低温对杂交水稻及其亲本三系始穗期旗叶光合作用的影响

研究了低温对5套杂交水稻组合的影响。始穗期旗叶光合作用的最大速率和表观量子效率受低温抑制的程度表明:其耐冷顺序为粳稻型的“秀优57”>“釉稻型的青优早”>“汕优63”、“汕优64”与“威优64”。杂交水稻 F_1的耐冷水平与母本近似,与父本关系不大,保持系的耐冷性相似于不育系。杂交水稻幼苗经低温处理后的存活率亦表现出同样的规律。证明所试5套杂交水稻的生育后期与苗期对低温的反应是一致的。本文对该结果在杂交水稻抗冷性选育种中的意义进行了讨论。     

Effects of Chilling Temperature on Photosynthesis and Photosynthate Transport in Flag Leaves of Hybrid Rice at Milky Stage

To understand the physiological reasons for poor yield of the second rice crop in southern China challenged by low temperature. The authors investigated the effects of chilling temperature on photosynthesis and the activity of fructose 1, 6-diphosphatase (FBPase) of flag leaves at milky stage using two hybrid rice varieties with different cold tolerance. The results indicated that chilling temperature caused decreases of photosynthetic efficiency and FBPase activity in detached flag leaves. The decline of photosynthetic efficiency and FBPase activity was greater in Shanyou-63 which is as cold sensitive as its parents than in Xiuyou-57 which is cold tolerant like its parents. The milky stage is the period of the fastest grain filling. The decreased the yield of the second rice crop caused by natural low temperature was associated with decline of photosynthesis and the abilities of adaption and adjustment of FBPase in attached flag leaves. The relationship between the effects of chilling temperature on photosynthesis and photosynthate transport and the yield formed by grain was discussed.     

低温对杂交水稻乳熟期剑叶光合作用和光合产物运输的影响

为了解寒露风引起晚稻减产的生理原因,本试验以两个不同抗冷力的杂交水稻组合为材料,研究了低温对水稻乳熟期剑叶光合作用与果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶（ＦＢＰａｓｅ）活性的影响。结果表明：低温引起离体剑叶光合效率与ＦＢＰａｓｅ 活性下降,不抗冷的“汕优６３”及其亲本的光合效率与ＦＢＰａｓｅ 活性比抗冷的“秀优５７”及其亲本下降幅度较大。乳熟期是籽粒灌浆的高峰期,自然低温（寒露风）造成晚造水稻减产与乳熟期连体剑叶的光合作用下降和ＦＢＰａｓｅ 对低温的适应和调节能力有关     

The Cold Tolerance of Indica Type Rice in Relation to Its Parents

To understand the inheritance of cold tolerant characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), the authors investigated the cold tolerance of hybrid progenies in relation to their parental lines which were "Qinghua 6—a cold sensitive cultivar and "Guishan’aixuan 3”— a cold tolerant cultivar. The hybrid progenies were the cross and the reciprocal cross of these two cultivars. Results showed that after 1℃ dark or light (250 μmol · m-2 · s-1) treatment, the survival rate of seedlings was higher in "Guishan’aixuan 3” than that in "Qinghua 6”. That of the hybrid "Qinghua 6” ( ♂ )× "Guishan’aixuan 3” (♀) was higher than that . in hybrid "Guishan’aixuan 3” ( ♂ ) × "Qinghua 6” (♀). Detached flag leaves at heading stage when treated in light and chilling condition for 12, 24, 36 h, there was also less decrease of photosynthesis in "Guishan’aixuan 3” and "Qinghua 6” ( ♂ ) × "Guishan’aixuan 3” (♀) than in “Qinghua 6” and “Guishan’aixuan 3” ( ♂ ) × “Qinghua 6” ( ♀ ). After being treated for 12 h, respiratory rate rose in the former but not the latter. Changes of fluorescence parameters, rise of Fo and decline of Fm and Fv, were caused by 1 ℃ and light (250 μmol·m-2·s-1) treatment. The decrease of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm were more apparent in the former than in the latter after light and chilling treatment for 24 h, with a much faster recovery under normal temperature in the former than in the latter. Effect of the natural low temperature (cold, dew and wind) on the chlorophyll fluorescence of rice was similar to that of artificial treatment. It was suggested that cold tolerance of rice progenies seemed to be from maternal inheritance.     

