 1/100-1/200 of the calculated initial activity. For this reason, the use of the new pertussis vaccine also involves a risk of development of serious postvaccinal reactions and/or complications caused by this toxin. Search for the optimum method of inactivation of B. pertussis main toxin should be continued. As shown by the enzyme immunoassay, acellular pertussis vaccine used in the same immunizing dose as adsorbed DPT vaccine induces a more intensive immune response to hemagglutinin and B. pertussis toxin. This is due to higher residual toxicity of the corpuscular component of adsorbed DPT vaccine. Induction of antibodies to B. pertussis toxin has been shown to decrease in response to injection of acellular pertussis vaccine containing a certain residual amount of incompletely inactivated B. pertussis toxin.     

Acellular pertussis vaccines: evaluation of reversion in a nude mouse model

An animal model has been developed to assess the safety of acellular pertussis vaccines in terms of reversion to toxicity. Adsorbed pertussis toxoid preparations, alone or combined in a DTP formulation, were administered to nude mice intraperitoneally. In parallel, groups of positive and negative control mice received pertussis toxin and buffer, respectively. The circulating white blood cells of the animals were monitored for 28 days. Mice immunized with glutaraldehyde toxoid preparations did not develop a lymphocytosis during the observation period, whereas mice immunized with an experimental formalin pertussis toxoid vaccine exhibited a high lymphocytosis six days after vaccine administration, demonstrating, in this model, a reversion of the toxoid. The nude mouse model thus appears to reveal the in-vivo reversion of pertussis toxoids and could be included in the quality control panel for the assessment of the safety of acellular pertussis vaccine.     

Methods of determination of toxicity of pertussis vaccine. 1. Change in the weight of the thymus gland and the spleen in mice after administration of pertussis vaccine]

Experiments were conducted on mice, strain NIH, line HSFS/N, immunized with pertussis vaccine. Determination of thymocyte pool proved to be a more sensitive method of detection of the stress effect of the vaccine than determination of the thymus weight. The test can be used for the elaboration of the method of assessment of the toxicity of pertussis preparations.     

Potency of pertussis component in the DTP vaccine--an overview of three decade study in Poland.

In Poland, similar to many highly immunized Western countries, a recent increase in cases of pertussis has been observed. This study aims to evaluate the level of potency fluctuations of the pertussis component of Polish-produced DTP vaccine due to the changes having occurred in production and potency testing procedures. We compared the potency of the pertussis component of DTP vaccine lots produced and evaluated in similar periods and with similar production and testing procedures. Records of Kendrick test results performed over a 30-year period were available for analysis. This study confirms the role of different manufacturers, changes in vaccine strain compositions, in-house reference preparations used as reference vaccines in the Kendrick tests, and in mice of single strain sources in the potency values obtained. In addition, the comparisons performed revealed a downtrend in potency levels since 1992. Potency decrease in vaccine lots produced during 1992-1997 has been positively correlated to the lowering of the number of IOU/dose. Strain compositions of the DTP vaccine pertussis component and in-house references have been found to be associated with the fluctuation in potency estimations, and confirmed their crucial role in ensuring vaccine efficacy. Our study reveals that relative efficacy of the DTP vaccine produced in 1992-1997 might be lower than that of vaccines produced in other periods. This might in turn explain the increase in pertussis cases among children aged 5-15 years which is presently being observed in Poland.     

Development of pertussis vaccine production and control in the National Institute of Public Health in the Netherlands during the years 1950–1962

The development of the pertussis vaccine production in the National Institute of Public Health in the Netherlands since 1953, and the results with the consecutive lots of vaccine in the mouse protection test and the U.S.A. toxicity test are described. The results in the latter test are compared with the results of a locally developed guinea pig toxicity test. Special attention is given to the difficulties encountered when the U.S.A. toxicity test is used for adsorbed DPT vaccines. The potency data of all lots of DPT vaccines produced since 1958 fall within the limits of the potency test as prescribed in the U.S.A. Minimum Requirements. There are indications that the increased potency of the vaccine may have led to a lower mortality rate of pertussis.     

Comparative immunologic effectiveness of variants of the DTP vaccine

The immunological effectiveness of two batches of adsorbed DPT vaccine, the batch with the normal content of antigens (control) and the batch with the content of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids reduced to 20 Lf/ml and 5 BU/ml respectively (test batch), has been studied under the conditions of controlled trial. As a result, the reduction of the antigenic content of adsorbed DPT vaccine has been found to exert no negative influence on the immunological effectiveness of the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis components of this preparation under the conditions of the new immunization schedule.