复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下(3 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化.结果发现:脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累.经过3 d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP 和 NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP 和 NPQ值只有部分恢复.说明脱水的牛耳草离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用.     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草（Boea hygrometrica(Bunge)R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下（3μmol photons.m^-2.s^-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化,结果发现：脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际量子产率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学淬灭（qP）和非光化学淬灭（NPQ）值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累,经过3d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ,qP和NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP和NPQ值能完全恢复。说明脱水的牛耳草主体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用。     

叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转在毛竹叶片光保护中的作用

利用叶绿素荧光技术,对强光胁迫下以及叶黄素循环抑制剂-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和D1蛋白合成抑制剂-硫酸链霉素(SM)处理后毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Lehaie)的光抑制特征进行研究。结果显示:在夏季中午强光或人为强光胁迫下,毛竹叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm均显著降低;在下午光强减弱或黑暗、弱光条件下,Fv/Fm可有效恢复。DTT和SM均可抑制毛竹叶片非光化学淬灭(NPQ),且DTT效果明显优于SM。另外,在强光下,DTT和SM处理均能使毛竹叶片Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学淬灭qP等荧光参数下降幅度增大。研究结果表明毛竹叶片具有完善的光破坏防御机制,NPQ与叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转紧密关联,在叶片光保护机制中具有重要作用。     

NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸途径对叶绿素含量及其荧光特性的影响

以菜豆幼苗作为试验材料,分析了NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸对叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光特性变化特征的影响,以探讨交替呼吸途径在逆境下的生理学作用以及植物在盐胁迫下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的调节作用机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度(0、100、200、300mmol/L)的增高,菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]和光化学荧光猝灭(qP)与对照相比均显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)较对照组显著增加,同时交替呼吸容量在NaCl胁迫下也显著上升。(2)与单独NaCl胁迫相比,在NaCl胁迫下施加交替呼吸的抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)会导致菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)和qP进一步显著下降、NPQ进一步显著增加。研究认为,NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率下降和光能耗散增加,交替呼吸途径可有效缓解NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶绿素含量的减少以及光系统Ⅱ光化学反应效率的下降。     

单半乳糖甘油二脂缺失对烟草光合特性的影响

以单半乳糖甘油二脂(MGDG)相对含量比野生烟草显著降低的突变体(M18)及野生型烟草为材料,通过对转基因烟草叶绿体类囊体膜的低温荧光、放氧活性以及叶片的叶绿素荧光分析,研究MGDG部分缺失对烟草叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,在低温下(77K)MGDG部分缺失并不影响烟草叶绿素荧光发射峰(F683和F730)的位置,但使光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)及光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的荧光发射峰的强度减弱,F683/F730比值降低,直接影响激发能在PSⅡ和PSⅠ之间的均衡分配,使叶绿素a和叶绿素b之间的能量传递受阻,降低光能转化效率;MGDG部分缺失使PSⅡ放氧活性下降了72.9%;转基因烟草叶绿素荧光参数中最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、暗适应最大荧光(Fm)、实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)比野生型烟草分别降低了7%、49%、32%和18%,并以Fm降幅最大。研究证明,MGDG在维持植物叶绿体类囊体膜的功能,特别是PSⅡ的功能方面起着重要的作用。     

高、低温胁迫对牡丹叶片PSⅡ功能和生理特性的影响

以牡丹‘肉芙蓉’离体叶片为试材,以25 ℃为对照,研究了强光(1400 μmol·m-2·s-1)下高温(40℃)和低温(15℃)处理对牡丹叶片PSⅡ光化学活性和生理特性的影响.结果表明:随处理时间的延长,各处理叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光量子效率(φPsⅡ)和光下开放的PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv’/Fm’)均持续降低.暗恢复4h后,对照和15℃处理叶片的Fv/Fm基本上完全恢复,而40℃处理叶片仅恢复到处理前的75.5％,即使15 h后也不能完全恢复;强光下40℃处理使PSⅠ和PSⅡ间的激发能分配严重偏离平衡状态.强光下40 ℃处理抑制了超氧化物歧化酶活性,加剧了O2、H2O2、丙二醛的产生,导致叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量不断下降.说明强光下40℃高温胁迫对牡丹叶片光合机构造成了不可逆的破坏,而15℃低温处理对其光合机构的影响相对较弱.     