基于染色体置换系的普通野生稻耐盐性QTL定位

本研究分别利用SSR标记、InDel标记以及简化基因组测序技术对一套以普通野生稻为供体亲本,9311为受体亲本的染色体置换系进行基因型鉴定,并通过对其不同生育期的耐盐性鉴定,共发掘2个与发芽期耐盐相关的QTL,13个与苗期耐盐性相关的QTL。其中与苗期存活率相关的QTL qSSR5.1、苗期耐盐等级相关的QTL qSSG5.1均被定位于同一位点,该位点对苗期存活率、苗期耐盐等级均具有增效作用,贡献率分别为6.36%、8.13%。在此QTL内包含与非生物胁迫相关基因OsDi19-1。经序列比对发现,OsDi19-1启动子区域在两亲本间存在较大差异,且受到盐胁迫时该基因表达量上升。同时,鉴定出水稻芽期耐盐的优异种质资源CSSL72、苗期耐盐的优异种质资源CSSL23、CSSL153,为水稻育种中耐盐性的改良提供了新的种质资源。     

Chilling tolerance of Central European maize lines and their factorial crosses

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chilling-stress tolerance is a prerequisite for maize production under cool climatic conditions. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the Central European dent and flint pools for chilling tolerance during heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth in field trials and growth chamber experiments. METHODS: Five European flint and five dent inbreds and their 25 factorial crosses were evaluated in six natural environments, where chilling occurred, for chlorophyll concentration and plant height at the three-leaf stage, and plant height and fresh weight at the seven-leaf stage. In growth chambers, leaf 3 growth was analysed under cold and control conditions. KEY RESULTS: Comparing the field and growth chamber data, the strongest association was found between leaf elongation rate during cold nights and plant height at the three-leaf stage, with a weaker association with the seven-leaf stage. In the field, moderate correlations were observed between plant height at the three-leaf stage, and plant height and fresh weight at the seven-leaf stage, respectively. Furthermore, mid-parent and hybrid performance were only moderately correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth stages are controlled by different genetic factors or that maternal effects play a role. In addition, the findings showed that mid-parent performance is a poor predictor of hybrid performance. Consequently, test cross performance should be the target in quantitiative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies with the final goal of establishing marker-assisted breeding programmes for chilling-tolerant hybrids.     

籼稻二元不育系9730A及三交种的初步研究

通过对所选育的籼稻二元不育系9730A的花粉育性、自交结实率、雌性育性、对"920"的敏感性、柱头外露情况、花时、雄性不育的可恢复性及三交种的抽穗整齐度、有效穗、株高、单株产量、结实率、主茎穗长、主茎叶长、穗粒等变异度的分析,对杂交水稻三交法育种的应用价值进行初步探讨.结果认为:通过引进具有不同优良品种特性的第二保持系,可以在保持所选育杂种品种主要农艺性状整齐一致的前提下,较大幅度地拓宽品种的遗传基础,改进雄性不育系的异交性能,从而为提高杂种种子生产水平、及时利用优良常规稻育种成果材料和综合实现杂交稻品种选育过程中的多抗、广适、高产、优质育种目标提供新的途径.     

