水稻三系及其杂种F_1的酯酶同工酶比较及杂种优势预测

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析了114套杂交稻 F_1及其相应的不育系,保持系和恢复系干种子胚的酯酶同工酶,6条主要酶带分别命名为1 A、3A、4A、5A、6A 和7A。三系亲本的酯酶同工酶酶谱各有其特点。杂种 F_1的酶谱出现7种类型。当不育系具有6A 时,常与恢复系的3A 或5A 形成酶带互补的杂种,3A和6A 互补只有营养优势。5A 和6A 互补才有经济优势。本实验证明杂种 F_1酶谱的形成受亲本核质双方的影响。酯酶同工酶酶谱类型可作为预测杂种优势的生化指标之一。     

高粱的杂种优势与同工酶

Schwarcz 在玉米胚乳中发现有酯酶同工酶的“杂种酶带”;chiang Pai 等在栽培稻和野生稻的杂种第一代中,也发现有过氧化物酶的“杂种酶带”;Beckman 在授粉后16天的玉米胚乳中发现有亮氨酰肽酶同工酶的“互补酶带”;Gupta 在水稻胚乳中发现酯酶同工酶与粒重优势有关。李继耕发现玉米胚乳中有与杂种优势有关的四种过氧化物酶酶谱类型。本试验的目的是研究高梁杂种同工酶酶谱型与产量优势的关系。     

Ven、K型小麦雄性不育系春性F1杂种的优势表现及与叶绿素含量和同工酶谱的关系

利用Ven、K型小麦雄性不育系与北方春性普通小麦杂交,研究了Ven、K型春性F1杂种的优势表现及其与叶绿素含量、同工酶谱的关系。结果表明：Ven型和K型杂种F1存在显著的个体杂种优质,在主要农艺性状中尤其以单株穗数、千粒重、单株生产力的杂种优势明显,其中单株穗数对单株生产力的贡献最大;相关分析表明：单株生产力与单株穗数呈正相关,相关系数为0.7122;与每穗粒数和千粒重的相关系数分别为－0.1183和0.4941。灌浆期旗叶、倒二叶叶绿素含量与千粒重的相关性最大,呈正相关。杂种F1优势强的组合其种子和苗期的过氧化物同工酶和酯酶的酶谱一般呈双亲互补型或“杂种型”酶带,该特征可作为杂种优势预测的指标。     

Ven、K型小麦雄性不育系春性F1杂种的优势表现及与叶绿素含量和同工酶谱的关系

利用Ven、K型小麦雄性不育系与北方春性普通小麦杂交,研究了Ven、K型春性F1杂种的优势表现及其与叶绿素含量、同工酶谱的关系.结果表明Ven型和K型杂种F1存在显著的个体杂种优势,在主要农艺性状中尤其以单株穗数、千粒重、单株生产力的杂种优势明显,其中单株穗数对单株生产力的贡献最大;相关分析表明单株生产力与单株穗数呈正相关,相关系数为0.7122;与每穗粒数和千粒重的相关系数分别为-0.1183和0.4941.灌浆期旗叶、倒二叶叶绿素含量与千粒重的相关性最大,呈正相关.杂种F1优势强的组合其种子和苗期的过氧化物同工酶和酯酶的酶谱一般呈双亲互补型或“杂种型”酶带,该特征可作为杂种优势预测的指标.     

小麦远缘杂种酯酶、过氧化物酶同工酶的初步研究

本工作采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对四个小麦远缘杂种及其双亲的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱进行了分析比较,并结合田间生物学特性、形态特征和农艺性状的观察,探讨酶谱差异与杂种遗传性变异之间的关系。实验结果表明:变异大的杂种其酶谱与双亲相比也出现较大的差异,有些组合杂种的微小变异在酶谱上也有所反映,如在形态上与母本无明显变异但长势较强的杂种,常显现新的杂种酶带或双亲的互补酶带。这些酶谱的变化反映了遗传信息的重组和丰富,使杂种出现一些新性状或生长优势较强。     

同工酶与玉米杂种优势研究——Ⅵ.关于过氧化物酶同工酶的杂种酶的分析

Schwartz和Beckman曾分别在玉米杂种胚乳的酯酶、酒精脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶等同工酶中发现过杂种酶的存在,即杂种中除具两亲本酶带外,还在两亲本酶带的中间位置出现新的酶带。而Bruce等用15个自交系互配组合检验玉米叶片过氧化物酶同工酶工作中,却没有观察到杂种酶的存在,而只观察到互补酶带。我们曾在玉米叶片的过氧化物酶同工酶     