外源ATP对NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调节

盐胁迫是影响植物生长的主要逆境因子之一,外源ATP被发现可作为信号分子参与植物对逆境胁迫生理反应的调节。为了探明外源ATP在植物盐胁迫响应中的作用,以增强植物对土壤盐渍化的耐性,更好地应用于土壤盐渍化修复。该研究以菜豆( Phaseolus vulgaris)为材料,通过叶绿素荧光技术探讨了外源ATP 对菜豆叶片在NaCl胁迫下叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律。结果表明：在NaCl胁迫下,叶片光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率( Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[ Y (Ⅱ)]、光化学荧光猝灭( qP)、电子传递速率( ETR)与对照组相比均有显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭( NPQ)和( qN)较对照组有显著性增加,这表明NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的下降和光能耗散的增加。而外源ATP(eATP)的处理能有效缓解NaCl胁迫所造成的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、ETR下降和NPQ、qN的上升。该研究结果表明在NaCl胁迫下外源ATP可以有效地提高菜豆幼苗光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)的光化学反应效率。     

热锻炼对甘蓝幼苗叶片激发能分配的影响

以喜温凉的蔬菜甘蓝为试材,研究了热锻炼与对照甘蓝幼苗叶片光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数对高温胁迫的响应．结果表明,叶片温度在25-35℃之间,热锻炼苗和对照苗叶片叶绿素可变荧光(Ｆv)、光化学猝灭(qP)、非光化学猝灭(qN)、PSⅡ化学效率(ФPSⅡ)没有明显的变化;当叶温高于35℃时。热锻炼苗的Fv、qP和中ФPSⅡ均明显高于对照,37℃时Fv、qP和ФPSⅡ分别比对照高53％、24％和86％;qN较对照低22％,尤其是与光抑制(光破坏)有关的qNs明显降低,以维持较高的高能态猝灭(qNf)耗散过剩激发能。保护PSⅡ反应中心不受破坏。减轻了光抑制,这与热锻炼幼苗叶片在高温下具有较高的光合能力是一致的。     

细胞外ATP和水杨酸对烟草光合指标的影响

研究了细胞外ATP(eATP)和水杨酸(SA)对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)叶片的气孔导度(GH2 O)、蒸腾速率(E)、光合作用速率(A)与叶绿素荧光参数[包括PSⅡ潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)、电子传递速率(ETR)、非光化学荧光淬灭(NPQ)和光化学荧光淬灭(qP)]的影响。结果表明：SA能导致A、GH2 O和E的下降,而eATP的处理能缓解SA造成的A、GH2 O和E的下降;但SA未对叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ)、NPQ、qP和ETR造成显著影响,eATP的加入也未改变SA处理下叶片叶绿素荧光参数的水平。这说明SA能导致光合作用的抑制,而eATP能明显缓解SA对光合作用的抑制,但以上作用可能均和光反应阶段无关。并对其内在机理进行了探讨。     

ALA对萝卜不同叶位叶片光合作用与叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以盆栽萝卜为材料,研究了叶面喷布100～300mg／L ALA对萝卜植株生长、光合作用以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,ALA促进萝卜植株生长与其促进植株中下部叶片的光合作用有关。ALA处理提高了叶片光合表观量子效率,并降低了光补偿点。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,ALA处理不仅降低了叶绿素初始荧光Fv、稳态荧光Fs以及两者的差值ΔFu,还降低了暗适应以及光照下的最大荧光(Fm和Fm′)和可变荧光(Fv和Fv′),但是不影响PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv／Fm),对于中下部叶片PSⅡ实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)还有明显的促进作用。ALA处理植株叶片光合非循环电子传递速率ETR显著提高,300mg／L ALA处理还降低了光合相对限制值L（PFD）。ALA具有促进叶绿素荧光光化学猝灭和非光化学猝灭的双重特性,其中,前者提高了叶片光化学速率,后者增加热耗散量以及提高热耗散速率。另外,本试验结果显示,ALA处理提高了植株基部叶片的叶绿素含量以及中下部叶片类萝卜素含量。以上参数变化说明ALA通过诱导光抑制保护机制来提高叶片光合效率。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various