限制性液体复苏对多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标及预后的影响

摘要 目的：研究限制性液体复苏对多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标及预后的影响。方法：选择2020年6月至2022年5月的90例多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者进行本次研究，按照随机数表法分为研究组（n=47）和对照组（n=43），对照组采用常规液体复苏治疗，研究组采用限制性液体复苏治疗。对比两组输液量、失血量、输血量，复苏前及复苏后1 h凝血功能指标（PT、APTT、TT）水平，心肌损害指标（CK、CK-MB、CTnT）水平，并发症发生率。结果：研究组输液量、失血量、输血量均显著低于对照组[（2106.87±135.62）mL vs（2950.39±139.57）mL，（1049.31±160.07）mL vs（1390.18±135.89）mL，（1465.02±191.78）mL vs（1860.23±198.59）mL]（P＜0.05）；研究组PT、 APTT、 TT水平均显著高于对照组[（19.06±1.80）s vs（15.82±1.26）s，（42.03±3.85）s vs（37.02±3.19）s，（21.03±3.86）s vs（15.80±3.27）s]（P＜0.05）；研究组CK、CK-MB、CTnT水平均显著低于对照组[（20.85±2.72）U/L vs（32.97±3.69）U/L，（23.06±3.28）U/L vs（35.97±3.70）U/L，（2.07±0.36）ng/mL vs（2.90±0.38）ng/mL]（P＜0.05）；研究组并发症发生率显著低于对照组[10.64%（5/47）vs27.91％（12/43）]（P＜0.05）。结论：多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者采用限制性液体复苏可有效改善的其凝血功能，保护心肌细胞，提高患者预后。     

肾小球肾炎血清BUN、RBP的诊断价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨肾小球肾炎血清中尿素氮（BUN）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）的表达及意义。方法：选择2018年1月至2021年1月大华医院和我院接诊的75例肾小球肾炎患者为本研究对象,设为试验组,另选择同期在我院体检的55例作为对照组,分析血清BUN、RBP水平变化情况,及其诊断价值。结果：试验组患者血清BUN、RBP水平（15.52±1.51 mmol/L、97.87±21.28 mg/L）显著高于对照组（5.07±0.97 mmol/L、42.17±10.25 mg/L）,差异显著（P＜0.05）;重度肾小球肾炎患者血清BUN、RBP水平（19.01±1.20 mmol/L、118.83±21.24 mg/L）均显著高于轻度（11.56±1.07 mmol/L、71.24±19.87 mg/L）、中度肾小球肾炎患者（14.89±1.12 mmol/L、95.75±22.13 mg/L）,差异显著（P＜0.05）;中度肾小球肾炎患者血清 BUN、RBP水平（14.89±1.12 mmol/L、95.75±22.13 mg/L）均显著高于轻度肾小球肾炎患者（11.56±1.07 mmol/L、71.24±19.87 mg/L）,差异显著（P＜0.05）;BUN诊断肾小球肾炎的AUC为0.866,95%CI为0.807~0.926,截断值为8.45 mmol/L;RBP诊断肾小球肾炎的AUC为0.957,95%CI为0.927~0.987,截断值为57.29 mg/L;联合检测诊断肾小球肾炎的AUC为0.991,95%CI为0.980~1.000,单独检测分别和联合检测曲线下面积比较均具有显著差异（Z=4.11、2.150,P＜0.05）;联合检测的特异度、准确度分别为93.41%、94.15%。结论：在肾小球肾炎患者中血清BUN、RBP的表达和病情严重程度之间存在着密切关系,可作为诊断肾小球肾炎的重要指标。     

