Identification of two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains with high suppression to the key fruit pathogens of Chinese jujube

Two bacterial strains (ZJ01 and ZJ02) isolated from the phyllosphere of Chinese jujube were tested for antifungal activities and morphological mechanisms against Phoma destructiva, Alternaria alternata and Fusicoccum spp., three key pathogens of jujube fruits. Based on their physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequences, both strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The disease incidence of jujube fruits sprayed with the fermentation liquor of ZJ01 and ZJ02 on the puncture wounds before inoculation with the spores of those three key pathogenic fungi was 10% or 66.7%, significantly lower than that of Nutrient Broth medium treatment (100%). These results suggest that strains ZJ01 may be a potential biological control agent for Chinese jujube fruit diseases. The antagonistic bacteria could cause five kinds of hyphal alterations of the causal agents, the maximum number ever observed. Of them, hyphal swelling and excessive branching were the dominant phenomenon, the other three varied with the pathogens. The diverse morphological malformation might be helpful to understand the broad antifungal activity of Bacillus spp..     

不同间作枣园害虫的群落结构与动态

对5种不同间作枣园的害虫群落结构特征进行了研究,结果表明,在不同的间作枣园中,害虫的科、种与个体数是各不相同的,其多样性、均匀度和Berger-Parker指数也有明显差异(p<0.05)。间作牧草或保留杂草的枣园,害虫的科与种以及多样性和均匀度明显(p<0.05)大于间作小麦、大豆和单作枣园,而个体数和Berger-Parker指数则显著(p<0.05)小于单作枣园。枣园害虫个体数的时序动态随季节交替而有明显(p<0.05)的变化,4~8月份害虫的个体数明显(p<0.05)大于3月份、9~10月份。在枣园间作作物、牧草或者适当保留一定数量的杂草,不仅能够充分有效地利用枣园的空间和自然资源,而且增加了生物的多样性,改善了枣园的生态环境,同时提高了有害生物相互制约的能力和枣园单位面积的纯收入。     

几个引进枣品种枣头及果实生长发育规律的研究

研究得知湘南地区引进沾化冬枣、梨枣和骏枣的枣头一次枝(下简称枣头)伸长生长节律与本地品种鸡蛋枣相似,幼树期枣头有两次明显的伸长生长过程,其间出现生长暂缓期。从枣头年生长量看,三个引进品种均比本地品种鸡蛋枣要小,但秋季生长量比重均比鸡蛋枣还要大。三个引进品种果实均较鸡蛋枣大,果实生长规律均与鸡蛋枣相似。但各个品种果实生育期均长于鸡蛋枣。冬枣果实生育期最长为100天~110天,梨枣与骏枣果实生育较短,梨枣70天~75天,骏枣约85天,而鸡蛋枣只有65天~70天。     

‘赛蜜酥1号’枣及其芽变品系果实的性状差异北大核心CSCD

该试验以‘赛蜜酥1号’枣及其芽变品系‘赛蜜酥2号’果实为试验材料,运用流式细胞术对它们的倍性进行鉴定,采用石蜡切片法进行果实细胞组学的观察,并对两者果实生长发育过程中的内外观品质及决定果实口感的蔗糖代谢相关酶活性进行比较分析,为深入研究芽变对枣果实口感、品质造成的影响提供理论支持。结果表明:(1)‘赛蜜酥2号’芽变品系的细胞倍性未发生改变,仍为二倍体。(2)两个枣品种(系)果实在外部形态上有明显区别,‘赛蜜酥1号’为卵圆型,‘赛蜜酥2号’为扁圆型,且后者的果形指数成熟时大于1,单果质量高于前者,核小、可食率更高,皮薄果实更加酥脆;‘赛蜜酥1号’果皮的蜡质层厚度一直大于其芽变枣,两者角质层厚度和表皮层厚度的变化趋势基本一致,但厚度之间具有显著差异。(3)影响果实细胞生长、分裂,果实脱落的各类激素水平在品种间均存在显著差异,‘赛蜜酥2号’IAA和GA_(3)含量显著高于‘赛蜜酥1号’,使之果形更大。(4)两个枣品种(系)果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素C、植物淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量等随发育时期的变化趋势一致,但含量水平之间存在差异,‘赛蜜酥2号’果实的糖含量、维生素C含量更高,可滴定酸含量更低,口感更甘甜。(5)两品种枣果实的蔗糖代谢相关酶活性在果实迅速生长的膨大期都存在着显著差异,也导致‘赛蜜酥2号’果实甜度明显高于‘赛蜜酥1号’。研究发现,两个枣品种均为二倍体,它们在果实外部形态上存在明显区别,易于分辨;芽变品系‘赛蜜酥2号’果实更大,核小、可食率更高,皮薄更加酥脆,口感更甘甜。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣林随树龄变化的根系空间分布特征

该文研究了黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣( Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lizao’)林群体根系随树龄变化的空间分布特征。对1年生、4年生、8年生和11年生4种树龄的密植枣林采用剖面法, 获得0-1 m土壤剖面上直径>3 mm、1-3 mm及<1 mm的根系数量和空间位置信息。利用方差分析, 评价了山地密植枣林林分根系随树龄变化的水平和垂直分布特征。结果表明: 3种直径的根系数量均随着树龄的增长而增加, 直径< 1 mm的根系增长速度最快; 随着土层加深, 根系数量递减, 1年生枣林的根系主要聚集在0-40 cm土层中, 4年生及以上树龄的根系主要分布在0-60 cm土层中; 0-1 m土层内, 1年生枣林(株距1.2 m)及4年以上树龄(株距2 m), 同树龄枣林中直径<1 mm的根系水平分布无差异; 同一土层中(0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm), 无论树龄大小及离树干的水平位置如何, 不同直径根系的数量都无差异。研究表明: 在有水肥管理措施的条件下, 枣林根系垂直方向形成浅层型的适应模式; 在密植环境下, 枣林细根形成根网型的适应模式。     

