昆嵛山天然赤松种群的数量特征及更新动态

1　前　言赤松(ＰｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａＳｉｅｂ.ｅｔＺｕｃｃ.)天然分布于朝鲜、日本和中国,它在我国的天然分布从黑龙江东南部(宁安、东宁)、吉林东部(长白山)、辽东半岛经山东半岛(昆嵛山、崂山、沂山东部)到江苏东北部云台山区,是我国暖温带沿海地区温性针叶林的主要建群种之一[1]。昆嵛山地处山东半岛东端,位于Ｎ37°16′,Ｅ121°43′附近,是赤松在山东半岛的最集中分布地。赤松林在该地区从山麓一直到海拔800ｍ左右都有分布,并与落叶栎林共同组成该地区的地带性天然次生森林植被[2],在调节生态系统结构与功能方面起到重要作用…     

HPLC法测定麻仁润肠丸大黄素、大黄酚的含量

采用KromacilC18(4 .6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm)色谱柱 ,以甲醇 - 0 .1%磷酸溶液 (85∶15 )为流动相 ,流速为 1mL·min ,柱温为 30℃ ,检测波长为 2 5 4nm ,以外标法测定了麻仁润肠丸中大黄素、大黄酚的含量。大黄素在 8.992× 10 -3 ～ 116 .896× 10 -3 ,大黄酚在 2 1.376× 10 -3 ～ 2 77.85 8× 10 -3 范围内呈线性关系 ,其在制剂中的平均回收率 (n =6 )分别为 10 1.5 6 % (RSD =1.3% )、96 .78% (RSD =1.3% )。     

站在林区县看森林的价值

我的家乡宁陕县 (38°7′11″～ 33°5 0′38″N,10 8°2′2 5″～ 10 8°5 6′4 8″E)地处亚热带和北温带过渡地带的秦岭南麓 ,总面积 36780 0 hm2。本县气候适宜 ,雨量充沛 ,山大林深 ,森林资源极为丰富 ,特别是林特资源在全省名列前茅。据林业部门统计 ,全县林用地 331 768.5 hm2 ,森林覆盖率 71.9%,若将灌木林包括在内 ,林木覆盖率达 78.3%,大大超过了全国森林覆盖率(12 .5 %)和全省森林覆盖率 (2 2 .3%)。上世纪 5 0～ 60年代 ,全县人均占有林地 2 .15 hm2 ,占有蓄积量 (含国有林 ) 4 2 3.9m3,是全国人均 9.3m3的 4 5倍 !本县各林种蓄…     

大樱桃矮化砧木吉塞拉（Gisela）的微体繁殖

1　植物名称　大樱桃矮化砧木 (Ｐｒｕｎｕｓｃｅｒａｓｕｓ×Ｐ .ｃａｎｅｓｃｅｎｓ)吉塞拉 (Ｇｉｓｅｌａ) 5、6、7号。2　材料类别　休眠枝条。3　培养条件　ＭＳ为基本培养基。 ( 1 )丛生芽诱导培养基 :ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 1ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 ) ＩＢＡ0 .1。 ( 2 )继代增殖培养基 :ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 0 .5 ＺＴ0 .1。 ( 3)生根培养基 :1 /2ＭＳ ＩＢＡ 0 .3。培养基中蔗糖为 3% ,琼脂为 0 .6% ,ｐＨ 5 .8,温度 2 5℃ ,每天光照 1 6ｈ ,光照度为 1 5 0 0ｌｘ。4　生长与分化情况4.1　无菌材料的获得　将外植体用洗衣粉溶液洗净表面 ,再以…     

黄河上游玛曲县生态环境问题与综合治理对策

1　自然地理条件概况玛曲县位于甘肃省西南部 ,10 0°4 5′4 5″～ 10 2°2 9′0 0″Ｅ ,33°0 6′30″～ 34°30′15″Ｎ ,土地总面积 1 0 19× 10 4 ｋｍ2 ,是黄河上游以藏民族聚居为主的纯牧业县。阿尼玛卿山、西倾山两大山系主脉形成的西部高山区、中南部阿尼玛卿山东南端和西倾山前山地带丘陵区及黄河沿岸河流阶地构成地形地貌格局[12 ] ,大部分区域海拔 35 0 0～ 380 0ｍ。玛曲属高原大陆性气候 ,年平均气温 1.1℃～2 .7℃ ,年平均降水量 5 0 1.6～ 6 15 .5ｍｍ ,主要集中于 5～ 9月 ,年蒸发量 10 0 0～ 15 0 0ｍｍ[5] 。年平均风速 2…     

