田间大豆叶片成长过程中的光合特性及光破坏防御机制

田间大豆叶片在成长进程中光饱和光合速率持续提高,但气孔导度的增加明显滞后.尽管叶片在成长初期就具有较高的最大光化学效率,但是仍略低于发育成熟的叶片.随着叶片的成长,光下叶片光系统Ⅱ实际效率增加;非光化学猝灭下降.幼叶叶黄素总量与叶绿素之比较高,随着叶面积的增加该比值下降,在光下,幼叶的脱环氧化程度较高.因此认为大豆叶片成长初期就能够有效地进行光化学调节;在叶片生长过程中依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散机制迅速建立起来有效抵御强光的破坏.     

Changes of Donor and Acceptor Side in Photosystem 2 Complex Induced by Iron Deficiency in Attached Soybean and Maize Leaves

Photosynthesis in iron-deficient soybean and maize leaves decreased drastically. The quantum yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) electron transport (Φ_PS2), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PS2 reaction centres (F_v′/F_m′), and photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P) under high irradiance were lowered significantly by iron deficiency, but non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased markedly. The analysis of the polyphasic rise of fluorescence transient showed that iron depletion induced a pronounced K step both in soybean and maize leaves. The maximal quantum yield of PS2 photochemistry (Φ_po) decreased only slightly, however, the efficiency with which a trapped exciton can move an electron into the electron transport chain further than Q_A (Ψ₀) and the quantum yield of electron transport beyond Q_A (Ψ_Eo) in iron deficient leaves decreased more significantly compared with that in control. Thus not only the donor side but also the acceptor of PS2 was probably damaged in iron deficient soybean and maize leaves. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

二硫苏糖醇处理导致大豆叶片两光系统间激发能分配失衡

通过叶绿素荧光技术研究了二硫苏糖醇(1,4-dithiothreitol, DTT)对大豆叶片光系统I(PSI)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)间激发能分配的影响.结果显示:DTT处理没有影响叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但光下叶绿素荧光降低比率(Rfd)下降;强光下,DTT处理叶片PSⅡ开放反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)比对照高30%～40%;分配给PSⅠ的激发能比对照叶片低约30%,分配给PSⅡ的激发能比对照叶片高20%左右,激发能分配严重偏离平衡状态;DTT处理叶片PSⅡ的激发能压力(1-qP)较对照高,但非光化学猝灭(qN)明显比对照低;进一步的实验揭示DTT的引入抑制了玉米黄质(Z)的生成和状态转换(qT).据此,推测DTT可能通过抑制天线色素的调节能力导致两光系统间激发能分配失衡.     

根系温度对光核桃幼苗光合机构热稳定性的影响

以光核桃(Prunus mira)幼苗为材料, 通过控制根系温度研究了根系温度变化与叶片脱落酸(ABA)的关系及其对光合机构热稳定性的影响。结果表明: 1)环境高温(37和40 ℃)胁迫下保持根系温度适宜((25±2) ℃)时, 幼苗叶片相对含水量(Relative water content, RWC)下降较少, 但叶片ABA含量低, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性低, 过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量和膜质过氧化水平(丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)浓度)提高, 最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)下降程度较大; 2)而同等环境高温(37和40 ℃)条件下根系温度逐步升高时, 幼苗叶片RWC降低, 叶片ABA含量增加, SOD、APX、POD、CAT活性高, H₂O₂含量高, MDA生成量低, F_v/F_m降低程度较小。与37 ℃相比, 40 ℃处理条件下各生理指标变化趋势相似, 但差异加大。因此认为: 高温胁迫条件下, 根系温度适宜时RWC高, 但导致光合机构伤害较重; 根系感受高温胁迫能够增加叶片ABA含量, 有助于保护光合机构、提高光合机构的抗热性。     

遮荫对山麦冬生长特性和生物量分配的影响

研究了不同遮荫水平（遮光率分别为:对照0%、 20%、50%、70%～75%、80%～85%、92.5%）对山麦冬生长以及生物量分配特性的影响。结果表明,随着遮荫程度的加重,山麦冬的生物量增量表出现先上升后下降的趋势,在遮荫50%水平下生物量增量达到最高;随光强减弱同化物分配发生改变,叶重比增加,根重比和根冠比下降。此外,遮荫还提高了植株的含水量和冠径。我们还观察到强光环境和深度遮荫均不利于花序、分蘖和块根的形成。因此,我们认为山麦冬作为耐荫植物对光环境具有一定的适应能力,强光或严重遮荫均不利于其正常生长发育。     

Enhanced Thermal Energy Dissipation Depending on Xanthophyll Cycle and D1 Protein Turnover in Iron-Deficient Maize Leaves Under High Irradiance

Pigment contents of chloroplasts and net photosynthetic rate were dramatically reduced in maize leaves suffering from iron deficiency. However, the reduction in photosynthesis was probably not caused by decreased contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids and by photon absorption; the primary limiting factor for photosynthesis may rather be the decrease of electron transport activity in photosystem 1. Iron-deficient leaves suffered serious acceptor-side photoinhibition, and more than 60 % of absorbed photons were dissipated, while less than 40 % was used in photochemical reaction. Thermal energy dissipation depending on xanthophyll cycle and D1 protein turnover was enhanced when acceptor-side photoinhibition occurred in iron-deficient maize leaves.     