玉米杂种优势与几种酶活性关系

对８个杂交优势明显的玉米单交种进行过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性的比较研究,结果表明：８个组合的杂种胚中过氧化物酶活性介于双亲之间,６个组合的杂种胚过氧化氨酶活性介于双亲之间,这可能与杂种中互补酶的存在有关。并测定了酸性磷酸脂酸的活性,４个组合杂种胚酶活性高于双亲,另外４个组合杂种胚活性介于双亲之间,表明酸性磷酸酯酶活性与杂种优势有一定相关性。     

四倍体大燕麦×六倍体裸燕麦的杂种F1的产生及鉴定

本研究以四倍体大燕麦 (AvenamagnaL .)做母本 ,六倍体裸燕麦 (AvenanudaL .)做父本进行杂交 ,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了杂种F1,并对其后代形态特征进行了观察 ;对杂种F1同工酶图谱和DNA指纹图谱进行了分析。杂种F1形态特征偏亲本或介于双亲之间 ;同工酶研究表明多数F1具有双亲互补酶带 ;RAPD分析不同引物扩增产物F1呈共显性或偏父、偏母。这些结果表明F1为真杂种     

二倍体多年生大刍草及其与玉米的杂种F_1同工酶和可溶性蛋白质电泳研究

两年来用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对二倍体多年生大刍草与玉米配制的16个杂交组合的杂种F_1叶片过氧化物酶同工酶分析结果表明:杂种F_1酶谱的主要特点:第一,所有杂种都像亲本二倍体多年生大刍草一样具有Rf=0.52的酶带。第二,杂种酶谱主要表现为互补两个亲本酶谱的模式。在杂种F_1的可溶性蛋白质扫描曲线图中有一像亲本二倍体多年生大刍草一样的Rf=0.28的蛋白质分子峰甚显著。     

四倍体大燕麦×六倍体裸燕麦的杂种F1的产生及鉴定

本研究以四倍体大燕麦（Avena magna L.）做母本,六倍体裸燕麦（Avena nuda L.）做父本进行杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了杂种F1,并对其后代形态特征进行了观察;对杂种F1同工酶图谱和DNA指纹图谱进行了分析。杂种F1形态特征偏亲本或介于双亲之间;同工酶研究表明多数F1具有双亲互补酶带;RAPD分析不同引物扩增产物F1呈共显性或偏父、偏母。这些结果表明F1为真杂种。     

过氧化物酶同工酶应用于甜瓜杂交种真实性与纯度检测研究

本研究利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析了甜瓜(Cucumis melo.L)84—3等六个杂交种及其双亲的苗期过氧化物酶同工酶谱变化,按生长顺序在苗期进行了四次取样,每次取样均取全株。分析结果表明:甜瓜苗期生一片真叶时酶谱丰富,为取样最佳时期,同一组合中,F_1的过氧化物酶同工酶谱与亲本的过氧化物酶同工酶谱是有差异的,存在“杂种酶带”和“互补酶带”,利用过氧化物酶同工酶谱技术对甜瓜84-3等六个组合进行纯度检测结果与田间纯度检测结果相比符合率为99.1％。     

杂交稻抗感白叶枯病与活性氧伤害及防御酶系统的关系

以对白叶枯病抗感不同的三个杂交稻为材料,在三叶期接种白叶枯病强毒菌株７６—２５,结果表明,杂交稻接种白叶枯病菌７２ｈ后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）活性和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）活性升高,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性下降,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增加,且抗病组合的变化幅度大于感病组合,说明杂交稻抗白叶枯病与活性氧伤害及保护酶系的活性相关。     

Polymorphism in rice amylases at an early stage of seed germination

A polymorphism in rice amylases at an early stage of seed germination is analyzed by zymogram. In non-glutinous cultivars of rice, alpha-amylase isozymes are mainly confirmed in germinating seeds. However, in glutinous cultivars, beta-amylase isozymes, which are not confirmed in nonglutinous cultivars, make up the major part of the total amylase activity and the expression of alpha-amylases are repressed.     

Polymorphism in Rice Amylases at an Early Stage of Seed Germination

A polymorphism in rice amylases at an early stage of seed germination is analyzed by zymogram. In nonglutinous cultivars of rice, α-amylase isozymes are mainly confirmed in germinating seeds. However, in glutinous cultivars, β-amylase isozymes, which are not confirmed in nonglutinous cultivars, make up the major part of the total amylase activity and the expression of α-amylases are repressed.     