中国水稻微核心种质不同生育时期耐冷性鉴定及其相关分析

以204份中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、幼苗期、孕穗期等耐冷性鉴定及其相关性分析。结果表明,水稻各生育时期耐冷性在籼粳亚种间、各种质之间存在明显的差异。粳稻种质的耐冷性明显强于籼稻种质,但籼稻种质中也存在耐冷性较强的种质。高阳淀稻大红芒、肥东塘稻、木樨球、卫国、兴国、山酒谷、中花8号等粳稻种质和包选21号、红米三担白、寸谷糯、红谷等籼稻种质在水稻各生育时期均表现较强的耐冷性,在水稻耐冷性育种及耐冷基因发掘研究中应加以利用。自然低温和冷水胁迫下水稻结实率与低温下发芽率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与死苗率呈显著负相关,即低温下发芽期耐冷性和芽期耐冷性强的水稻种质一般表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性。认为低温下发芽率和芽期低温处理后的死苗率可以作为孕穗期耐冷性早期鉴定的间接指标。     

The Effect of Low Temperature on Superoxide Dismutase in Hybrid Rice and Their Parental Lines

The hybrid rice and their parental lines were exposed to the low temperature of 0, –2, –4℃ for 16 hours. The activities and isoenzymic patterns of SOD in various organelles of rice seedlings were studied. The experimental results are as follows: 1. This enzyme was located mainly in the cytosol (96%), the rest in mitochondria (2%) and chloroplasts (2%). The electrophoretogram showed that there were four isoenzymic activity bands of SOD in cytosol and mitochondria, three bands in chloroplasts. One band with relatively slow migrating rate was Mn-SOD isoenzyme and others were Cu-Zn SOD isoenzymes. 2. The change of SOD activities was obvious in the plant pretreated at –2℃ and –4℃ temperature for 16 hours. The effect of low temperature on SOD in various organelles was different. The sensitivity of SOD in chloroplasts was higher than those in mitochondria and cytosol. The two activity bands of Cu-Zn SOD isoenzyme in chloroplasts and mitochondria also decreased at low temperature. 3. The response of SOD activities in chloroplasts from hybrid and parent of rice to low temperature showed that the cold tolerance of hybrid progeny was similar to that of the material lines.     

中国水稻微核心种质不同生育时期耐冷性鉴定及其相关分析

以204份中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、幼苗期、孕穗期等耐冷性鉴定及其相关性分析。结果表明,水稻各生育时期耐冷性在籼粳亚种间、各种质之间存在明显的差异。粳稻种质的耐冷性明显强于籼稻种质,但籼稻种质中也存在耐冷性较强的种质。高阳淀稻大红芒、肥东塘稻、木樨球、卫国、兴国、山酒谷、中花8号等粳稻种质和包选21号、红米三担白、寸谷糯、红谷等籼稻种质在水稻各生育时期均表现较强的耐冷性,在水稻耐冷性育种及耐冷基因发掘研究中应加以利用。自然低温和冷水胁迫下水稻结实率与低温下发芽率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与死苗率呈显著负相关,即低温下发芽期耐冷性和芽期耐冷性强的水稻种质一般表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性。认为低温下发芽率和芽期低温处理后的死苗率可以作为孕穗期耐冷性早期鉴定的间接指标。     

湘中、湘东地区早籼稻耐土壤潜育性评价

我国南方稻区的主要低产稻田是潜育性稻田,约有一亿亩。挖掘其“潜在生产力”,种植耐潜育性土壤逆境胁迫能力较强的水稻品种,则是简便、经济而有效的重要途径之一。本文就几个早籼稻品种(组合)对潜育性稻田的生态适应性进行了较系统的观测,并初步提出了耐潜育性的几个鉴定指标,诸如根系生长量和幼穗分化期根系氧化力;分蘖早期茎蘖增长速率;分蘖后期单株干物质产量;乳熟期剑叶片过氧化氢酶活性GDI和光合强度等。上述鉴定指标,综合应用于水稻品种生态适应性和耐潜育性育种研究,有助于提高水稻抗逆性育种的效率。     

New insights into the genetic basis of natural chilling and cold shock tolerance in rice by genome‐wide association analysis