从社区林业的观点探讨西双版纳刀耕火种农业生态系统的演化

1　引　言西双版纳地处我国西南边陲 ,东、南、西三面分别与缅甸、老挝接壤。由于地处热带最北缘 ,是热带与亚热带的交汇地带 ,动植物资源非常丰富 ,一直被誉为“动植物王国的明珠”。近 2× 1 0 4 ｋｍ2(全国总面积的 0 .2 % )分布了我国 2 5%的植物。但是 ,由于几十年不合理的政策和技术指导 ,1 950～ 1 985年期间森林覆盖率从 63%降到 34% ,其中包括了大面积的人工林如橡胶林和其它热带经济林 ,即有林地面积为 6 67× 1 0 5ｈａ ,其中保护区2 0× 1 0 5ｈａ,约占 1 /3。其他国有林 (包括国营橡胶林 )占 1 /3多 ,集体林和自留山占 1 /3多…     

丛枝菌根在退化土壤恢复中的生态学作用

土壤退化 (包括土壤侵蚀、贫瘠化、盐碱化、沙化、酸化 )不仅为全球所关注 ,而且是关系到我国农业可持续发展的重大问题。全球 1.3× 10 8ｋｍ2 的总土地面积中 ,因人为原因引起的退化面积为 2 0×10 7ｋｍ2 ,这些退化土壤中 ,耕地近 5× 10 8ｈａ ,约占总耕地面积的 1/ 3。我国南方丘陵区土壤退化问题也突出 (水土流失面积 8 0× 10 7ｈａ ,养分贫瘠化 1 9×10 7ｈａ ,污染土壤 3 2× 10 6ｈａ ,酸化土壤 3 2×10 6ｈａ) ,因而探讨恢复和重建退化土壤的途径已成为该地区农业持续发展的重要内容[5] 。菌根 (ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａ)是土…     

西藏年楚河流域水土流失及生态重建研究

西藏著名粮仓年楚河流域位于北纬 2 8°10′～2 9°2 0′、东经 88°35′～ 90°15′ ,地处喜马拉雅地质构造区中段。年楚河全长 2 17ｋｍ ,平均坡降 0 .6 1% ,落差达 132 2ｍ ,大致呈东南 西北流向 ,于日喀则附近逆向汇入雅鲁藏布江。行政区划上包括康马、日喀则县大部和江孜、白朗县全部 ,总面积 6 311ｋｍ2 ,耕地面积 4 .70× 10 4 ｈａ ,农业人口 16 .5 9万人 ,分别占西藏自治区的 0 .9% ,13.5 %和 7.7% ,现为国家级农业综合开发区“一江两河”(雅鲁藏布江中游及其支流拉萨河、年楚河流域 )地区的重要组成部分。近年 ,水土流失对生态环…     

减毒HAV在体外抑制HBV表达HBeAg和HBsAg的实验研究

目的　探索减毒甲型肝炎病毒( HAV) ( H2减毒株)在Hep G2 .2 .15细胞中对乙型肝炎病毒( HBV)表达HBs Ag和HBe Ag的影响。方法　在Hep G2 .2 .15细胞中,加入含3×10 - 2 ( 3×10 4 .5CCID50 / ml) ,3×10 - 3( 3×10 3.5CCID50 / ml)浓度的减毒HAV。按不同疫苗浓度,每4 d换液1次,留取第12和第16天的培养上清液;同时设立对照组。用微粒子酶免分析法检测培养上清液中的HBs Ag和HBe Ag含量。计算减毒HAV在不同浓度,以及不同作用时间长度的条件下,对Hep G2 .2 .15细胞表达HBs Ag和HBe Ag的影响。结果　3×10 - 2 Ampoule/ ml的减毒HAV作用Hep G2 .2 .5细胞12 d后,培养上清液的HBe Ag浓度为( 4 7.2 3±6 .18) S/ CO,低于对照组的( 10 1.15±15 .77) S/ CO,2组比较差异有非常显著性( P<0 .0 1) ;16 d后,上清液HBe Ag含量为( 4 0 .2 7±13.30 ) S/ CO,也显著低于对照组的( 6 5 .85±3.4 6 ) S/ CO( P<0 .0 5 ) ;HBs Ag含量为( 2 .6 8±0 .31) S/ N,低于对照组的( 5 .10±1.2 7)S/ N,差异有显著性( P<0 .0 5 )。而3×10 - 3Ampoule/ ml的减毒HAV作用Hep G2 .2 .15细胞12 d后,培养上清液的HBs Ag浓度与对照组比较有显著性下降( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　一定浓度的减毒HAV可能有直接抑制HBV表达HBs Ag,HBe Ag的作用     