六味能消胶囊联合复方消化酶对功能性消化不良患者临床症状及脑-肠轴相关因子水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨六味能消胶囊联合复方消化酶对功能性消化不良（FD）患者临床症状及脑-肠轴相关因子水平的影响。方法：选取2018年7月~2019年12月期间攀枝花市中心医院收治的80例FD患者,以随机数字表法分为研究组（n=40）和对照组（n=40）。对照组给予复方消化酶治疗,研究组给予复方消化酶联合六味能消胶囊治疗,对比两组的脑-肠轴相关因子水平,疗效,症状改善时间及不良反应。结果：治疗4周后研究组的临床总有效率为92.50%（37/40）,高于对照组的72.50%（29/40）（P<0.05）。研究组食量恢复时间（4.62±0.74）d、食欲恢复时间（3.61±0.57）d、恶心呕吐消失时间（1.59±0.36）d分别较对照组的（7.68±1.71）d、（5.71±0.86）d、（3.87±0.52）d缩短（P<0.05）。研究组治疗4周后胃泌素（149.77±13.89）ng/L、胃动素（159.18±12.86）ng/L、神经肽S 受体 1（NPSR1）（164.10±15.88）pg/mL均高于对照组的（93.34±8.92）ng/L、（123.23±10.97）ng/L、（130.23±12.64）pg/mL（P<0.05）,研究组治疗4周后降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）（49.52±6.49）pg/mL、血管活性肠钛（VIP）（22.69±3.61）ng/L、生长抑素（SS）（32.13±3.36）pg/mL低于对照组的（63.19±8.38）pg/mL、（27.83±3.73）ng/L、（41.85±4.38）pg/mL（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论：复方消化酶联合六味能消胶囊治疗FD患者疗效显著,可有效缓解临床症状,改善脑-肠轴相关因子水平,且不增加不良反应发生率。     

老年高血压合并2 型糖尿病患者血清同型半胱氨酸、血尿酸水平 变化及临床意义

目的：探讨老年高血压合并2 型糖尿病患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Homocysteine, Hcy）、血尿酸（Serum uric acid, SUA）水平变 化及其临床意义。方法：2012 年9 月至2013 年9 月期间,我院诊治的40 例单纯高血压和40 例高血压合并2 型糖尿病患者,分别 作为对照组和研究组,检测两组血清Hcy、SUA水平。结果：两组患者收缩压、舒张压比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。研究组空腹血 糖、餐后2h 血糖、血清Hcy、SUA 均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组中血管并发症患者血清Hcy、SUA为（25.0± 5.0）umol/L 和 （390.0± 65.0）mmol/L显著高于无血管并发症患者（17.0± 4.0）umol/L 和（330.0± 55.0）mmol/L,血管并发症患者FBG、餐后2h 血 糖与无血管并发症患者比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：高血压合并2 型糖尿病患者血清Hcy、SUA异常升高,且存在慢性血 管并发症患者两者水平更高,血清Hcy、SUA是老年高血压合并2 型糖尿病的危险因素。     

超声造影联合HE4、CA125、CA153在子宫内膜癌诊断中的价值研究

摘要 目的：为提高对子宫内膜癌的早期诊断,本研究对超声造影联合肿瘤标志物人附睾蛋白4（human epididymis protein-4,HE4）血清糖类抗原125（carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125）及153（CA153）在子宫内膜癌中的诊断价值进行研究。方法：以80例疑似子宫内膜癌患者为研究组,另以80例于本院体检的健康女性为对照组。对患者进行超声造影检查,比较两组血清HE4、CA125以及CA153水平,考察超声造影联合HE4、CA125及CA153对子宫内膜癌的诊断作用。结果：本研究中80例疑似患者中,子宫内膜癌患者有49例,子宫内膜良性病变患者31例,而超声造影检查显示子宫内膜癌患者有41例,良性病变39例,与金标准检查结果有一定的差异,单纯的超声造影检查对子宫内膜癌的诊断有局限性。子宫内膜癌和良性病变患者的病变区灌注的时间、增强强度以及增强均度都有显著差异（P<0.05）。对照组血清HE4、CA125及CA153水平分别为82.31±15.45 pmol/mL、22.31±6.21 U/mL、16.45±4.91 U/mL,研究组血清HE4、CA125及CA153水平分别为159.28±24.01 pmol/mL、42.88±5.73 U/mL、28.30±3.76 U/mL,经统计,研究组各项指标均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。超声造影的灵敏度为79.3 %、特异度为67.34 %、阳性似然比为2.54、阴性似然比为0.25、阳性预测值为84.63 %、阴性预测值为60.51 %及符合率为72.19 %;联合检测的灵敏度为86.58 %、特异度为78.92 %、阳性似然比为3.11、阴性似然比为0.23、阳性预测值为93.19 %、阴性预测值为67.42 %及符合率为77.90 %。结论：超声造影联合HE4、CA125及CA153检测对子宫内膜癌诊断价值更高,HE4、CA125及CA153能辅助提高超声造影的诊断效果。     

