Establishment of Smad2 conditional gene targeting mice based on the Cre-LoxP system

Smads is a new gene family in transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β) signaling pathway. Smad2 mutated in multiple human tumors and may be a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Targeted disruption of murine Smad2 gene resulted in embryonic lethality at E6.5. To study the function of Smad2 in vertebrate organgenesis and tumorigenesis, we constructed the Smad2 conditional targeting vector in which two LoxP sequences were placed to flank the sequences encoding the C terminal functional domain of Smad2. The validity of the LoxP sites in the targeting construct was tested in E. coli that express the Cre recombinase constitutively. The vector was electroporated into ES cells and 3 targeted ES cell clones were obtained by Southern blot screening. Targeted ES cells were introduced into C57BL/6J blastocysts by microinjection to generate germ-line chimeras. Genotyping analysis showed that 2 progeny among these chimeras carried the Smad2 conditional targeted allele. The establishment of Smad2 conditional gene targeting mouse has laid a solid foundation for producing the tissue specific Smad2 gene knockout mice.     

Smad5双等位基因剔除ES细胞的建立及其初步研究

Smad5是TGF-信号的细胞质内信号转导分子. Smad5的定位剔除导致小鼠胚胎期死亡. 为了进一步研究Smad5在组织器官发育中的功能, 利用同源重组技术获得了Smad5双等位基因剔除的胚胎干(ES)细胞. 首先利用Cre-LoxP系统删除了Smad5中靶ES细胞的抗性基因, 再用相同的打靶载体进行转染, 经Southern杂交筛选获得了Smad5双等位基因剔除的ES细胞. 嵌合体研究的结果表明, Smad5在心脏和神经管的正常发育中可能起重要的作用. Smad5双等位基因剔除ES细胞在裸鼠皮下可以形成畸胎瘤, 并可分化成包括神经细胞、肌肉细胞、软骨细胞、内皮细胞等在内的多种细胞, 因而Smad5双等位基因剔除的ES细胞可用于研究Smad5介导的TGF-信号在多种组织器官发育和ES细胞体外定向分化中的作用.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞分化形成拟胚体过程中的细胞程序性死亡

为了检测小鼠胚胎干细胞 (embryonicstemcell ,ES细胞 )体外分化的拟胚体 (embryoidbodies ,EBs)形成过程中细胞程序性死亡 (programmedcelldeath ,PCD)的发生 ,通过悬滴、悬浮培养技术定向诱导未分化的ES细胞分化为拟胚体 ,并用RT PCR检测原始内胚层、原始外胚层、中胚层、内脏内胚层 4种分子标记物在EBs中的表达 .通过TUNEL染色、电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜及Western印迹以确定凋亡发生 .结果表明 :ES细胞体外分化为拟胚体并且表达各胚层相应的分子标记物 ;在拟胚体的发育过程中出现明显的空腔化过程 ,TUNEL染色及电镜观察到凋亡生成 ,同时线粒体膜电位 (ΔΨm)在拟胚体发育过程中降低 ,通过Western印迹检测到caspase3、caspase8的激活 .表明小鼠ES细胞所分化的拟胚体可以作为研究早期胚胎发育的实验模型 ,线粒体在拟胚体的细胞程序性死亡过程中发挥重要的作用 .为进一步利用拟胚体研究细胞程序性死亡及相关信号分子在小鼠胚胎发育早期的作用奠定了基础     

利用胚胎干细胞分化的拟胚体研究小鼠早期胚胎发育过程

小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)具有分化的全能性已经得到广泛共识。ES细胞在体外分化所形成的拟胚体在结构上能够模仿早期胚胎发育过程,包括在内细胞团表面形成内胚层、柱状上皮细胞的分化,以及中央空腔的形成。本文介绍利用拟胚体研究小鼠早期胚胎发育过程中各个胚胎阶段的发育、细胞程序性死亡的发生及TGF-β信号在胚胎发育过程中的作用。     

Establishment of Smad2 conditional gene targeting mice based on the Cre-LoxP system

Smads is a new gene family in transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β signaling pathway. Smad2 mutated in multiple human tumors and may be a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Targeted disruption of murine Smad2 gene resulted in embryonic lethality at E6.5. To study the function of Smad2 in vertebrate organgenesis and tumorigenesis, we constructed the Smad2 conditional targeting vector in which two LoxP sequences were placed to flank the sequences encoding the C terminal functional domain of Smad2. The validity of the LoxP sites in the targeting construct was tested in E. coli that express the Cre recombinase constitutively. The vector was electropo-rated into ES cells and 3 targeted ES cell clones were obtained by Southern blot screening. Targeted ES cells were introduced into C57BL/6J blastocysts by microinjection to generate germ-line chimeras. Genotyping analysis showed that 2 progeny among these chimeras carried the Smad2 conditional targeted allele. The establishment of Smad2 conditional gene targetin     

