丹参高产栽培优化配方施肥技术研究

采用N、P二因素五水平和N、P、K三因素五水平最优设计,在陕西商洛进行了丹参的氮磷钾肥施用量及配比试验研究。求得丹参NP和NPK的肥效反应数学模型,通过模拟选优,提出了丹参El标产量在5000～5700kg／hm^2之间的N、P用量是N115．5～214．3kg／hm^2,P2O5用量是153．4～243．4kg／hm^2(N：P2O5=1：1．15)。丹参目标产量在8000～9500kg／hm^2之间的N、P、K施肥用量N133．8～207．5kg／hm^2,P2O5用量是68．25～115．8kg／hm^2,K2O用量是80．3～146．5kg／hm^2(N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．54：0．67)。     

延安市日光温室蔬菜施肥现状与环境效应

调查分析延安市日光温室蔬菜目前的施肥现状和存在问题,结果表明蔬菜主要施肥问题是偏施氮磷肥,而且用量超过蔬菜的需肥量,忽视钾肥和微量元素的施用。过量施肥造成土壤NO3^-—N累积和地下水NO3^-—N含量超标,地下水NO3^-—N含量达142mg／L。根据西红柿和黄瓜的需肥要求,提出了黄瓜和西红柿合理的N、P、K肥和有机肥用量。日光温室黄瓜产量150000kg／hm^2的施用量为N750—840kg／hm^2,P2O5 450—540kg／hm^2,K2O 450—750kg/hm^2,有机肥60-80t/hm^2较为合理。日光温室西红柿180 000kg/hm^2产量的施用量为N810-960kg/hm^2,P2O5 420-510kg／hm^2,K2O 540-690kg／hm^2,有机肥50-80t/hm^2较为合理。分析了施肥对土壤环境和地下水NO3^-—N含量的影响,并提出了日光温室蔬菜施肥的改进措施。     

有机无机结合施肥对红壤稻田土壤氮素供应和水稻生产的影响

1999年以不同施肥制度对红壤稻田系统生产力和土壤环境影响的长期定位试验的为依托,比较研究了9a定位试验后．不施肥、单施无机肥、有机物循环和有机天机结合施肥对红壤稻田生态系统土壤供氮能力、水稻吸氮特性和水稻生产的影响。结果表明：红壤稻田系统长期不施肥(CK)土壤速效氯含量低,最高为16．7mg／kg,平均为14．2mg／kg,水稻累积吸收氮量较少,早稻为32,84kg／hm^2,晚稻为59．79kg／hm^2,系统生产力低．早稻生物量为3887kg／hm^2。稻谷产量为2180kg／hm^2,晚稻生物量为7164kg／hm^2,稻谷产：量为3719kg／hm^2;施用N肥可以改善土壤供氯状况。提高土壤速效氯含量,且N、NP、NK、NPK处理间没有显著差异．土壤速效氮含量最大可达到29．7mg／kg,平均为21．4mg／kg,而水稻累积吸收氯量与系统生产力随着NPK配合程度的增加而提高,NPK处理的早稻累积吸收氮量、生物量和稻谷产量分别比CK处理增加122．6％、87．1％和65.4％,晚稻分别增加85．O％、48．2％和46．O％;系统内有机物循环利用(C)水稻各生育期土壤速效氯含量显著提高．最高为30．2mg／kg,平均为20.8mg／kg,水稻累积吸收氮量早、晚稻分别比CK增加111．1％和48．9％,早稻生物量与稻谷产量显分别比CK高85．6％和55．2％,晚稻分别高28．9％和35．2％;有机无机结合施肥土壤速效氮含量最大为43．1mg／kg．平均为29．1mg／kg,且N C、NP C和NPK C处理间没有显著差异,但水稻累积吸收氮量和系统生产力有随着有机肥与NPK配合程度增加而提高的趋势。     