In order to understand cold adaptability and explore additional genetic resources for the cold tolerance improvement of rice, we investigated the genetic variation of 529 rice accessions under natural chilling and cold shock stress conditions at the seedling stage using genome‐wide association studies; a total of 132 loci were identified. Among them, 12 loci were common for both chilling and cold shock tolerance, suggesting that rice has a distinct and overlapping genetic response and adaptation to the two stresses. Haplotype analysis of a known gene OsMYB2, which is involved in cold tolerance, revealed indica–japonica differentiation and latitude tendency for the haplotypes of this gene. By checking the subpopulation and geographical distribution of accessions with tolerance or sensitivity under these two stress conditions, we found that the chilling tolerance group, which mainly consisted of japonica accessions, has a wider latitudinal distribution than the chilling sensitivity group. We conclude that the genetic basis of natural chilling stress tolerance in rice is distinct from that of cold shock stress frequently used for low‐temperature treatment in the laboratory and the cold adaptability of rice is associated with the subpopulation and latitudinal distribution.     

在光氧化条件下不同类型高产稻的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化特点

用不同类型高产稻(Oryza sativa L.)粳稻9516、具有粳型成分的两系法亚种间杂交稻培矮64/E32、两优培九(培矮64/9311)和籼型杂交稻X07S/紫恢100、冈优881、汕优63为材料,研究了孕穗期叶片在光氧化条件下的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化表现.光氧化处理后,与籼型杂交稻比较,粳稻和具有粳型组分的亚种间杂交稻的PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的线性电子传递的量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)下降的较少;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)诱导的活性较高,活性氧 (O(-)/()2、H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)的产生积累较少,叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降较少,表现出耐光氧化特性,这与在自然条件下生育后期叶绿素含量变化相一致.相关分析表明它们的耐光氧化特性与结实率密切相关,说明耐光氧化品种抗早衰,有利籽粒充实.这些结果启示我们:从超高产育种出发,兼顾杂种优势利用和抗早衰两方面考虑,在母本不育系中引入粳型成分是一个值得重视的育种策略.     

自然条件下不同高产稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光和膜脂过氧化的表现

以籼型(Oryza sativa L.)杂交组合汕优63为对照,以中粳9516、两系亚种间杂交组合培矮64S/E32、培矮64S/9311、亚种间三系杂交稻冈优881和两系杂交组合X07S/紫恢100为材料,研究其在生育后期(抽穗-成熟)自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素衰减、CO2交换、叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化表现.结果表明: 水稻在生育后期伴随叶绿素衰减,其叶内的原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率ΦPSⅡ、电子流传递速率ETR都有相应地下降,这种光能转化的障碍使多余的光能传递给PSⅡ的还原侧,产生O(-)/(*)2累积,发生膜脂过氧化和MDA的积累,引起光合色素及光合膜的破坏,发生光氧化早衰.这种现象在品种间有明显差异,耐光氧化的粳稻9516,其叶内的 Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP下降较少,具有较稳定的光能转化能力,不易早衰,具有较高的结实率;而对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优63其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR,光化学猝灭参数qP下降较多,易发生膜脂过氧化,导致叶片早衰,影响水稻灌浆结实和产量;而二系的和三系的杂交稻的耐光氧化特性和早衰表现居于中间.从水稻超高产育种的角度出发,在目前株型良好的基础上,兼顾杂种优势和防止早衰两方面考虑,在母本中利用粳型或带有粳型基因的不育系是育种上一个值得重视的策略.     

利用低温水浴鉴定水稻苗期耐寒性

高效准确鉴定苗期耐寒性是水稻(Oryza sativa)耐寒研究的前提。基于流动水浴温度均一这一特性, 建立了一种恒温水浴鉴定水稻幼苗耐寒性方法。该方法中环境温度设定为20°C, 水浴温度设定为4°C。根据对2个水稻亚种不同材料的处理结果, 总结出几种常见品种的低温处理时间与存活率参考值, 并对操作过程中的一些注意事项进行了说明。     

