Behavioral response ofGraminella nigrifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) to experimentally manipulated vibrational signals

Mate recognition for the leafhopper Graminella nigrifrons(Forbes) occurs when a male spontaneously emits a multisectional vibrational calling song to which females respond by emitting simple pulses. Significant differences were found among males in the duration, number of chirps, and chirp rate within sections of the song and the total song. Repeatability (proportion of total variation due to differences among males) of call features ranged from very low (0.04 for total chirps in song) to high (0.67 for section 3 chirp rate). However, song modification and playback experiments revealed that the variation in the measured song features was not important in determining whether a female will respond. Rather, female response depended only on the presence of two of the three types of pulses which comprise a chirp. These essential pulses were found within chirps of all call sections that contain chirps. Manipulation of chirp rates from 0.58 to 2.70 times the normal rate did not affect female response, nor did changing the period of silence between the essential pulse types from 0.25 to 1.75 times the normal period. These results suggest that components of the male calling song function in mate recognition but are not used by females to discriminate among conspecific males.     

中国脊翅叶蝉属种类记述（同翅目：叶蝉科）

本文记述４种中国脊翅叶蝉,其中包括１新种──杨氏脊翅叶蝉Ｐａｒａｂｏｌｏｐｏｎａｙａｎｇｉｓｐ．ｎ．,并报道了其中２个已知种的新分布地。文中还列有分种检索表。新种模式标本存西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

中国弯茎叶蝉属一新种记述(同翅目:叶蝉科:片角叶蝉亚科)

本文记述中国弯茎叶蝉属FlexocerusKnohetFang1新种,吴萸弯茎叶蝉Flexocerusevodianussp．nov.,新种外形特征与弯茎叶蝉FlexocerusflexureuskuohetFang相似。模式标本保存在贵州农学院。     

Characteristics of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma transmission by the leafhopper Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus

The leafhopper Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the most important vector of sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) phytoplasma that significantly affects the sugarcane crop in Asia. Here, we aimed to study the characteristics of SCWL phytoplasma transmission by M. hiroglyphicus. To this end, the stylet penetration activities performed during the acquisition access period (AAP) and inoculation access period (IAP) were investigated by the direct current electrical penetration graph technique and confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, the latent period (LP) of SCWL phytoplasma in the vector was determined by qPCR and localised by fluorescent in situ hybridisation. The results indicated that the acquisition of SCWL phytoplasma occurred during phloem ingestion (waveform D), whereas its inoculation was associated with salivation into the phloem sieve element (waveform C). The minimum AAP was 15 min and the minimum duration of phloem ingestion was 2.35 min. The minimum LP of SCWL phytoplasma in the vector was at least 14 days; then, SCWL phytoplasma moved to the salivary glands of the insect, enabling the transmission of the pathogen to the host plants. The minimum IAP for a successful transmission of SCWL phytoplasma to the host plants was 11–12 min, with a minimum duration of salivation into phloem of 1.35 min. The female vectors had higher SCWL phytoplasma copy numbers than the male vectors, and displayed faster AAP, IAP, and LP. Overall, our findings provide important information related to the feeding behaviour of M. hiroglyphicus and its effect on the transmission of SCWL phytoplasma.     

无突叶蝉属二新种 (同翅目：叶蝉科，离脉叶蝉亚科)

 记述了无突叶蝉属Taharana二新种：指无突叶蝉 T. digitata sp.nov.和尖板无突叶蝉T. cuspidata sp.nov.。模式标本存放于 安徽农业大学植保系昆虫分类研究室     

隐脉叶蝉族一新属新种(同翅目:叶蝉科:隐脉叶蝉亚科)

本文记述隐脉叶蝉族１新属,凹片叶蝉属Ｃｏｎｃａｖｅｐｌａｎａ ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．,１新种,端刺凹片叶蝉Ｃ．ｓｐｉｎａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,２新组合,红线凹片叶蝉Ｃ．ｒｕｆｏｌｉｎｅａｔａ（Ｋｕｏｈ）,ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．和三带凹片叶蝉Ｃ．ｔｒｉｆａｓｃｉａｔａ（Ｈｕａｎｇ）,ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本保存于贵州农学院。     