黄淮海平原玉米施氮量对后茬小麦土壤剖面硝态氮和产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式下,玉米品种“郑单958”（植株密度9株/m^2）和小麦品种“93-9”（基本苗704株/m^2）,冬小麦基施144kg N/hm^2,研究了玉米5个施N量（0、90、180、270和360kg/hm^2）对后茬小麦期间土壤剖面硝态氮含量、无机氮总量,以及小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响.结果表明：（1）与不施氮相比,玉米施氮显著增加小麦季0～200cm土壤硝态氮含量;自拔节起,0～40cm、0～130cm和0～200cm硝态氮含量均随施氮量增加而递增,在硝态氮含量较高的小区增幅也大.（2）轮作一周期后,不施氮和施氮360kg/hm^2显著影响0～130cm和0～200cm无机氮总量,但在90～270 kg/hm^2之间,施氮量的影响不明显.（3）施氮小于180kg/hm^2时,成熟期小麦植株氮素和籽粒氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均随施氮量增加而递增,但不明显.（4）与不施氮相比,施氮90kg/hm^2的小麦产量和麦玉轮作总产均增加但不明显,施氮180 kg/hm^2均显著增加,施氮270kg/hm^2与180kg/hm^2无明显差异.本试验条件下,夏玉米施氮90～180 kg/hm^2是适宜的.     

氮、钾营养对烤烟产量、产值和优质烟叶比例的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究氮素和钾素对烤烟产量、产值及优质烟叶(中上等烟叶)比例的影响,结果表明：(1)烤烟产量与施钾肥量具有显著正相关,并与施氮肥量有关;(2)产值与施氮肥量呈显著二次曲线相关性;(3)中上等烟比例与施肥比例(N／K)呈显著负相关,与施钾量、烟叶含钾量、土壤供钾能力有关。试验区烤烟优质、适产,要求施氮量(N)105一l12．8kg／hm2,施钾量(K)217．95—261．45kg／hm2,施肥比例(N／K比)0．40—0．48(N：K＝1：2．1—2．50或N：K2O＝1：2．5—3．0)。     

氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生生理特性及产量品质的影响

在田间条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生叶片生理特性及产量品质的影响.结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,花生分别单独施用氮、磷、钾肥可提高叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合速率,增加SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低MDA积累量,以施N300～450kg.hm-2、施P5O2150～225kg.hm-2、施K2O300～450kg.hm-2的效果最显著;对叶片光合性能的改善,氮肥的作用主要在前期,磷在中后期,钾肥前后期比较一致.施肥可显著提高花生荚果产量,随施氮量的增加花生产量显著提高,施磷、钾肥以中等施肥量(P5O2150kg.hm-2、K2O300kg.hm-2)花生产量最高,钾肥的增产作用大于氮、磷肥.少量施用磷、钾肥(P2O575kg.hm-2、K2O150kg.hm-2)可显著增加花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,少量施用氮肥(N150kg.hm-2)可显著增加蛋白质含量,大量施用氮肥(N450kg.hm-2)才可显著增加脂肪含量;磷肥对提高籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量效果明显,氮肥对增加蛋白质含量作用较大,钾肥主要提高了可溶性糖含量.施用氮、磷、钾肥可增加花生籽仁的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和油酸、亚油酸含量,提高油酸/亚油酸比值,从而改善花生营养品质,延长花生制品的货价寿命.     

基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了氮肥一次基施对高肥力土壤上冬小麦产量,吸氮量及氮肥利用率的影响,旨在了解高肥力土训上减少基肥氮的可行性,结果表明,高肥力土壤上冬小麦产量对氮肥的反应不明显,而施用氮肥显著增加了冬小麦吸氮量,根据差值法计算结果,当施氮量为75,112．5和150kg/hm^2时冬小麦的氮肥利用率分别为16．0％,14．5％和13．5％,表明多达84％－86．5％以上的基肥氮未被作物吸收利用,氮平衡计算的结果进一步表明,未被当季小麦利用的肥料氮主要以无机氮的形式残留于0－1m土体中,当施氮量分别为75,112．5和150kg/hm2时氮肥的土壤残留率依次为83．3％,46．0％和58．8％,而相应的表观损失率为0．5％,38．9％和19．0％,由此可见,在高肥力土壤上应严格控制基肥氮的用量或不施基肥,否则将造成氮素资源的大量浪费。     

