我国特有植物缙云卫矛濒危机理分析

缙云卫矛为我国二级保护植物,仅分布于重庆北碚缙云山和统景镇东温泉公园,皆为旅游胜地。缙云卫矛常以伴生种存在于慈竹林。伴随着旅游业的发展,适宜于缙云卫矛生存的空间环境越来越小,致使该物种处于濒危状态。导致缙云卫矛濒危的原因主要有：(1)物种的生态幅较小,适宜生长在水热条件良好的环境中,(2)形态可塑性较差,对生境的适应能力差;(3)生长发育缓慢,竞争能力较弱;(4)种子萌发率低;(5)人为干扰严重。此外,还讨论了缙云卫矛保护对策。     

Body Fat and Fat‐Free Mass and All‐Cause Mortality

Objective: To investigate whether the association between BMI and all‐cause mortality could be disentangled into opposite effects of body fat and fat‐free mass (FFM). Research Methods and Procedures: All‐cause mortality was studied in the Danish follow‐up study “Diet, Cancer and Health” with 27, 178 men and 29, 875 women 50 to 64 years old recruited from 1993 to 1997. By the end of year 2001, the median follow‐up was 5.8 years, and 1851 had died. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Cox regression models were used to estimate the relationships among body fat mass index (body fat mass divided by height squared), FFM index (FFM divided by height squared), and mortality. All analyses were adjusted for smoking habits. Results: Men and women showed similar associations. J‐shaped associations were found between body fat mass index and mortality adjusted for FFM and smoking. The mortality rate ratios in the upper part of body fat mass were 1.12 per kg/m² (95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.18) in men and 1.06 per kg/m² (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.10) in women. Reversed J‐shaped associations were found between FFM index and mortality with a tendency to level off for high values of FFM. Discussion: Our findings suggest that BMI represents joint but opposite associations of body fat and FFM with mortality. Both high body fat and low FFM are independent predictors of all‐cause mortality.     

Symmetric faces are a sign of successful cognitive aging

It has been proposed that a common cause underlies individual differences in bodily and cognitive decline in old age. No good marker for this common cause has been identified to date. Here, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), an indicator of developmental stability that relates to intelligence differences in young adults, was measured from facial photographs of 216 surviving members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 at age 83 and related to their intelligence at ages 11, 79 and 83 years. FA at age 83 was unrelated to intelligence at ages 11 and 79 and to cognitive change between 11 and 79 years. It was, however, associated with intelligence and information processing efficiency at age 83 and with cognitive change between 79 and 83 years. Significant results were limited to men, a result predicted by sex differences in life history tradeoffs and life expectancy. Results were stronger when directional asymmetries were corrected in facial FA measures. Thus, FA is a candidate marker for the common cause of differential senescence.     

西藏年楚河流域水土流失及生态重建研究

西藏著名粮仓年楚河流域位于北纬 2 8°10′～2 9°2 0′、东经 88°35′～ 90°15′ ,地处喜马拉雅地质构造区中段。年楚河全长 2 17ｋｍ ,平均坡降 0 .6 1% ,落差达 132 2ｍ ,大致呈东南 西北流向 ,于日喀则附近逆向汇入雅鲁藏布江。行政区划上包括康马、日喀则县大部和江孜、白朗县全部 ,总面积 6 311ｋｍ2 ,耕地面积 4 .70× 10 4 ｈａ ,农业人口 16 .5 9万人 ,分别占西藏自治区的 0 .9% ,13.5 %和 7.7% ,现为国家级农业综合开发区“一江两河”(雅鲁藏布江中游及其支流拉萨河、年楚河流域 )地区的重要组成部分。近年 ,水土流失对生态环…     

稻瘿蚊灾变原因及综合治理技术

80年代中后期以来,我省稻瘿蚊年度成灾频率高,发生危害重。造成大发生主要原因是耕作制度改变、气候条件适台、咀及栽培管理、天敌因素影响等。近几年通过组织实施以农业生态防治为基础,加上科学用药等综合治理措施,取得了良好防治效果。     

The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

Around the world, human populations have experienced large increases in average lifespan over the last 150 years, and while individuals are living longer, they are spending more years of life with multiple chronic morbidities. Researchers have used numerous laboratory animal models to understand the biological and environmental factors that influence aging, morbidity, and longevity. However, the most commonly studied animal species, laboratory mice and rats, do not experience environmental conditions similar to those to which humans are exposed, nor do we often diagnose them with many of the naturally occurring pathologies seen in humans. Recently, the companion dog has been proposed as a powerful model to better understand the genetic and environmental determinants of morbidity and mortality in humans. However, it is not known to what extent the age‐related dynamics of morbidity, comorbidity, and mortality are shared between humans and dogs. Here, we present the first large‐scale comparison of human and canine patterns of age‐specific morbidity and mortality. We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human populations (obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes), and which are associated with comorbidities, are also associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs. We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disease risk in humans and dogs, with neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death showing similar age trajectories between the two species. Overall, our study suggests that the companion dog may be an ideal translational model to study the many complex facets of human morbidity and mortality.     

Causes of death in the Kasekela chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania

Understanding the rates and causes of mortality in wild chimpanzee populations has important implications for a variety of fields, including wildlife conservation and human evolution. Because chimpanzees are long-lived, accurate mortality data requires very long-term studies. Here, we analyze 47 years of data on the Kasekela community in Gombe National Park. Community size fluctuated between 38 and 60, containing 60 individuals in 2006. From records on 220 chimpanzees and 130 deaths, we found that the most important cause of mortality in the Kasekela community was illness (58% of deaths with known cause), followed by intraspecific aggression (20% of deaths with known cause). Previous studies at other sites also found that illness was the primary cause of mortality and that some epidemic disease could be traced to humans. As at other study sites, most deaths due to illness occurred during epidemics, and the most common category of disease was respiratory. Intraspecific lethal aggression occurred within the community, including the killing of infants by both males and females, and among adult males during the course of dominance-related aggression. Aggression between communities resulted in the deaths of at least five adult males and two adult females in the Kasekela and Kahama communities. The frequency of intercommunity violence appears to vary considerably among sites and over time. Intercommunity lethal aggression involving the Kasekela community was observed most frequently during two periods. Other less common causes of death included injury, loss of mother, maternal disability, and poaching.     

濒危植物大果木莲种群格局及濒危原因分析

采用径级结构代替年龄结构以及方差均值比率法对木兰科(Magnoliaceae)木莲属(Manglietia Bl.)濒危植物大果木莲(Manglietia grandis Hu et Cheng)种群的年龄结构和种群格局进行了研究,并编制了大果木莲种群的特定时间生命表和存活曲线;结合生殖生物学特征以及遗传多样性研究结果,分析了导致大果木莲濒危的主要原因.根据株高和胸径可分别将大果木莲种群的年龄结构分为5级、高度结构分为6级;在大果木莲的5个年龄结构分级中,成年个体较多,幼年个体较少;其高度结构完整,个体高度主要在20 m以下.种群的方差均值比率为0.838 3,其空间分布格局属于随机分布.根据特定时间生命表可将大果木莲种群的发育分为3个阶段:幼树阶段(年龄级为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级)、成树阶段(年龄级为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)、老树阶段(年龄级为Ⅳ～Ⅴ级),其中成树阶段个体死亡率最低.大果木莲种群存活曲线接近Deevey Ⅰ型,属于衰退型种群.种群自我更新能力差、种子生产力低下、有性生殖困难、生境片断化导致的基因流受限以及人为干扰是大果木莲濒危的主要原因.针对大果木莲濒危现状和致危原因,提出了相应的保护对策和建议.