Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

美巨资扶植生物燃料产业高昂成本为发展障碍

美国政府斥资数十亿美元扶植以植物为原材料生产燃料乙醇的产业，但高昂的成本恐将令起步阶段受阻。     

联合固氮菌Alcaligen faecalislin泌铵突变体离子不选育及鉴定

Ｎ＾＋注入野生型菌株（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎ ｆａｅｃａｌｉｓ １．４８８），筛选出抗５１．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二胺的泌铵突变株ＥＭ１１０５，它以ＫＮＯ３为氮源时，培养２１ｈ泌铵量可达到１．１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。研究了该突变株在不同氮源下的培养特性，推断为铵载体缺陷型。     

肝素钠的生产及其存在的问题及解决的方法（Ⅱ）

本文就粗品肝素钠生产的原料控制硬件设施管理和环保等方面进行了论述，介绍了一些改进的方法和措施，并就该方面的的一些问题进行了探讨，提出了解决的方法。     

佛罗里达平菇的生物学特性

本文研究我国从西德引进的佛罗里达平菇菌株的生理特性,包括斜面菌丝生长状况,菌丝生长所需的适宜温度、光照、空气、pH以及理想的碳源和氮源。在棉子壳培养基上生长的子实体的营养成分及其毒性鉴定。为大面积推广应用提供了科学依据。     

一种适合球形芽孢秆菌产毒的培养基

本文证实花生饼是生产1593菌株的理想发酵原料,其产毒水平明显高于其它常用培养基,且不需添加其它营养物质及微量元素,pH11—13时,其产毒水平较pH5—9高4—272倍。由于花生饼来源广泛,价格低廉,为1593菌株生产和应用提供了有力的物质基础。     

不同海拔地区种植的水稻地上部干物质的生产和分配

根据1983—1985年“高原水稻高产栽培的生理生态规律研究”中低热的元江(海拔400米左右)、温凉的昆明(约1900米)和冷凉的丽江(约2400米)的资料,以六个处理、十八个小区、三年总平均值,比较了不同海拔地区种植的水稻中地上部干物质生产和分配的总趋势。主要结果如下: 1.全生育期总的干物质生产量以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低。 2.抽穗前干物质生产速率和齐穗期干物重占黄熟期干物重的比例随海拔降低而增加;抽穗期至黄熟期干物质生产速率,以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低,但低热地区低于前期,高海拔地区高于前期,不过冷凉的丽江增加的更多。 3.抽穗前(旗叶完全展开后)叶干重占当时植株总干重的比例,随海拔升高而降低。 4.抽穗期至黄熟期的次库(茎 叶鞘)干重的改变,不同海拔地区种植的水稻表现不同:低热地区减重,温凉地区稍增,冷凉地区明显增加。 5.与高海拔地区种植的水稻相比,在黄熟期低海拔地区的有较高的穗重/总重和穗增重/总增重的比例。另外低海拔地区的穗增重超过总增重。结实率和谷/草比例均随海拔增高而减低。     

细菌超低温冻结保藏的研究

本文报道10属19种19株细菌超低温冻结保藏试验的结果。从细胞存活率看,冻结保藏8个月,10％甘油、10%二甲基亚砜保护剂保藏效果优于蒸馏水作保护剂,少数菌株三种保护剂保藏效果相近。快速冻结与慢速冻结对细咆存活率影响不显著。恶臭醋杆菌混浊变种(Acelobacter rancens var. turbidans) AS 1.41,产氨短杆菌 (Brevibacterium ammoniagenes) AS1．844,细胞悬液浓度大,细胞存活率有增高趋势。电镜观查,超低温冻结细胞死亡率高的产气气杆菌(Aerobacter aerogenes) AS 1.489有胞壁破裂、胞质溢出现象,是细胞死亡原因之一。冻结融化后直接测定,植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) AS 1.557乳酸生成力下降3．4—13.8％,溶壁小球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus) AS 1.634对溶菌酶敏感性下降14—23％。冻结融化后移接2代测定,钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebactertum crenatum) AS 1.998 产 L-异亮氨酸,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) AS 1.76产青霉素酰化酶酶活力,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) AS 1．647产2-酮基-L-古龙酸,植物乳杆菌产乳酸均与冻结前相近。