Biological control of Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae): feasibility,prospective agents and research gaps

The tropical fruit tree, Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), a native of the Indian subcontinent, is a pasture and environmental weed in northern Australia and Fiji. In their native range, Ziziphus spp., including commercially cultivated Z. mauritiana and Z. jujuba, are subjected to a wide range of pests and diseases. The feasibility of classical biological control of this weed has not been explored to date. Effective biological control could reduce plant vigour and seed output, thereby limiting the spread of Z. mauritiana in Australia. Two Ziziphus species are native to Australia, hence, any prospective biological control agent should be specific to Z. mauritiana. Opportunistic field surveys and literature searches identified 133 species of phytophagous insects, 9 species of phytophagous mites and 12 plant pathogens on Ziziphus spp. Host records suggest the following are possibly specific to Z. mauritiana and hence are prospective biological control agents in Australia: the seed‐feeding weevil Aubeus himalayanus; the leaf‐feeding gracillariid moth Phyllonorycter iochrysis; the leaf‐mining chrysomelid beetle Platypria erinaceus; the leaf‐folding crambid moth Synclera univocalis; the leaf‐galling midge Phyllodiplosis jujubae; and the gall‐mites Aceria cernuus and Larvacarus transitans. Host range of the rust Phakopsora zizyphi‐vulgaris includes many Ziziphus species, including the native Z. oenoplia and hence would not be a suitable biological control agent in Australia. The powdery mildew Pseudoidium ziziphi, with a host range restricted to Ziziphus species, has not been reported on Z. oenoplia. All available information on the pests and diseases of Z. mauritiana are from cultivated varieties. Hence, future surveys should focus on wild Z. mauritiana in the Indian subcontinent in areas that are climatically similar to the regions of northern Australia, where it is currently most abundant.     

Date stones of Phoenix dactylifera and jujube shells of Ziziphus lotus as potential biosorbents for anionic dye removal

This study investigated the biosorption of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution by Date stones (DS) of Phoenix dactylifera and jujube shells (JS) of Ziziphus lotus. Batch operations were carried out in the liquid phase to observe the effect of various experimental parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on removal of CR. The characteristics of the DS and JS were also examined by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The biosorption data of CR on DS and JS samples were well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second kinetics model with a maximum biosorption amount of 45.08 mg g^?1 for DS and 59.55 mg g^?1 for JS at pH = 4, temperature of 50°C, and an initial concentration of 100–800 mg L^?1 after 90 minutes of contact time. The outcomes indicated that DS and JS can be used as a good low-cost alternative for the treatment of effluents containing CR in water.     

枣不同基因型在体愈伤芽再生能力评价与同质多倍体新种质创制

枣树田间在体愈伤途径同质多倍体诱导新技术可有效避免倍性嵌合体产生,快速获得纯多倍体。在体愈伤芽再生是该技术成功应用的基础。利用该技术,对115个枣和4个酸枣基因型的田间愈伤芽再生能力进行了评价,并对4个枣基因型进行了多倍体诱导。结果表明:94.78%的枣基因型和100%的酸枣基因型可诱导出愈伤组织,80%的枣基因型和100%的酸枣基因型实现了芽再生。不同枣基因型间出愈率存在显著差异,变幅为0~100%,平均出愈率为76.48%,变异系数为37%;基于出愈率将供试基因型分为5类,即易出愈伤、较易出愈伤、较难出愈伤、难出愈伤和不出愈伤基因型。不同基因型的平均单枝截面出芽数差异显著(0~10.33个),平均出芽数为1.84;据出芽率也可将供试基因型分为5类,即易出芽、较易出芽、较难出芽、难出芽和不出芽基因型。出愈率和出芽率没有显著相关性,易出愈伤的基因型不一定易出芽。利用田间愈伤途径同质多倍体诱导新技术,获得了乐金1号、宁夏长枣、运城婆婆枣3个枣品种的纯四倍体新种质和磨盘枣的纯三倍体新种质。     

温度和气体成分对冬枣果实贮藏期间品质的影响

主要探讨冬枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv Dongzao)在-1℃的动态气调(CA-Ⅰ,70%O2 0%CO2处理7天,然后转入5%O2 0%CO2中)、普通气调(CA-Ⅱ,5%O2 0%CO2;CA-Ⅲ,10%O2 0%CO2)及普通冷藏和常温(25℃)等条件下,果实发病率、色素、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、乙醇和乙酸乙酯含量等的变化.结果表明:与普通冷藏相比,气调贮藏能减缓果实的腐烂,抑制色素的分解和减少果肉中乙醇、乙酸乙酯的含量.动态高氧处理能有效地保持果实的颜色,抑制色素降解及果皮褐变.CA-Ⅲ(10%O2 0%CO2)能有效地减少果肉乙醇的含量而CA-Ⅱ(5%O2 0%CO2)能有效地减少果肉乙酸乙酯的含量.气调贮藏的果实可滴定酸及可溶性固形物含量与其他处理的果实没有明显的差异.     

生长素类物质对植原体感染酸枣组培苗的影响

观察生长素类物质对感染植原体病酸枣试管苗影响的结果表明：添加外源NAA和IBA后的病苗丛枝症状和不加生长素类物质相似,均表现伸长生长和梢较上部位有多个分枝梢生长,而在培养基中添加IAA后可使病苗从其基部产生更多丛生芽。培养9个月后,用NAA、IBA和IAA处理的都没有检测出植原体病原脱除的绿苗,也没有观察到丛生症状减轻的病苗。