Conventional sampling plan for the green leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri in common beans

Abstract:  A conventional sampling plan for the leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is presented based on samples from 51 commercial fields. The research encompassed three phases. The first phase had the objective of determining the most suitable leaf to be used as a precise and representative sampling unit. In the second phase of the project, the available sampling methods for E. kraemeri were compared, including the approach identified in the first phase. In the third phase, the theoretical frequency distribution of the sampling data was assessed and the number of samples necessary for the sampling plan was established. The best leaves to sample adult leafhoppers were the fourth and the fifth from the apex, while the best leaf for sampling nymphs was the fifth from the apex. The best sampling technique for nymphs and adults was the beating of the apical leaves against a plastic tray. The sampling data obtained with this technique were fit to a negative binomial distribution with common aggregation parameter for adults ( K _common = 1.04) and nymphs ( K _common = 0.47). This sampling plan required 16.8 and 31.2 min to be carried out at an expense of US$ 0.31 and US$ 0.54 for sampling adults and nymphs in a field, respectively.     

Responses and adaptation by Nephotettix virescens to monogenic and pyramided rice lines with Grh‐resistance genes

The green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), occasionally damages rice in Asia either directly, by feeding on the host phloem, or indirectly by transmitting tungro virus. We assessed the nature of resistance against the leafhopper in monogenic and pyramided near‐isogenic rice lines containing the resistance genes Grh2 and Grh4. Only the pyramided line was resistant to leafhopper damage. Leafhopper nymphs and adults had high mortality and low weight gain when feeding on the pyramided line and adults laid few eggs. In contrast, although there was some minor resistance in 45‐day‐old plants that possessed either Grh2 or Grh4 genes, the monogenic lines were generally as susceptible to the leafhopper as the recurrent parent line Taichung65 (T65). Resistance in the pyramided line was stable as the plant aged and under high nitrogen, and affected each of five Philippine leafhopper populations equally. Furthermore, in a selection study, leafhoppers failed to adapt fully to the pyramided resistant line: nymph and adult survival did improve during the first five generations of selection and attained similar levels as on T65, but egg‐laying failed to improve over 10 generations. Our preliminary results suggested that resistance was associated with physiological costs to the plants in some experiments. The results of this study demonstrate the success of pyramiding resistance genes through marker‐assisted breeding, to achieve a strong and potentially durable resistance. We discuss the utility of gene pyramiding and the development of near‐isogenic lines for leafhopper management.     

Design and selection of trap color for capture of the tea leafhopper,Empoasca vitis,by orthogonal optimization

The tea leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Göthe) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a major pest of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae). In this study, the RGB color model was used to describe the colors of sticky traps. The most effective color for attraction of E. vitis was investigated by orthogonal optimization. The selected color was verified in tea gardens and the most effective height for positioning of color sticky traps for capturing tea leafhoppers was investigated. After the determination of the effect of the three color parameters and their interactions by orthogonal optimization, the color gold (RGB: 255, 215, 0) was selected as the most effective color to trap tea leafhoppers. In tea gardens, more leafhoppers were captured using gold sticky traps (RGB: 226, 204, 4) than using commercially available yellow sticky traps. The most effective height of gold sticky traps for trapping leafhoppers was 40–60 cm above the tea canopy. Few lady beetles were captured at this height. We conclude that the orthogonal optimization method is a convenient and efficient method to screen digitally generated colors for attracting and trapping of pests.     

中国角蝉总科部分昆虫马氏管分泌物“网粒体”的超微结构研究(半翅目:蝉亚目)

运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分别对中国角蝉总科18种昆虫(叶蝉17种,角蝉1种)的成虫“网粒体”进行了超微结构及合成部位研究.研究结果证实体表网粒体均合成于马氏管第三区( MT3)管壁细胞的高尔基体;这些网粒体可被分为4种类型:小球形网粒体(SB)、棒状网粒体(RB)、多室大球形网粒体( LMB)及少室大球形网粒...