针灸、推拿及中药外敷对腰椎间盘突出的临床疗效及血清TXB2、IL-1β、IL-10水平对比

摘要 目的：研究针灸、推拿及中药外敷对腰椎间盘突出的临床疗效及血清血栓素（thromboxane,TXA2）、白细胞介素-1β （Interleukin-1β）、白细胞介素-10 （Interleukin-10 IL-10）水平对比。方法：选取2019年1月至2020年12月的80例腰椎间盘突出患者。按照随机数表法分为观察组（n=41）和对照组（n=39）,对照组采用中药外敷治疗,观察组采用针灸、推拿及中药外敷联合治疗。对比两组治疗效果,治疗前后日本骨科协会评估治疗分数（Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores JOA）、视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale VAS）评分情况变化,血清TXB2、IL-1β、IL-10水平变化,腰椎功能及腰部关节活动度,不良反应发生率。结果：治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[95.12%（39/41）vs71.79％（28/39）]（P＜0.05）;JOA显著高于对照组[（23.19±3.21）分vs（17.62±2.65）分]（P<0.05）,VAS评分显著低于对照组[（2.07±0.38）分vs（3.58±0.61）分]（P<0.05）;血清TXB2、IL-1β水平均显著低于对照组[（24.37±3.26）μg/L vs（34.08±4.72）μg/L,（0.12±0.03）ng/L vs（0.27±0.05）ng/L]（P<0.05）;血清IL-10水平显著低于对照组[（85.82±7.03）pg/mL vs（57.28±6.31）pg/mL]（P<0.05）;功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index）显著低于对照组[（37.81±6.23）％ vs（68.02±8.91）％]（P<0.05）;腰部关节活动度显著高于对照组[（80.36±0.82）° vs（71.27±0.6）°]（P<0.05）;两组不良反应对比无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论：针灸、推拿及中药外敷对腰椎间盘突出的临床疗效显著,可有效改善患者的临床症状,缓解疼痛,抑制炎症因子TXB2、IL-1β表达,促进抗炎因子IL-10水平升高,安全有效。     

载药可降解聚乳酸纤维膜在大鼠腹腔术后肠粘连的预防效果及对TGF-β1和Collagen Ⅰ的影响

摘要 目的：本研究对载药可降解聚乳酸纤维膜在大鼠腹腔术后肠粘连的预防效果进行考察,并对其可能的机制进行探索。方法：以SD大鼠为研究对象,随机分为对照组和研究组,每组20只。制作肠粘连模型后,研究组用载药可降解聚乳酸纤维膜隔离损伤腹壁及损伤肠管,对照组未进行隔离操作。以粘连程度评分、粘连组织HE染色评分、TGF-β1以及Collagen Ⅰ 表达情况为指标考察预防效果。结果：对照组7 d和30 d粘连程度评分分别为3.05±0.94和2.95±0.46,研究组7 d和30 d评分分别为0.87±0.38和0.94±0.29,经分析,研究组7 d和30 d评分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组7 d和30 d粘连组织 HE染色评分分别为29.44±5.94和28.51±6.08,研究组7 d和30 d评分分别为28.51±6.08和13.19±4.12,经分析,研究组7 d和30 d评分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。与术后7 d的TGF-β1表达情况相比,术后30 d对照组TGF-β1免疫组化IOD显著升高,而研究组的TGF-β1免疫组化IOD显著降低（P<0.05）,研究组和对照组大鼠术后7 d IOD无显著差异（P>0.05）,研究组术后30 d的TGF-β1免疫组化IOD显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。与术后7 d的Collagen Ⅰ 表达情况相比,术后30 d对照组和研究组的Collagen Ⅰ免疫组化IOD值均显著降低（P<0.05）,相比于对照组,研究组术后7 d的Collagen Ⅰ免疫组化IOD显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,术后30 d IOD值无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论：载药可降解聚乳酸纤维膜能有效预防大鼠腹腔术后肠粘连情况。     

