肿瘤免疫治疗专题报告 ——遇上最好的时代

肿瘤免疫治疗被称为继手术、放疗、化疗后第 4 种疗法,其可激活特异性、重要的免疫细胞,直接靶向性攻击癌症细胞,具有较高 的疗效和安全性,是目前全球肿瘤治疗研究的热点。报告采用文献调研、数据库检索、数据统计与分析等定性定量研究方法,从市场预测、 发展历程、国内外企业布局情况等方面对肿瘤免疫治疗药物领域进行多角度、多层次的分析,旨在为相关企业明确发展方向、确定产品研 发思路及制定市场策略提供线索和参考。     

Production of nanocellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis: Trends and challenges

There is a great interest in increasing the levels of production of nanocellulose, either by adjusting production systems or by improving the raw material. Despite all the advantages and applications, nanocellulose still has a high cost compared to common fibers and to reverse this scenario the development of new, cheaper, and more efficient means of production is required. The market trend is to have an increase in the mass production of nanocellulose; there is a great expectation of world trade. In this sense, research in this sector is on the rise, because once the cost is not an obstacle to production, this material will have more and more market. Production of the cellulose fibers is determinant for the production of nanocellulose by a hydrolyzing agent with a reasonable yield. This work presents several aspects of this new material, mainly addressing the enzymatic pathway, presenting the hydrolysis conditions such as pH, biomass concentration, enzymatic loading, temperature, and time. Also, the commonly used characterization methods are presented, as well as aspects of the nanocellulose production market.     

Evidence of Reciprocal Allonursing in Reindeer,Rangifer tarandus

The nursing of non‐offspring is referred to as allonursing. Reciprocity is a hypothesized cause of allonursing, but previous studies have not strongly supported or found no evidence in support for this hypothesis. Biological market theory was applied to 25 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) does and their calves to investigate allonursing reciprocity across bouts and within dyads and assess the diversity of allonursing partners. We also investigated whether variation in allonursing would be associated to relatedness within dyads. We recorded both the occurrence and the duration of 1027 successful allonursing solicitations. All does allonursed, and only three of the 25 calves were not observed being allonursed. Throughout the study, 234 allonursing dyadic pairs were observed. Does allonursed the calves of several does, but allonursing was not distributed evenly among all potential partners. Twenty does were members of at least 1 dyad with a high degree of reciprocity based on the number of allonursing bouts exchanged within the dyad. We found evidence of both relative and absolute allonursing reciprocity at the group level. Across bouts and within dyads, the reciprocal allonursing indexes varied greatly both for frequency and for duration, with an average tendency towards unidirectionality. Evidence of strong reciprocity within dyads was found in 32 dyads for number of allonursing bouts and in 25 dyads for duration of allonursing bouts. Across bouts and within dyads, the number of allonursing bouts received was not influenced by relatedness, allonursing bouts given or absolute rank difference. Allonursing was not interchanged for rank‐related benefits. Our results provide evidence of reciprocal allonursing at the group level, across bouts and within dyads, and reciprocal allonursing among chosen partners. Our results point to the usefulness of applying the biological market theory to allonursing and of considering allonursing as a tradable commodity, traded for itself, among chosen partners.     

武汉市农地资源价值估算

运用收益还原法及条件价值评估法(CVM)对武汉市不同类型农地资源的市场价值和非市场价值进行估算。结果表明:全市包括耕地、园地、林地及水域在内的农地资源非市场价值达577.12亿元,相当2004年全市生产总值的29.51%,是农地资源价值构成中的重要组成。其中,现有耕地资源的整体价值达1056.98亿元,目前无法在交易市场得到体现的非市场价值有205.19亿元,占耕地价值的19.41%;园地及水域用地的整体价值分别为219.32和989.94亿元,非市场价值所占比例份额分别为48.45%和14.23%;林地资源的非市场价值达124.72亿元,单位林地的非市场价值为163236元.hm-2。     

医疗器械市场现状、潜力与对策探讨

通过对国内外医疗器械市场现状的描述,分析国内医疗器械市场巨大潜力,从而引发国外医疗器械公司在成功抢占高档医疗器械市场后,又将目光锁定中国医疗器械企业赖依生存的中低档医疗器械和潜在市场。本文只是从经营决策的三个不同角度,即合作对付竞争、再生产品活动,目标市场战略来探讨国内医疗器械企业应对竞争的方法。     

Isolation of culturable yeasts from market wines and evaluation of the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis for identification purposes

AIMS: To test the possibility that wines available in the marketplace may contain culturable yeasts and to evaluate the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis as adequate means for the identification of isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS: As a case study, typical Greek wines were surveyed. Sequence analysis of the 5.8S-ITS rDNA was tested for its robustness in species or strain identification. Sixteen isolates could be assigned into the species Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula pinicola, whereas four isolates could not be safely identified. B. bruxellensis was the dominant species present in house wines, while non-Saccharomyces sp. were viable in aged wines of high alcohol content. CONCLUSIONS: Yeast population depends on postfermentation procedures or storage conditions. Although 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis is generally a rapid method to identify wine yeast isolates at the species level, or even below that, it may not be sufficient for some genera. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report to show that commercial wines may possess diverse and potentially harmful yeast populations. The knowledge of yeasts able to reside in this niche environment is essential towards integrated quality assurance programmes. For selected species, the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis is a rapid and accurate means.     

Immigration and the cost of ethnic subordination: the case of Israeli society

This study focuses on earnings disadvantages experienced by three ethnic groups of Jewish immigrants in Israel. Data were obtained from the 2011 Income Survey gathered by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. The findings reveal that when compared to Israeli-born, all ethnic groups are disadvantaged in earnings attainment in the first generation. The earnings disadvantages of immigrants as compared to Israeli-born decrease with the passage of time and become negligible in the second generation. To disentangle the impact on earnings penalty of ethnic origin from that of immigrant status, a procedure for decomposing mean differences between groups is introduced. The analysis reveals that earnings disadvantage among Ashkenazim and Soviet immigrants can be attributed to immigrant status but not to ethnicity. By contrast, earnings penalties among Sephardim immigrants can be attributed to both ethnicity and immigrant status. The implications of the long-lasting effect of ethnicity versus the short-term effect of immigrant status are discussed.