Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods

International consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of a safety evaluation framework, based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of genetically modified foods with the appropriate counterpart. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se, but helps to identify similarities and differences between the existing food and the new product, which are then subject to further toxicological investigation. Substantial equivalence is a starting point in the safety evaluation, rather than an endpoint of the assessment. Consensus on practical application of the principle should be further elaborated. Experiences with the safety testing of newly inserted proteins and of whole genetically modified foods are reviewed, and limitations of current test methodologies are discussed. The development and validation of new profiling methods such as DNA microarray technology, proteomics, and metabolomics for the identification and characterization of unintended effects, which may occur as a result of the genetic modification, is recommended. The assessment of the allergenicity of newly inserted proteins and of marker genes is discussed. An issue that will gain importance in the near future is that of post-marketing surveillance of the foods derived from genetically modified crops. It is concluded, among others that, that application of the principle of substantial equivalence has proven adequate, and that no alternative adequate safety assessment strategies are available.  

生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用

构建生态补偿机制协调区域生态环境保护和经济发展矛盾的有效手段,但生态补偿标准及其确定方法一直是生态补偿机制建立中的重点和难点.在文献调研的基础上,论述了确定生态补偿标准的理论基础:生态系统服务功能价值理论、市场理论和半市场理论.以这3种理论为依据,系统总结了生态补偿标准确定的主要方法,并对不同方法的原理、适用的范围、特点及其应用的典型案例展开述评.最后对如何完善生态补偿标准确定方法进行了展望.  

武汉市农地非市场价值评估

估算农地资源的非市场价值，将其纳入资源成本核算体系，不仅能够弥补市场机制作用不足给农地城市流转决策带来的影响，而且通过提高土地资源农业利用的比较效益，能够起到缓解农地流失的作用。运用条件价值评估法对武汉市不同类型农地的非市场价值进行估算，在对471份有效问卷进行统计分析后的研究表明：（1）随着农地保护意识的增强，武汉居民已经意识到农地资源非市场价值的存在，83．65％的受访居民对农地保护有正的支付意愿；（2）从居民参与农地保护的支付意愿（Willingness to pay,WTP）出发，全市居民每年保护农地的支付意愿总价值为30．0035×10^8元，折合单位hm^2农地的非市场价值为116154元；（3）从农民作为农地保护执行主体参与农地保护、接受政府补偿（willingness to accept，WTA）的角度出发，农地非市场价值16447．57元／hm^2，是目前国家鼓励农民种植粮食作物发放补贴（中稻225元／（hm^2·a^-1），折合无限年期价值4978元／hm^2）的3．30倍；（4）从城市居民作为农地保护的间接受益者，假设城市周边农地被城市建设用地征收后带来环境损失，城市居民为接受征地计划、家庭每年愿意接受政府补偿（willingness to accept，WTA）的角度出发，平均每户家庭年均需要接受政府补偿8612元，按当前城市居民户数计算，全市城市居民每年对农地损失的受偿接受金额为109．5685×10^8元，折合单位hm^2农地非市场价值42．42×10^4元。  

生物制药的现状和未来(一):历史与现实市场

以基因工程产品、抗体工程产品和细胞工程产品为主要代表的生物制药产业是发展最快的高技术产业之一 ,最近 6年全球年销售额连续每年以 1 5 %～ 33%的速度增长 ,并在 2 0 0 4年突破 40 0亿美元。生物技术药物在治疗肾性贫血、白细胞减少、癌症、器官移植排斥、类风湿关节炎、糖尿病、矮小症、心肌梗死、乙肝、丙肝、多发性硬皮病、不孕症、粘多糖病、戈谢病、法布莱氏病、囊性纤维化、血友病、银屑病和脓毒症等发挥了重要乃至关键作用。综述生物制药的历史、现状和市场。  

生物制药的现状和未来（二）：发展趋势与希望

随着基因组和蛋白质组研究的深入,越来越多的与人类疾病发展相关的靶标被确定,使得我们能够研发更精确的药物来防治这些疾病。这意味着生物制药将有更多机会获得突破性进展,最终将使更多更好的生物技术药物被批准上市。综述了生物制药发展的几个趋势,主要有:(1)哺乳动物细胞表达的产品将在相当长的时间内占统治地位;(2)治疗性抗体将会是生物制药领域第二次创新高潮;(3)越来越多分子量大、结构复杂的功能蛋白将被开发成生物技术药物,尤其是用于治疗遗传性疾病的药物;(4)对已批准上市的生物技术药物的化学修饰尤其是PEG化以改善药物性能;(5)通过某些药物的定点突变获得第二代新生物技术药物,如胰岛素、EPO和t-PA的突变体;(6)组织工程、细胞治疗和基因治疗充满了机遇和挑战。  

我国花卉产业现状及其发展前景探讨

通过对国内花卉市场的调查 ,基本了解我国花卉生产的面积分布、种类布局及花卉市场行情。指出花卉生产的区域性、专业性及花卉品种的高档化是当前花卉业的主要特点 ,同时分析了我国花卉市场发展趋势 ,并对我国花卉业发展提出建议。  

L-赖氨酸的应用、生产及市场展望

论述了L -赖氨酸的性质、应用及生产方法 ,并对国内外L -赖氨酸的生产消费现状和市场前景进行了分析  

我国天然香料资源开发现状及其产品市场分析

本文综述了我国天然香料资源的分布及开发利用现状 ,分析了主要天然香料产品的市场需求趋势 ,并在此基础上提出了今后云南省“十·五”期间天然香料资源开发的重点与目标。  

柴胡属植物中柴胡皂甙的资源利用

本文用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),分析了国产19种柴胡及市售商品柴胡中柴胡皂甙a、c、d(Saikosaponin a、c、d)的含量。结果表明19种柴胡根中均含上述三种成分,但44个样品的含量不同,其中北柴胡以河南信阳的含量较高,南柴胡以陕西延安的为好,多种柴胡的茎叶含有上述三种成分。但含量较根部低,少数种未检出。  

Cooperation and competition in two forest monkeys

Putty-nosed monkeys, Cercopithecus nictitans stampflii, occurat various sites in West Africa, particularly in the transitionzone between rainforest and savannah. The species is sometimesseen in primary rainforest, although at a curiously low densitycompared with that of other monkey species. We conducted a 24-monthfield study in the tropical rainforest of Taï NationalPark, Ivory Coast, and found that putty-nosed monkeys requirean ecological niche almost identical to that of the Diana monkeys,Cercopithecus diana diana. Moreover, the niche breadth of putty-nosedmonkeys was significantly decreased in the presence of Dianamonkeys, suggesting that feeding competition with Diana monkeyskept putty-nosed monkeys from successfully colonizing a rainforesthabitat. However, contrary to the interspecies competition hypothesis,groups of both species almost completely overlapped in homeranges and formed near-permanent mixed-species associations,rather than avoiding each other. We hypothesized that Dianamonkeys tolerated immigrating putty-nosed monkeys and formedmixed-species groups with them, despite high levels of competition,because of their merit in predation defense. Direct observationsand a series of field experiments confirmed that male putty-nosedmonkeys play a vital role in defense against crowned eagles,suggesting that putty-nosed monkeys obtain access to feedingtrees by offering antipredation benefits to Diana monkeys. Wediscuss these findings in light of biological market theory.