Separation of roles of Zip1 in meiosis revealed in heterozygous mutants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Synapsis of homologs during meiotic prophase I is associated with a protein complex built along the bivalents—the synaptonemal complex (SC). Mutations in the SC-component gene ZIP1 diminish SC formation, leading to reduced recombination levels and low spore viability. Here we show that in SK1 strains heterozygous for a deletion of ZIP1 in certain regions meiotic interference are impaired with no decrease in recombination levels. The extent of synapsis is over all reduced and NDJ levels of a large endogenous chromosome and of artificial chromosomes (YACs) rise to twice the level of wild type strains. A substantial proportion of mis-segregating YACs had undergone crossing over. This demonstrates that different functions of Zip1 display differential sensitivities to changes in expression levels.     

Potential Early Predictors for Outcomes of Experimental Hemorrhagic Shock Induced by Uncontrolled Internal Bleeding in Rats

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, resulting from traumatic injuries, continues to be the leading cause of death in civilian and military environments. Hemorrhagic deaths usually occur within the first 6 hours of admission to hospital; therefore, early prehospital identification of patients who are at risk for developing shock may improve survival. The aims of the current study were: 1. To establish and characterize a unique model of uncontrolled internal hemorrhage induced by massive renal injury (MRI), of different degrees (20-35% unilateral nephrectomy) in rats, 2. To identify early biomarkers those best predict the outcome of severe internal hemorrhage. For this purpose, male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized and cannulas were inserted into the trachea and carotid artery. After abdominal laparotomy, the lower pole of the kidney was excised. During 120 minutes, hematocrit, pO₂, pCO₂, base excess, potassium, lactate and glucose were measured from blood samples, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured through arterial tracing. After 120 minutes, blood loss was determined. Statistical prediction models of mortality and amount of blood loss were performed. In this model, the lowest blood loss and mortality rate were observed in the group with 20% nephrectomy. Escalation of the extent of nephrectomy to 25% and 30% significantly increased blood loss and mortality rate. Two phases of hemodynamic and biochemical response to MRI were noticed: the primary phase, occurring during the first 15 minutes after injury, and the secondary phase, beginning 30 minutes after the induction of bleeding. A Significant correlation between early blood loss and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decrements and survival were noted. Our data also indicate that prediction of outcome was attainable in the very early stages of blood loss, over the first 15 minutes after the injury, and that blood loss and MAP were the strongest predictors of mortality.     

Long-term aquatic biomonitoring in a Southern Brazil urban center: the Guaíba Lake fish community structure through the years

Environmental Biology of Fishes - The ichthyofauna of a large lake located in one of the biggest urban centers in Southern South America was studied for 15&nbsp;years. Variations in...     

不同条件下荔枝多酚氧化酶活性的分析(英)

经硫酸铵盐析和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｓＧ－１００,Ｑ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ和ＰｈｅｎｙｌＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ柱层析分别纯化后,得到了电泳均一的荔枝多酚氧化酶,荔枝多酚氧化酶在ＳＤＳ和ＣＡＴＢ存在下测得的酶活性略有降低,但在ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００下活性有所增加,丁酸等短链的脂肪酸对酶活性起抑制作用,而亚油酸等长链的不饱和脂肪酸则起促进作用,另外,荔枝多酚氧化酶活性还明显受ＦｅＳＯ４和ＳｎＣｌ２所抑制,但能补Ｃａ     

Regulation of Mating and Meiosis in Yeast by the Mating-Type Region

A supposed sporulation-deficient mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is found to affect mating in haploids and in diploids, and to be inseparable from the mating-type locus by recombination. The mutation is regarded as a defective a allele and is designated a*. This is confirmed by its dominance relations in diploids, triploids, and tetraploids. Tetrad analysis of tetraploids and of their sporulating diploid progeny suggests the existence of an additional locus, RME, which regulates sporulation in yeast strains that can mate. Thus the recessive homozygous constitution rme/rme enables the diploids a*/α, a/a*, and α/α to go through meiosis. Haploids carrying rme show apparent premeiotic DNA replication in sporulation conditions. This new regulatory locus is linked to the centromere of the mating-type chromosome, and its two alleles, rme and RME, are found among standard laboratory strains.     

Three tests for shared allelic specificities in the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum commune

The incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune are each composed of two loci. Several authors have suggested that one locus arose as a duplication of the other, implying that the two loci of a factor have at least one allele in common. Three tests for the detection of such shared specificities in one incompatibility factor are presented here. The data indicate that no alleles are shared by the two loci composing this factor.     

Effects of in utero odorant exposure on neuroanatomical development of the olfactory bulb and odour preferences

Human babies and other young mammals prefer food odours and flavours of their mother's diet during pregnancy as well as their mother's individually distinctive odour. Newborn mice also prefer the individual odours of more closely related--even unfamiliar--lactating females. If exposure to in utero odorants-which include metabolites from the mother's diet and the foetus's genetically determined individual odour-helps shape the neuroanatomical development of the olfactory bulb, this could influence the perception of such biologically important odours that are preferred after birth. We exposed gene-targeted mice during gestation and nursing to odorants that activate GFP-tagged olfactory receptors (ORs) and then measured the effects on the size of tagged glomeruli in the olfactory bulb where axons from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) coalesce by OR type. We found significantly larger tagged glomeruli in mice exposed to these activating odorants in amniotic fluid, and later in mother's milk, as well as significant preferences for the activating odour. Larger glomeruli comprising OSNs that respond to consistently encountered odorants should enhance detection and discrimination of these subsequently preferred odours, which in nature would facilitate selection of palatable foods and kin recognition, through similarities in individual odours of relatives.     

A mechanism for cell-cycle regulation of MAP kinase signaling in a yeast differentiation pathway

Yeast cells arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle upon exposure to mating pheromones. As cells commit to a new cycle, G1 CDK activity (Cln/CDK) inhibits signaling through the mating MAPK cascade. Here we show that the target of this inhibition is Ste5, the MAPK cascade scaffold protein. Cln/CDK disrupts Ste5 membrane localization by phosphorylating a cluster of sites that flank a small, basic, membrane-binding motif in Ste5. Effective inhibition of Ste5 signaling requires multiple phosphorylation sites and a substantial accumulation of negative charge, which suggests that Ste5 acts as a sensor for high G1 CDK activity. Thus, Ste5 is an integration point for both external and internal signals. When Ste5 cannot be phosphorylated, pheromone triggers an aberrant arrest of cells outside G1 either in the presence or absence of the CDK-inhibitor protein Far1. These findings define a mechanism and physiological benefit of restricting antiproliferative signaling to G1.