Effect of combination of high-intensity ultrasound treatment and dextran glycosylation on structural and interfacial properties of buckwheat protein isolates

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity ultrasound and glycosylation on the structural and interfacial properties of the Maillard reaction conjugates of buckwheat protein isolate (BPI). The covalent attachment of dextran to BPI was confirmed by examination of the Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Emulsifying properties of the conjugates obtained by ultrasound treatment were improved as compared to those obtained by classical heating. Structural feature analyses suggested that conjugates obtained by ultrasound treatment had less α-helix and more random coil, higher surface hydrophobicity and less compact tertiary structure as compared to those obtained by classical heating. The surface activity measurement revealed that the BPI–dextran conjugates obtained by ultrasound treatment were closely packed and that each molecule occupied a small area of the interface. Combination of ultrasonic treatment and glycosylation was proved to be an efficient way to develop new stabilizers and thickening agents for food in this study.     

苦荞R2R3-MYB转录因子调控原花青素生物合成的研究

基于苦荞花期转录组数据,该研究筛选并克隆获得一个黄酮代谢相关的MYB类转录因子,并命名为FtMYB23。该基因ORF框长879bp,编码292个氨基酸;系统进化树分析显示,FtMYB23与SG5-MYB亚家族成员聚为一簇,属于典型的R2R3-MYB型转录因子。β-半乳糖苷酶滤纸分析表明,其具有转录激活活性。FtMYB23过表达转基因拟南芥株系的表型分析表明,3个阳性株系的种皮颜色均呈现出比野生型更深的褐色,其叶中原花青素含量均极显著增加(P 0.01),分别为野生型的4.68、3.5和2.8倍。qRT-PCR分析表明,转基因拟南芥中黄酮合成相关的AtCHS、AtCHI、AtF3H、AtF3′H、AtFLS、AtDFR和AtBAN等基因的表达量显著升高(P 0.05),而AtTT12的表达量极显著降低(P 0.01)。研究认为,FtMYB23作为典型的Subgroup5-MYB(SG5-MYB)激活型转录因子,通过促进黄酮合成途径早期关键酶基因的表达,从而提高原花青素的合成与积累。     

叶面喷施PP_(333)和6-BA对甜荞花芽分化及内源激素的影响

以甜荞品种‘北早生’和‘赤甜荞1号’为材料,利用多效唑(PP_(333))和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)在不同幼苗时期进行叶片喷施处理,并采用扫描电镜观察花芽分化过程,记录开花时间,调查开花和结实数,通过液质联用方法检测3种内源激素生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_3)、脱落酸(ABA)及人工合成细胞分裂素(6-BA)含量,探究两种植物生长调节剂对甜荞的花芽分化及内源激素含量的影响,为甜荞花期调控提供依据。结果显示:(1)第二片真叶期喷施100mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)和150mg·L~(-1)6-BA能显著提高甜荞结实率和单株产量,两种处理的结实率分别较对照提高49.5%、39.4%,单株产量分别提高41.8%、23.0%。(2)观察甜荞花芽分化过程并将其划分5个时期,分别为生长锥分化前期、生长锥分化期、小花原基分化期、雌雄蕊分化期和雌雄蕊形成期,在第二片真叶期喷施PP_(333)和6-BA均加快了甜荞花芽分化进程,使其开花时间提前。(3)喷施PP_(333)在幼苗期和现蕾期降低了内源IAA、6-BA含量,增加GA_3、ABA含量,而在盛花期增加内源IAA、6-BA含量,降低ABA、GA_3含量;喷施6-BA在幼苗期和现蕾期增加了内源GA_3、IAA含量,在盛花期降低了内源GA_3、IAA含量,3个时期均降低了内源ABA含量,增加了6-BA含量。研究发现,第二片真叶期是调控甜荞小花发育的关键时期,在此时叶面喷施100mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)和150mg·L~(-1)6-BA的调控效果最佳,可加快甜荞花芽分化进程,使开花时间提前,增加单株结实粒数,提高甜荞品种的结实率和单株产量;PP_(333)主要是通过减少甜荞开花数,增强弱势小花活力来提高结实粒数,而6-BA主要是利用增加开花数,提高有效可孕小花数来增加结实粒数。     