亚热带珍稀植物福建含笑群落能量研究

对福建含笑 (Michelia fujianensis)群落各组分的热值、群落能量现存量、能量年净固定量和太阳能转化效率的研究结果表明 :该群落各组分样品的干重热值具有一定差异 ,树干热值最高 ,花热值最低。福建含笑群落的能量现存量 859.93× 1 0 10 J/hm2 ,其中地上部分72 3.67× 1 0 10 J/hm2 ,占总量的 84.1 5% ;地下部分 1 36.2 6× 1 0 10 J/hm2 ,占 1 5.85%。福建含笑1 997年群落能量净固定量为 32 .72× 1 0 10 J/hm2 ,林地太阳光有效辐射能转化效率 1 .536%。     

山东赤松种群的个体生长规律

利用Logistic增长模型对山东赤松 (PinusdensifloraSieb .etZucc .)种群个体生长规律进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,赤松个体生长密切符合Logistic方程 ;人工林个体生长好于天然次生林 ;人工林与次生林个体生长规律一致 ;树高成熟龄和连年生长量最大时年龄出现最早 ,胸径成熟龄和连年生长量最大时年龄出现较晚 ,材积成熟龄和连年生长量最大时年龄出现最迟     

山东蒙山6种造林树种40余年成林效果评价

植被恢复一直是恢复生态学研究的核心问题和首要解决目标。该文拟评估山东蒙山森林植被恢复与重建的现状和程度, 评价不同造林树种对植物多样性的影响, 筛选一批造林工具种, 为今后沂蒙山区森林植被恢复与重建的调控和预测提供依据。采用样地法和样方法, 选择林龄超过40年的6种主要人工林为样地, 采用典型取样法进行林内调查。根据乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数评价物种多样性, 分析乔木径级分布, 判断植物发展类型。结果表明: 乔木层、灌木层和草本层的4种多样性指数较为一致地显示赤松(Pinus densiflora)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)、日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的成林效果较好, 油松(Pinus tabuliformis)相对较差。6种人工林群落灌木层和草本层的4种多样性指数基本无显著差异, 而乔木层中, 油松人工林群落的4种多样性指数与黑松人工林、刺槐人工林、栓皮栎人工林和日本落叶松人工林存在部分显著差异(p < 0.05)。从整体上看, 人工林群落灌木层发育最好, 4种多样性指数均为灌木层>乔木层>草本层, 且差异大多极显著(p < 0.01)。研究发现: 乔木扩展种29种、隐退种3种、稳定侵入种9种和随机侵入种11种, 表明人工林群落正处于向森林演替的过程中。数据显示: 3种隐退种赤松、油松和日本落叶松均为群落局部优势种, 赤松和油松种群更新困难, 日本落叶松完全没有更新幼苗。作者认为林下发达的灌草层可能是阻碍针叶林天然更新的关键因素。评估筛选出15种造林工具种: 早期开荒工具种(A类) 7种和后期顶级工具种(B类) 8种。其中A1类(建群种) 2种: 赤松和油松, A2类(伴生种) 5种: 黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)、花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)、君迁子(Cerasus serrulata)、山合欢(Albizia kalkora)和鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii); B1类(建群种) 2种: 栓皮栎和麻栎(Quercus acutissima), B2类(伴生种) 6种: 水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)、槲树(Quercus dentata)、山樱花(Diospyros lotus)、小叶朴(Celtis bungeana)、大叶朴(Celtis koraiensis)和三桠乌药(Lindera obtusiloba)。     