野生稻的遗传学研究——Ⅱ、普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶的多态性研究

本文利用电泳方法,研究了普通野生稻,尤其是中国和印度普通野生稻的过氧化物酶同工酶的多态性,结果表明: 1).普通野生稻中,过氧化物酶同工酶能分离出24条酶带,各酶带的出现频率不同,其中第3、5、6、9、10、11、19、20、21和22号酶带出现频率超过50%,又以第3、20和22三条酶带出现频率最高,这10条带可以做为普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶的基本酶谱,而第3、20和22三条带可能是其原始酶带。2).中国和印度的普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶有一定差异,但在墓本酶谱和原始酶带的表现上是一致的。因此,尽管普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶具有高度的分子多态性,但仍能反映种的分子特征。本文还讨论了过氧化物酶同工酶与普通野生稻的演化,和我国栽培稻的起源及其在进化学研究中的价值。     

Studies on the Esterase Isozymes in the New Lines of Progeny of the F1 Hybrid Rice

The new lines Nanhua 5, Nanhua 11, Shanyou 39, and Shanyou 59, are high-yield lines derived from the F1 hybrid rice, Nanyou 2 and Shanyou 2 by means of tissue culture and selec- tion. Five isozymes, esterase, peroxidase, ATP-ase, malate dehydrogenase and glulamate dehydrogenase from the new lines, the F1 hybrid rices and their parents, were analyzed by starch and polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. There are no difference in zymogrames of ATPase, malate dehydrogenase, glulamate dehydrogenase, between the F1 hybrid and its parents. But the F1 hybrid rice contains complemental bands of anodal esterase EA2, EA3 and cathodal esterase EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4, The esterase zymogram of seeds of Nanhua 5, Nanhua 11 and Shanyou 39, Shanyou 59 could be observed in the progeny of the F2 hybrid rice. The results indicated that the new lines would be possibly derived from the progeny of the F1 hybrid by means of tissue culture and selection.     

应用过氧化物酶同工酶鉴定山茶属植物杂种F1代的研究

对4个杂交组合的12个杂种F1代植株与亲本进行了形态学比较和过氧化物酶同工酶分析,结果表明以金花茶为父本,云南山茶或云南野山茶为母本杂交产生的11个杂种的幼枝、叶的特征均与母本相似,H-86-1-1的花与母本一致,H-87-2-2的花兼有父母本的特征;H-78-1-1的幼枝、叶的特征与父本相似,其花也兼有父母本的特征。有9株的酶谱为“互补型酶带”,且都出现了杂种带,为真正的杂种;其余2株的酶谱与母本一致,与其形态特征表现出一定的相关性,可能为非真正的杂种。同一个杂交组合产生的杂种,酶谱却有差异,金花茶最为特征的一条带(Rf=0.813)在其所有11个杂种F1代植株中都未表达。     

Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Relation to Senescence of Rica Leaves

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation, ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate earboxylasc and chlorophyll content in the leaves of rice were investigated during bloomJug to ripening stages. The results indicated that leaf senescence was associated with the decreascs of SOD and RuBP earboxylase activities and chlorophyll content. A marked increase of malondialdehyde(MDA)contcnt, a produet of lipid pcroxidation was observed during leaf senescence, However, the relative high activities of SOD and RuBP earboxylase and chlorophyll content, lower MDA content in hybrid rice senescenee leaves, compared with their three lines, suggest the presence of physiological hybrid vigor. The analysis of polyacrylamide gel eleetrophoresis showed that three SOD isozymes in leaf extract, which were Cu-Zn SOD. Changes of SOD isozymes were observed during leaf agling and at different time of storage of its extract. The destroying effect of oxygen free radical on enzymes and membrane in the course of leaf senescence was discussed.     

樱亚科植物同工酶FUZZY聚类及最佳阈值的F检验

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了樱亚科8个种共17个生物型枝皮、叶片的过氧化物同工酶（POD）,初步确定了各样品枝皮、叶片的POD同工酶酶谱特征．根据酶谱相似系数对样品进行了Fuzzy聚类分析．通过样品酶谱积值的F检验,选定了樱亚科植物分属的最佳阈值,为同工酶谱聚类效果研究提供新方法．     

Effect of Chilling on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves at Primary Heading Stage of F1 Hybrid Rice Cultivars and Their Parental Lines (Three Lines)

With the purpose of selecting and breeding cold stress tolerance of hybrid rice cultivars, the effect of chilling on five hybrid rice combinations was investigated. The results indicated that the cold tolerance of different hybrid rice varieties were different. The order of the cold tolerance as the degrees of inhibition of maximum photosynthetic rate and of apparent quantum yield of flag leaves at primary heading stage by chilling was as follows: The cold tolerance of Japanica type Xiuyou-57 was the highest then lndica type Qing-Youzao followed by Shangyou-63, Shangyou-64 and Weiyou-64. The cold tolerance of Fx hybrid rice was similar to that of the maternal lines and not similar to the paternal lines. The cold tolerance of maintainer lines was similar to that of the male sterile lines. The tests on the survival rate of hybrid rice seedlings after chilling treatment also showed a similar re gular patterns. These indicated that the responses by the chilling temperature in these five hybrid combinations were exactly the same in the Seedling stage as well as in the late growing stage. The results of these experiments on the impact of selecting and breeding cold tolerance in hybrid rice were discussed.