Informing native plant sourcing for ecological restoration: cold‐hardiness dynamics,flowering phenology,and survival of Eriogonum umbellatum

Despite advances in restoration of degraded lands around the world, native plants are still underutilized. Selection of appropriate plant materials is a critical factor in determining plant establishment and persistence. To better inform decision‐making, we examined cold‐hardiness dynamics, flowering phenology, and survival among five geographically distinct sulfur‐flower buckwheat (Polygonaceae: Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.) populations in a common garden. LT₅₀ (a measure of freezing injury) was determined every 6 weeks across a complete year; one population was also evaluated at the source. Cold‐hardiness dynamics were similar across populations, with annual fluctuations in mean LT₅₀ exceeding 40°C. Rate of deacclimation (i.e. loss of cold tolerance) in spring varied across populations and was not related to the elevation from which a population came. Plants were less cold hardy in October 2014 compared to October 2013, likely reflecting a response to colder local conditions in 2013. Although the range of LT₅₀ was similar for a single comparison of common garden versus wild‐grown plants, wild‐grown plants acclimated and deacclimated earlier than common garden‐grown plants. Plants derived from a low‐elevation population showed delayed flowering phenology, while high‐elevation populations showed earlier flowering phenology, with one high‐elevation population having the lowest survival rate in the common garden. These results suggest that while considerable plasticity in seasonal cold‐hardiness dynamics occur, population variability in deacclimation and flowering phenology have implications for selection and movement of sulfur‐flower buckwheat for ecological restoration.     

甜荞木瓜类半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因FeRD21的克隆与表达分析

该研究以旱区小杂粮作物甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)为材料,采用同源克隆、RACE技术和实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对其半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因(FeRD21)进行了分离和表达分析。结果表明:(1)FeRD21基因cDNA全长1 750bp,包含1个1 407bp的完整开放阅读框,编码468个氨基酸。(2)蛋白序列比对发现,甜荞FeRD21全酶包括信号肽、N末端自主抑制前体区域、蛋白酶、脯氨酸富含结构域和C末端颗粒体蛋白结构域,同时,其蛋白酶结构域包含1个木瓜类蛋白酶家族保守的催化三连体活性位点:Cys168-His304-Asn324。(3)分子系统发生分析证实,其与拟南芥的RD21一致性最高,属类RD21半胱氨酸蛋白酶类。(4)基因表达分析表明,FeRD21能被干旱、高盐、ABA和衰老胁迫诱导。     

荞麦属种质资源发芽种子酯酶同工酶研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对荞麦属8个种(含大粒组7个和小粒组1个)33份材料发芽种子的酯酶同工酶进行了研究。结果表明:酯酶同工酶不同酶带合计22条,不同物种的酶带数4到8条。其中,甜荞有8条带,苦荞为7条。酶带及聚类分析表明,大粒组荞麦种的谱带与细野荞等小粒组荞麦种间差异极大,甜荞和苦荞酶带分别与大野荞和毛野荞相似,并分别与F.megaspartanium和F.pilus聚类最近,支持F.megaspartanium和F.pilus可能分别是甜荞和苦荞祖先种的假说。     

不同寄主对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是入侵我国的重大农业害虫,严重威胁我国粮食安全。为明确该虫在不同寄主植物上的适合度,本文系统研究了草地贪夜蛾取食花生、荞麦和生姜3种寄主生长发育和繁殖情况,组建了实验种群生命表。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在3种寄主植物上的繁殖力高低为花生(771.73粒)>荞麦(477.13粒)>生姜(209.22粒),卵的孵化率无显著差异,幼虫和蛹重均是花生>荞麦>生姜。草地贪夜蛾取食花生、荞麦和生姜后的净增殖率(R 0)分别为226.36、102.45和20.75,内禀增长率(r m)分别为0.16、0.13和0.06。研究发现,草地贪夜蛾在花生、荞麦和生姜3种寄主植物上均能实现种群繁殖,其中,花生是最适宜的寄主,荞麦次之,生姜相对较不适宜。     