赤松纯林林分特征对昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂发生量的影响

为探讨昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的发生与天然赤松纯林的林分特征及其自然分布的关系,依托昆嵛山森林生态定位研究站所设立的40块永久性样地,比较了群落自然演替13 a的赤松种群特征以及林内灌草多样性指数,并分析了虫口密度与赤松林分特征的关系。结果表明,13 a自然生长,赤松种群的径级分布和高度结构出现显著变化。赤松种群中占总数60%的林木径级为5 cmDBH≤25 cm,比1996年高51%;而约占67%的赤松个体高度在2 m到10 m之间,比1996年高57%。同时种群密度从1996年的平均超过13000株/hm2降到了2008年的平均2377株/hm2。赤松林内灌草Shannon多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(JS)分别为2.50和0.79,分别低于1996年的(H)2.69和(JS)0.85,暗示赤松纯林生物多样性有降低的趋势。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的虫口密度与赤松林分的郁闭度和赤松分布的海拔高度呈极显著相关关系、相关系数分别为R=0.931、P=0.002和R=0.924、P=0.003;与林分密度(R=0.780,P=0.038)、林木胸径(R=0.816,P=0.025)呈显著相关关系,而与树高以及树龄关系不显著。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂虫口密度的分布格局似乎非常符合"资源集中"假说。     

Radial growth response of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. to topographic and climatic factors in South Korea

Aims This study aimed to develop radial growth models and to predict the potential spatial distribution of Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) and Quercus spp. (Oaks) in South Korea, considering topographic and climatic factors.Methods We used a dataset of diameter at breast height and radial growth estimates of individual trees, topographic and climatic factors in systematic sample plots distributed over the whole of South Korea. On the basis that radial growth is attributed primarily to tree age, we developed a radial growth model employing tree age as an explanatory variable. We estimated standard growth (SG), defined as radial growth of the tree at age 30, to eliminate the influence of tree age on radial growth. In addition, SG estimates including the Topographic Wetness Index, temperature and precipitation were calculated by the Generalized Additive Model.Important findings As a result of variogram analysis of SG, we found spatial autocorrelation between SG, topographic and climatic factors. Incremental temperature had negative impacts on radial growth of P. densiflora and positive impacts on that of Quercus spp. Precipitation was associated with positive effects on both tree species. Based on the model, we found that radial growth of P. densiflora would be more vulnerable than that of Quercus spp. to climatic factors. Through simulation with the radial growth model, it was predicted that P. densiflora stands would be gradually replaced with Quercus spp. stands in eastern coastal and southern regions of South Korea in the future. The models developed in this study will be helpful for understanding the impact of climatic factors on tree growth and for predicting changes in distribution of P. densiflora and Quercus spp. due to climate change in South Korea.     

山东半岛赤松林的天然更新及其发展前途的研究

一、前言赤松(Pinus densiflora)是分布于朝鲜、日本和中国的针叶树种,它在我国的分布自辽东半岛经山东半岛达江苏北部的云台山,分布区属暖温带东部滨海部分。区内年平均温度7—13℃,年降水量约600—1000mm,年平均相对湿度65%以上。赤松在其北、西、南三     

辽宁东部的主要植被类型及其分布

辽宁东部位于铁岭一营口一线以东地区。北部为山地,属于长白植物区系区。南部为辽东半岛丘陵,属于华北植物区系区,并具有一些耐寒性的亚热带植物。红松(Pinus koraiensis)、沙松(Abies holophylla)—阔叶混交林和油松 (Pinus tabulaeformis)、赤松(P.densiflora)、落叶阔叶林是辽宁东部的地带性植被。但是,目前次生的蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林和各类灌丛分布很广。以开原一南杂木一青城子一青椅山线为界把辽东分为两个植被地带：1)北部为温带针叶阔叶混交林地带;2)南部为暖温带落叶阔叶林地带。在暖温带落叶阔叶林地带内,熊岳一青椅山线的东南部为亦松栎林亚地带,西北部为油松栎林亚地带。     

Genetic divergence, range expansion and possible homoploid hybrid speciation among pine species in Northeast China