密度、施肥对旱地春小麦产量、水分利用效率和籽粒养分含量的补偿效应

为了探明旱作条件下无机营养对作物产量和水分利用效率的补偿效应,我们在宁南黄土高原半干旱地区开展了为期两年的春小麦密度与肥料试验。通过4种播种密度和5种肥力水平的综合研究结果表明,在不同处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率排序中,播种密度为500粒／m^2时,以施肥量90kg／hm^2N和135kg／hm^2P2O5处理的产量和水分利用效率为最大。与不施肥的对照相比,增施肥料与籽粒产量和水分利用效率的提高成显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0．959和0．894,而播种密度则与产量和水分利用效率的相关性不显著。增施肥料虽然能够提高可育小花数,但随着播种密度的增大,穗粒数和千粒重反而呈下降趋势,表明可育小花数对肥料水平反应敏感,而穗粒数和千粒重主要受播种密度的影响。施肥能够促进春小麦根系的生长发育,特别是促进浅层根量的增加,增强了作物的水分养分吸收。另外,不同种类肥料配施的结果表明,单施P肥或者N、P、K配合施用,可使春小麦产量分别提高44．6％和55．4％。N、P、K配合施肥还能够提高品质,使籽粒中的P、N、K含量分别提高18．5％、18．4％和8．1％。上述研究结果说明,控制播种密度、改善土壤肥力对于促进旱地春小麦高效利用有限水分具有明显的补偿效应。     

包膜尿素在华北平原夏玉米上的应用

通过连续2a的大田试验,比较研究了尿素与包膜尿素对夏播玉米郑单958和农大108产量、水分利用效率（WUE）、氮肥利用率（NUE）与土壤无机氮动态的影响,结果表明：产量与WUE随施氮量增大而增大,两种氮肥间差异不显著;包膜尿素NUE较尿素高,2004年郑单958N90kg／hm^2与农大108N180ks／hm^2条件下提高显著;施氮对土壤无机氮动态的影响具有年际间差异：2004年不施氮条件下一般呈“V”型变化趋势,施氮使其向“N”型或倒“V”型转变,而2005年施氮与不施氮条件下均呈“N”型变化趋势;施氮使土壤无机氮含量明显提高,包膜尿素较尿素效果更明显;土壤无机氮含量,包膜尿素处理以表土层最高,而尿素处理,特别是尿素N180kg／hm^2处理9叶展至吐丝期以下层土壤较高,2004年表现尤为明显。可见在降水量较多的年份,包膜尿素缓释效应明显,能有效控制无机氮的下移。华北平原夏玉米季以包膜尿素替代尿素、以一次性基施替代基肥＋追肥是完全可行的,能达到省工、增效、环保目的。     

关中地区小麦/玉米轮作农田硝态氮淋溶特点

通过田间原位淋溶装置研究了不同施氮量和秸秆覆盖对关中地区小麦/玉米轮作农田90cm深处硝态氮(NO3--N)淋溶量、0～1m土层硝态氮累积及作物产量和氮平衡的影响.试验设不施氮(N1,0kg·hm-2·a-1)、常规施氮(N2,471kg·hm-2·a-1)、推荐施氮(N3,330kg·hm-2·a-1)、减量施氮(N4,165kg·hm-2·a-1)、增量施氮(N5,495kg·hm-2·a-1)和推荐施氮+秸秆覆盖(N3+S)6个不同施肥处理.结果表明:NO3--N淋溶量随施氮量的增加而增大,氮肥的过量施用及秸秆覆盖易造成NO3--N淋溶.N3+S处理90cm处年NO3--N流失量最大,为22.32kg·hm-2,施肥造成的氮流失量为16.44kg·hm-2,比相同施氮量不覆盖处理(N3)高158.9%.NO3--N主要累积在20～60cm土层,年施氮量330kg·hm-2(N3)时,秸秆覆盖与否不影响NO3--N的剖面分布.各施肥处理对作物产量没有显著影响,但减量施氮处理(N4)有减少作物产量的趋势.在本试验条件下,推荐施肥量(小麦施氮150kg·hm-2,玉米施氮180kg·hm-2)在保证作物产量的同时,可减少土壤NO3--N的淋溶和累积.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细