Developmental phenotypic plasticity: Where ecology and evolution meet molecular biology

The plastic response of phenotypic traits to environmental change is a common research focus in several disciplines - from ecology and evolutionary biology to physiology and molecular genetics. The use of model systems such as the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has facilitated a dialogue between developmental biologists asking how plasticity is controlled (proximate causes) and organismal biologists asking why plasticity exists (ultimate causes). Researchers studying ultimate causes and consequences are increasingly compelled to reject simplistic, ‘black box’ models, while those studying proximate causes and mechanisms are increasingly obliged to subject their interpretations to ecological ‘reality checks.’ We review the successful multidisciplinary efforts to understand the phytochrome-mediated shade-avoidance and light-seeking responses of flowering plants as a pertinent example of convergence between evolutionary and molecular biology. In this example, the two-way exchange between reductionist and holist camps has been essential to rapid and sustained progress. This should serve as a model for future collaborative efforts towards understanding the responses of organisms to their constantly changing environments.     

A new minimal synthetic medium for germ-tube production in Candida albicans

A new minimal synthetic medium, with low amount of glucose, without aminoacids, vitamins and neutral pH, which induces germ-tubes production in Candida albicans, is reported in this work. The results indicate a perfect agreement between the germ-tube test performed with the standard method in human or animal serum and this test performed in minimal synthetic medium. In this medium the germ-tube test for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans can be performed with the same formality, time and reproducibility as those in human or animal serum. This constitutes an interesting finding because it is easy to prepare, to store and is highly reproducible.     

Butterflies in the spotlight

Recent advances in our understanding of developmental phenomena has come from highly interdisciplinary studies where molecular biology, ecology and evolution converge to elucidate fundamental mechanisms, how they change through time, and what function they actually have in the context of the niche of the organism. A recent study on butterfly eyespots⁽¹⁾ pinpoints the surprisingly simple regulatory cascade controlling such an apparently complex phenotype. The implications go beyond the elucidation of a fascinating developmental pathway, into the mechanisms and tempo of speciation and macroevolution.     

Skull osteology and osteological phylogeny of the Western whip snake Hierophis viridiflavus (Squamata,Colubridae)

The skull osteology of Hierophis viridiflavus is here described and figured in detail on the basis of 18 specimens. The sample includes specimens from the ranges of both H. viridiflavus viridiflavus and H. viridiflavus carbonarius as well as specimens not identified at sub-specific level. The main characters that define H. viridiflavus in comparison to the parapatric congeneric species Hierophis gemonensis are wide maxillary diastema, basioccipital crest well distinct in three lobes and basioccipital process well marked. The foramina of the otoccipital and prootic, and the basioccipital process of the basioccipital are among the most ontogenetically variable characters, as indicated by two juvenile specimens included in the sample. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis including H. gemonensis and other outgroups (overall 6 species, 26 specimens, 64 skull characters) recovered all H. viridiflavus specimens in one clade, indicating the presence of a clear phylogenetic signal in the applied characters. However, the resolution within the H. viridiflavus clade is poor the monophyly of H. viridiflavus carbonarius was retrieved, but not that of Hierophis v. viridiflavus. Probably due to the relatively high variability, the skull morphology does not support the recently proposed specific status of the two subspecies.     

High Prevalence of Prolonged QT Interval in Obese Hypogonadal Males

Obese subjects show several electrocardiographic alterations, including prolonged QT interval, a marker for fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Prolonged QT interval has recently been linked to low testosterone levels, a frequent occurrence in male obese patients but no study has yet assessed whether hypoandrogenism contributes to QT interval prolongation in this population. Aim of this study was to evaluate whether prolonged QT interval is linked to hypogonadism in male obese subjects. QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) was measured from standard electrocardiogram recordings in 136 obese men (BMI 30 >kg/m², range 30.1–75.4 kg/m²). Obese men were classified as eugonadal or hypogonadal according to serum total testosterone levels (i.e., greater or less than 9.9 nmol/l). Our study showed that QTc measurements corrected by either Bazett (419 ± 3.2 vs. 408 ± 3.4 ms, P < 0.05), Fridericia (406.3 ± 3.39 vs. 396.4 ± 3.03 ms, P < 0.05) or Hodges (407.0 ± 3.12 vs. 397.3 ± 2.84 ms, P < 0.05) were longer in hypogonadal compared with eugonadal obese men; further, prolonged QTc interval (i.e., >440 ms) was more frequent among hypogonadal compared with eugonadal obese men (23% vs. 10%, P < 0.05). The degree of weight excess, diabetes, sleep apnoea and potassium levels were not associated with prolonged QTc. In conclusion, obese hypogonadal men show a greater prevalence of prolonged QT interval compared with their eugonadal counterparts. It appears therefore that low levels of testosterone in obese men may contribute to the arrhythmogenic profile of these patients, a heretofore unknown link which warrants further clinical attention.     

Serosa membrane plays a key role in transferring vitellin polypeptides to the perivitelline fluid in insect embryos

In mid-embryogenesis, the stick insect Carausius morosus comes to be comprised of three distinct districts: the embryo proper, the yolk sac and the perivitelline fluid. A monolayered epithelium, the so-called serosa membrane, encloses the yolk sac and its content of vitellophages and large yolk granules. During embryonic development, the yolk sac declines gradually in protein concentration due to Vt polypeptides undergoing limited proteolysis to yield a number of Vt cleavage products of lower molecular weights. mAbs 1D1 and 5H11 are monoclonal antibodies raised against some of the Vt cleavage products generated by this process in the yolk sac. At the confocal microscope, antibody fluorescence is initially associated with a few yolk granules, while it is gradually displaced in the cytosolic spaces of the vitellophages. With the proceeding of embryonic development, label appears also in the serosa membrane in the form of clustered dots. At the ultrastructural level, gold particles are initially associated with the vitellophages that are labeled on a few yolk granules and in the cytosolic space flanking the yolk granules. Subsequently, the serosa cells become labeled on vesicles close to the yolk granules or just underneath the plasma membrane. Inside the serosa cells, label is also associated with granules budding from the Golgi apparatus, but never with the intercellular channels percolating the serosa membrane. These observations are interpreted as indicating that Vt cleavage products leak out from the yolk granules into the cytosolic spaces of the vitellophages and are eventually transferred to the perivitelline fluid via transcytosis through the serosa cells.     

Simple method for separating the chlamydoconidia of Candida albicans from its mycelium

Different physical and chemical methods were used to detach the chlamydoconidia of Candida albicans from its mycelium. The action of concentrated H₂SO₄ acid for a 4-min period on cultures lysed both the mycelium and the outer but not the inner wall layer of the chlamydoconidia.The sulfuric acid procedure is recommended as the best method to obtain mycelium free chlamydoconidia because of its simplicity, rapidity and low cost.