Establishment of murine Smad5 double knockout ES cells and the studies on their properties

Smad5 is an intracellular transducer of TGF-β signals. Targeted disruption of murine Smad5 gene resulted in embryonic lethal. To study the function of Smad5 in organgenesis, we generated Smad5 double knockout ES cells by homologous recombination. We deleted the neo gene of the Smad5 targeted ES cells using Cre-LoxP system. Smad5 double knockout ES cells were obtained by transfecting the targeted ES cells using the same targeting construct. The results of chimeric study showed that Smad5 might play an important role during the development of heart and neural tube. Smad5 double knockout ES cells formed teratoma when injected subcutaneously into nude mice. They differentiated into several types of cells, including neural cells, muscle cells, chondrocytes, endothelial cells and glandaceous cells. Smad5 double knockout ES cells are useful for studying the function of Smad5 mediated TGF- β during the organgenesis and the in vitro differentiation of ES cells.     

基于Cre/LoxP系统的Smad2条件基因打靶小鼠的建立

Smads家族是转化生长因子TGF-b信号转导途径中一个重要的新基因家族.SMAD2属于受体激活的SMADs.Smad2基因在多种肿瘤中发生突变,是一种可能的肿瘤抑制基因. Smad2基因完全剔除导致小鼠在胚胎期6.5d死亡.为了研究Smad2在脊椎动物成体各组织器官及肿瘤发生中的可能作用,利用Cre/LoxP系统构建了Smad2条件基因打靶载体,将两个方向相同的LoxP序列置于编码SMAD2蛋白C末端功能域序列两侧的内含子中,并在组成型表达Cre重组酶的大肠杆菌中检测了LoxP位点的功能;用打靶载体电击转染小鼠胚胎干细胞,经Southern杂交筛选到3株发生正确同源重组的中靶ES细胞克隆;通过囊胚显微注射将中靶ES细胞导入受体小鼠囊胚腔,获得了ES细胞种系嵌合体;对高嵌合度小鼠与C57BL/6J的子代小鼠进行基因型鉴定,成功地获得了Smad2条件基因打靶小鼠.     

SMAD3抑制小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞表达MMP-2

SMAD3是TGF-β信号转导通路中重要的受体激活型SMADs之一。Smad3基因缺失可以引起小鼠创伤愈合速度加快。检测Smad3不同基因型小鼠皮肤创伤局部MMP-2时,发现Smad3缺失小鼠创面MMP-2出现的时间早于野生型和杂合性小鼠。Smad3突变小鼠血清中MMP-2的活性亦显著高于野生型和杂合性小鼠。分离不同Smad3基因型小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞并检测MMP-2的表达,结果显示：Smad3基因缺失小鼠成纤维细胞中MMP-2的表达与活性显著高于野生型细胞;TGF-β1可以提高野生型成纤维细胞MMP-2的活性;Smad3基因缺失细胞暂时恢复SMAD3表达后MMP-2活性下降,阻断野生型细胞表达SMAD3导致MMP-2活性上升。结果表明,SMAD3抑制MMP-2在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的表达。     

重组人尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂的冻干及活性贮存时间估计

研究重组人尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂 ( u- PA)的冻干工艺 ,并对冻干产品的稳定性进行了观察。产品放置在 - 70℃和 4℃一年 ,活性和纯度未见明显变化。同时 ,通过在 80℃、70℃和 60℃的加速贮存试验 ( MIS) ,观察了 u- PA冻干产品的热稳定性 ,并对其活性的热降解速度和贮存寿命进行了估算。结果在 37℃、2 5℃、4℃和 0℃贮存时 ,活性单位损失 5 0 %所需时间分别为 1 73天、2 .78年、70 .8年和 1 1 8年 ;活性损失 1 0 %所需时间分别为 2 0天、1 0 0天、7.6年和 1 1年。说明 u- PA经冷冻干燥后保存 ,活性和纯度是稳定的     

通过加速贮存试验估算u-PA产品在不同温度时的贮存寿命

通过在 6 0℃、70℃、80℃的加速贮存试验 (MIS)观察了 u- PA冻干产品的热稳定性 ,并对其活性的热降解速度和不同温度时贮存寿命进行了估算。在 3 7℃ ,2 5℃ ,4℃ ,0℃贮存时 ,活性单位损失 5 0 %所需的时间为 1 73 d、2 .78a,70 .8a,1 1 8a:活性单位损失 1 0 %需的时间分别为 2 0 d、1 0 0 d、7.6 4 a、1 1 a。