叶片发育影响紫罗勒花青素的强光诱导和激发能分配

通过气体交换、叶绿素荧光、反射光谱和显微技术等研究了叶片发育与花青素强光诱导的关系及其对激发能分配的影响。结果表明,遮荫导致紫罗勒叶片变薄,花青素含量显著降低。当弱光下生长的植株转入强光后,转光前发育成熟的叶片花青素含量很低,而此后强光下发育成熟的叶片花青素含量高。转强光后,弱光下发育成熟的叶片光合速率低、光抑制严重,且天线耗散增强;强光下发育成熟的叶片净光合速率高,光抑制程度轻,天线耗散低。因此,我们认为叶片发育影响紫罗勒花青素合成的强光诱导,而转强光后花青素的诱导差异进一步改变了光合作用过程中的激发能分配。     

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT TREATMENT ON VIOLAXANTHIN DE-EPOXIDASE ACTIVITY AND XANTHOPHYLL CYCLE-DEPENDENT ENERGY DISSIPATION IN WHEAT LEAVES

 为了探讨温度和光强是如何影响离体紫黄质脱环氧化酶(VDE)活性, 阐明依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散与VDE活性关系, 该文以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为材料, 研究了不同光强(200、500、900和1 200 μmol&;#8226;m^–2&;#8226;s^–1)和不同温度(4、25、38和45 ℃) 交叉处理对小麦叶片VDE活性以及依赖叶黄素循环热耗散能力的影响。结果表明: 小麦叶片VDE活性在30 ℃最高, 说明30 ℃是小麦叶片VDE体外条件下的最适温度; 不同光强处理下小麦叶片VDE活性基本一致。与室温(25 ℃)处理的叶片相比, 低温(4 ℃)处理的叶片VDE活力没有明显下降, 而高温(45 ℃)处理则导致了叶片VDE活性急剧下降。小麦叶片热耗散(NPQ)以及依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散(qE)均随着处理光强的增加不断上升, 而qE/NPQ则随光强增加略微下降, 在1 200 μmol&;#8226;m^–2&;#8226;s^–1光强条件下qE/NPQ则急剧下降。该研究揭示VDE活性与依赖叶黄素循环热耗散能力的指标qE/NPQ的变化有一定的相关性, 但不完全一致。并针对此问题进行了讨论。     

Water translocation between ramets of strawberry during soil drying and its effects on photosynthetic performance

To explore the mechanisms underlying water regulation in clonal plants and its effects on carbon assimilation under water stress, we studied the responses of water status, gas exchange and abscisic acid (ABA) contents to water stress in leaves of pairs of strawberry ramets that consist of mother and daughter ramets. There was a greater decrease in photosynthetic rates (P_n) and stomatal conductance (G_s) in the disconnected mother ramets than the connected mother ramets upon exposure to water stress, indicating that water stress in mother ramets was alleviated by water translocation from the well‐watered daughter ramets. Conversely, the connected mother ramets displayed enhanced symptoms of water stress when the connected daughter ramets were exposed to water deficit. The mother ramets had lower water potential (ψ_w) due to their stronger osmotic adjustment than in well‐watered daughter ramets; this resulted in water flow from the connected daughter ramets to mother ramets, thus alleviating water stress of mother ramets. During soil drying, there was a striking increase in ABA concentrations in leaves of the disconnected mother ramets, whereas leaf bulk ABA was much lower in the connected and water‐stressed mother ramets than that in the drought‐affected mother ramets in the disconnected group. In this study, though G_s was linearly correlated with leaf bulk ABA and ψ_w, G_s in water‐stressed mother ramets in disconnected group exhibited less sensitivity to the variation in leaf bulk ABA and ψ_w than that in connected and water‐stressed mother ramets. Taken together, these results indicate that: (1) the flux of water translocation between the connected ramets is determined by a water potential gradient; (2) water translocation between connected ramets helps to keep sensitivity of G_s to ABA and ψ_w in drought‐affected ramets, thereby benefit to effectively maintain the homeostasis of leaf water status and (3) the improvements in P_n in water‐stressed ramets due to water translocation from well‐watered ramets suggest the advantages of physiological integration in clonal plants in environments with heterogeneous water distribution.     

控释氮肥对紫萼玉簪（Hosta ventricosa）生长和光合特性的影响

以紫萼玉簪（Hosta ventricosa）盆栽苗为材料,研究了50%遮荫条件下控释氮肥对玉簪不同生长发育时期生长和光合特性的影响,结果表明：N₁处理（4 g控释氮肥）和N₂处理（8 g控释氮肥）能够提高或显著提高玉簪不同生长发育时期干物质量;能够显著提高形态建成期叶绿素b（Chlb）含量,抽葶期和开花期叶绿素a（Chla）、Chlb及类胡萝卜素（Car.）含量;且显著提高各生长发育时期净光合速率（P_n）。在抽葶期和开花期,N₁处理最大光能转化效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（Φ_PSⅡ）、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量（F′_v/F′_m）显著高于对照, 在形态建成期和开花期,N₂处理F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、F′_v/F′_m显著高于对照,且抽葶期F_v/F_m显著高于对照。除形态建成期N₁处理外,各施氮处理qP在不同时期与对照无显著差异。各施氮处理NPQ在形态建成期与对照无显著差异,而在抽葶期和开花期显著低于对照。