静注人免疫球蛋白联合万古霉素治疗小儿败血症的疗效及外周血NLR、PCT变化观察

摘要 目的：观察静注人免疫球蛋白联合万古霉素治疗小儿败血症的疗效及外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、降钙素原(PCT)变化。方法：选取2011年1月~2020年1月我院收治的败血症患儿80例为研究对象,按数字随机表法分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组给予万古霉素治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予静注人免疫球蛋白治疗,比较两组临床疗效、症状改善时间和住院时间、NLR、PCT、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞计数（WBC）、免疫功能及不良反应发生率。结果：观察组治疗有效率高于对照组（87.50%vs65.00%）（P<0.05）。观察组神经系统症状改善时间、体温改善时间、拒奶改善时间和住院时间为（6.22±1.05）d、（3.88±0.25）d、（5.10±0.86）d、（8.71±2.05）d,均短于对照组的（8.76±1.53）d、（6.22±0.64）d、（7.53±1.46）d和（11.24±3.36）d,比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后观察组外周血NLR、PCT、hs-CRP、WBC水平为（1.35±0.20）、（0.80±0.34）mg/mL、（3.56±0.62）g/L、（9.12±1.80）×10⁹/L,均显著低于对照组的（1.83±0.32）、（2.19±0.73）mg/mL、（9.78±2.64）g/L和（12.26±2.59）×10⁹/L,比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后观察组CD4⁺、CD3⁺、CD4/CD8为（42.77±11.36）％、（41.27±11.26）％、（1.70±0.33）,均显著高于对照组的（35.80±9.32）％、（35.66±9.40）％和（1.29±0.25）,比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（10.00%vs7.50%）（P>0.05）。结论：静注人免疫球蛋白联合万古霉素治疗小儿败血症的疗效显著,可降低炎症因子,提高免疫功能,且安全性较高。     

急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后心室重构患者血清Hcy、CysC、MMP-1、NGAL的表达及临床意义

摘要 目的：观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）术后心室重构患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、胱抑素C（CysC）、基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）的表达及临床意义。方法：选取2018年3月~2020年9月期间我院收治的AMI患者70例。根据PCI术后是否发生心室重构将其分为无心室重构组（n=49）和心室重构组（n=21）。检测患者血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平及心功能指标[左室后壁厚度( LVPWT)、左室舒张末期内径( LVEDD)、左室射血分数( LVEF)、室间隔厚度( IVST)]。分析血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平与心功能指标的相关性。分析AMI患者PCI术后心室重构的影响因素。结果：心室重构组血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平均高于无心室重构组（P<0.05）;LVEDD、IVST、 LVPWT均大于无心室重构组,LVEF低于无心室重构组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示：血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平和LVEDD、IVST、 LVPWT均呈正相关,而与LVEF呈负相关（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：两组患者梗死部位、心律失常情况、单核细胞（MO）、肌酸激酶同功酶（CK-MB）、发病到开通梗死相关动脉时间组间对比差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：梗死部位为前壁、发生心律失常以及高水平的MO、CK-MB、MMP-1、Hcy、CysC均是AMI患者PCI术后发生心室重构的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC表达均与AMI患者PCI术后的心室重构密切相关,检测以上指标水平可对AMI患者PCI术后心室重构的预测和防治提供一定参考。     

阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗儿童抽动障碍的疗效及对血流动力学的影响

摘要 目的：研究阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗儿童抽动障碍的疗效及对血流动力学的影响。方法：选取2018年1月～2020年1月我院收治的抽动障碍患儿80例,将所有患儿以随机数字表法分为对照组与研究组,每组各40例。对照组给予氟哌啶醇结合心理行为疗法治疗,研究组给予阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗,疗程均为10周。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后患儿抽动障碍情况、血流动力学指标变化以及不良反应发生情况。结果：研究组总有效率为95.00%,高于对照组的77.50%（P＜0.05）。治疗后研究组发声性抽调、运动性抽动、行为以及运动不宁评分分别为（2.81±1.07）分、（1.94±0.45）分、（1.16±0.44）分、（0.82±0.50）分,均明显低于对照组的（4.71±0.73）分、（2.77±0.38）分、（1.57±0.39）分、（1.22±0.43）分（P＜0.05）。治疗前后两组心率（HR）、能量转换指数（MEC）、左心室机械效率（LME）以及心肌耗氧量（MVO）水平对比均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。研究组不良反应发生率为7.50%,低于对照的25.00%（P＜0.05）。结论：阿立哌唑结合心理行为疗法治疗儿童抽动障碍疗效显著,可有效改善患儿临床症状,对血流动力学影响较小,具有较好的安全性。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.