播种季节和种植方式对多年生苦荞主要农艺性状的影响

该研究选取六个多年生苦荞新品系,对春季、秋季直播与秋季再生其主要农艺性状进行调查。结果表明:(1)不同播种季节对多年生苦荞新品系主花序的花粉可育率、总结实率、有效结实率、植株株高、主茎粗、主茎分枝数、主茎节数、籽粒百粒重、单株粒数、单株产量的影响均达到显著或极显著水平;秋播主花序花粉可育率、总结实率、有效结实率、植株主茎分枝数、籽粒百粒重、单株粒数、单株产量均极显著高于春播;植株株高、主茎粗、主茎节数均极显著低于春播;主花序花朵大小、籽粒种子长宽比无显著差异。(2)不同种植方式对主花序花粉可育率、有效结实率、植株主茎节数及籽粒百粒重的影响达到显著或极显著水平;秋季再生主花序花粉可育率、籽粒单株粒数显著高于秋季直播;主花序有效结实率、植株主茎粗、主茎节数、籽粒百粒重显著低于秋季直播;主花序花朵大小、总结实率、植株株高、主茎分枝数、籽粒种子长宽比、单株产量无显著差异;相关分析表明,各生长季节下主花序有效结实率及单株粒数与单株产量的相关系数均最高。(3)所有参试品系中,1612-241秋季直播的单株产量显著高于其他品系; 1612-16、1612-33秋季再生单株产量较正季优势显著。该研究结果有助于筛选出适宜一季播种两季收获的优良品系,为今后多年生苦荞的选择育种提供线索基础。     

低海拔地区黑苦荞酚类物质含量、组成及抗氧化活性研究

为探究黑苦荞的市场利用价值,该研究选择种植于湖北江汉平原低海拔地区的川荞1号和九江苦荞作为材料,分析苦荞籽粒中游离酚、结合酚、总酚、游离黄酮、结合黄酮和总黄酮的含量,利用DPPH自由基法、ABTS自由基法和铁离子还原抗氧化法(FRAP)三种抗氧化测试模型综合评价其体外抗氧化活性,并运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对其酚类物质的组成进行鉴定。结果表明:(1)川荞1号籽粒的总酚和总黄酮含量显著高于九江苦荞,分别为27.38 mg GAE·g~(-1)DW、31.46 mg RE·g~(-1)DW和12.71 mg GAE·g~(-1)DW、14.68 mg RE·g~(-1)DW;其中游离酚与游离黄酮含量显著高于结合酚与结合黄酮含量,均占总酚和总黄酮含量的79%以上,且九江苦荞中结合酚和结合黄酮的含量高于川荞1号。(2)苦荞籽粒中酚类物质主要由芦丁、槲皮素、表儿茶素、山奈酚、山奈酚-3-芸香糖苷和槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷-3'-O-吡喃葡萄糖苷等黄酮类化合物组成,其中游离酚以芦丁和槲皮素为主,结合酚以表儿茶素和芦丁为主。(3)苦荞籽粒提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,黑苦荞川荞1号游离态DPPH、ABTS和FRAP抗氧化能力值分别为30.14、11.03、18.84 mg TE·g~(-1)DW,高于九江苦荞,而结合态三种抗氧化能力值低于九江苦荞,但黑苦荞川荞1号总抗氧化能力显著高于九江苦荞。在低海拔地区江汉平原,种植的黑苦荞川荞1号籽粒具有较高含量的酚类物质,符合后续的食品加工的生产要求,市场开发前景广阔。     

普通荞麦植株茎段快速繁殖技术的研究

以普通养麦（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）植株带节茎段为外植体,用正交设计法研究不同激素处理对荞麦腋芽、丛生芽和根的诱导及分化过程的影响,建立了荞麦离体培养快速繁殖技术。极差分析表明,6-BA是诱导荞麦茎段腋芽和根发育的主要因素,TDZ是诱导丛生芽的关键因素。诱导荞麦茎段腋芽发育的最佳培养基为：MS0＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L,腋芽诱导率为67．9％。其中,以第二、三节位的腋芽诱导率较高,达80％以上。诱导荞麦茎段丛生芽发育的最佳培养基为：MS0＋6-BA4．0mg／L＋TDZ0．06mg／L,丛芽分化率为166．7％。诱导生根的最佳培养基为：1／2MS0＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋NAA1．0mg／L,生根率为82．8％。该组织培养技术的建立为养麦快速繁殖提供了新途径。