Although homoploid hybrid speciation in plants is probably more common than previously realized, there are few well-documented cases of homoploid hybrid origin in conifers. We examined genetic divergence between two currently widespread pines in Northeast China, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Pinus densiflora, and also whether two narrowly distributed pines in the same region, Pinus funebris and Pinus takahasii, might have originated from the two widespread species by homoploid hybrid speciation. Our results, based on population genetic analysis of chloroplast (cp), mitochondrial (mt) DNA, and nuclear gene sequence variation, showed that the two widespread species were divergent for both cp- and mtDNA variation, and also for haplotype variation at two of eight nuclear gene loci surveyed. Our analysis further indicated that P. sylvestris var. mongolica and P. densiflora remained allopatric during the most severe Quaternary glacial period that occurred in Northeast China, but subsequently exhibited rapid range expansions. P. funebris and P. takahasii, were found to contain a mixture of chlorotypes and nuclear haplotypes that distinguish P. sylvestris var. mongolica and P. densiflora, in support of the hypothesis that they possibly originated via homoploid hybrid speciation following secondary contact and hybridization between P. sylvestris var. mongolica and P. densiflora.     

Spatio-temporal change in forest cover and carbon storage considering actual and potential forest cover in South Korea

This study analyzes change in carbon storage by applying forest growth models and final cutting age to actual and potential forest cover for six major tree species in South Korea. Using National Forest Inventory data, the growth models were developed to estimate mean diameter at breast height, tree height, and number of trees for Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida, Larix kaempferi, Castanea crenata and Quercus spp. stands. We assumed that actual forest cover in a forest type map will change into potential forest covers according to the Hydrological and Thermal Analogy Groups model. When actual forest cover reaches the final cutting age, forest volume and carbon storage are estimated by changed forest cover and its growth model. Forest volume between 2010 and 2110 would increase from 126.73 to 157.33 m3 hm-2. Our results also show that forest cover, volume, and carbon storage could abruptly change by 2060. This is attributed to the fact that most forests are presumed to reach final cutting age. To avoid such dramatic change, a regeneration and yield control scheme should be prepared and implemented in a way that ensures balance in forest practice and yield.     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a Pinus densiflora forest with low and high stand densities

Aims Understanding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics and their dependence on the stand density of an even-aged, mature forest provides knowledge that is important for forest management. This study investigated the differences in ecosystem total C and N storage and flux between a low-density stand (LD) and a high-density stand (HD) and examined the effects of stand density on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), total belowground C allocation (TBCA) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in a naturally regenerated, 65- to 75-year-old Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest.Methods LD (450 trees ha^-1) and HD (842 trees ha^-1) were established in an even-aged, mature P. densiflora forest in September 2006. The forest had been naturally regenerated following harvesting, and the stand density was naturally maintained without any artificial management such as thinning. The diameter at breast height (DBH ≥ 5.0cm) of all live stems within the stands was measured yearly from 2007 to 2011. To compare C and N storage and fluxes in LD and HD, C and N pools in aboveground and belowground biomass, the forest floor, coarse woody debris (CWD) and soil; soil CO₂ efflux (R S); autotrophic respiration (R A); litter production; and soil N availability were measured. Further, ANPP, TBCA and NEP were estimated from plot-based measurement data.Important findings Ecosystem C (Mg C ha^-1) and N (Mg N ha^-1) storage was, respectively, 173.0±7.3 (mean ± SE) and 4.69±0.30 for LD and 162±11.8 and 4.08±0.18 for HD. There were no significant differences in C and N storage in the ecosystem components, except for soils, between the two stands. In contrast, there were significant differences in aboveground ANPP and TBCA between the two stands (P < 0.05). Litterfall, biomass increment and R S were major C flux components with values of, respectively, 3.89, 3.74 and 9.07 Mg C ha^-1 year^-1 in LD and 3.15, 2.94 and 7.06 Mg C ha^-1 year^-1 in HD. Biometric-based NEP (Mg C ha^-1 year^-1) was 4.18 in LD and 5.50 in HD. Although the even-aged, mature P. densiflora forest had similar C and N allocation patterns, it showed different C and N dynamics depending on stand density. The results of the current study will be useful for elucidating the effects of stand density on C and N storage and fluxes, which are important issues in managing natural mature forest ecosystems.