利用低温水浴鉴定水稻苗期耐寒性

高效准确鉴定苗期耐寒性是水稻(Oryza sativa)耐寒研究的前提。基于流动水浴温度均一这一特性, 建立了一种恒温水浴鉴定水稻幼苗耐寒性方法。该方法中环境温度设定为20°C, 水浴温度设定为4°C。根据对2个水稻亚种不同材料的处理结果, 总结出几种常见品种的低温处理时间与存活率参考值, 并对操作过程中的一些注意事项进行了说明。     

籼型杂交稻光合特性的配合力分析

以6个籼型杂交稻三系不育系和5个恢复系按不完全双列杂交设计配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本品种为材料,对其光合性状进行了测定和分析,结果表明:(1)杂交稻组合的光合特性存在显著或极显著的组合间遗传差异,光合特性的遗传变异主要来自基因的非加性效应;(2)胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量受不育系的影响大于恢复系,而气孔导度、叶绿素a+b含量受恢复系的影响大于不育系;(3)杂交稻光合性状的广义遗传力均大于狭义遗传力,各性状主要受基因互作及环境的影响。狭义遗传力的大小依次为叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、类胡萝卜素和蒸腾速率,这些性状具有中等遗传力;(4)9个光合性状杂交稻F1表型值与父母本一般配合力效应值之和的相关系数均达极显著水平。因此,可以根据父母本一般配合力效应值之和来预测杂交稻组合光合性状的表现,有利于高效选育高光效杂交稻组合。     

茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性与抗氧化系统的关系

为探讨茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷的生理机制,以耐冷性强弱不同的栽培稻及东乡野生稻为对照,研究了茶陵野生稻苗期冷胁迫后抗氧化系统的变化.结果表明,茶陵野生稻经冷胁迫后,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加幅度大于冷敏感对照,而稍小于或相当于耐冷对照;超氧阴离子(O2)产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量低于冷敏感对照品种,而稍高于或相当于耐冷对照.说明茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性与其抗氧化系统冷胁迫后的适应性变化密切相关.     

光照条件下低温对水稻籼粳亚种幼苗抗氧化物质含量的影响

与对低温不敏感的粳稻台北309和武育粳相比,对低温敏感的籼稻IR64、CA212和Pusa经光照条件下8℃处理后最大光合速率(Pmax)和原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降较多,出现了O2-·、过氧化氢、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)的大量累积,其GSSG和DHA的含量分别与叶绿素含量的下降呈极显著负相关,表明光照条件下低温胁迫下,还原态的谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸的再生受阻,不能有效地清除活性氧,导致其叶绿素含量降低和光合能力受抑,而汕优63的变化位于上述两种类型之间。其中AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的变化与叶绿素含量的变化呈极显著正相关。     

A novel functional gene associated with cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice

Identification and cloning of cold‐tolerant genes that can stably express under different cold environments are crucial for molecular rice breeding for cold tolerance. In the previous study, we identified a cold‐tolerant QTL at the seedling stage, qCTS‐9 which could be detected under different cold environments using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cold‐tolerant variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and a cold‐sensitive variety Shanhuangzhan 2 (SHZ‐2). In this study, eight candidate genes within the qCTS‐9 interval were identified through integrated analysis of QTL mapping with genomewide differential expression profiling of LTH. The qRT‐PCR assay showed that only Os09g0410300 exhibited different expression patterns between LTH and SHZ‐2 during cold stress, and significantly positive correlation was found between cold induction of Os09g0410300 and seedling cold tolerance in the RI lines. Five SNPs and one InDel in the promoters of Os09g0410300 were detected between LTH and SHZ‐2, and the InDel marker ID410300 designed based on the insertion–deletion polymorphism in the promoter was significantly associated with seedling cold tolerance in RIL population. Further, Os09g0410300 over‐expression plants exhibited enhanced cold tolerance at the seedling stage compared with the wild‐type plants. Thus, our results suggest that Os09g0410300 is the functional gene underlying qCTS‐9. To our knowledge, it is a novel gene contributed to enhance cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice. Identification of the functional gene underlying qCTS‐9 and development of the gene‐specific marker will facilitate molecular breeding for cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice through transgenic approach and marker‐assisted selection (MAS).