桂西北白云岩坡地典型土体构型石灰土水文特征

综合运用传统水文学、氢氧稳定同位素和原位模拟降雨等方法,研究了桂西北白云岩坡地典型土体构型石灰土微区(2 m×1.2 m)土壤水文功能.白云岩峰丛坡地沿坡向下表现出通体砂、上壤下砂、通体壤、上黏下砂4种典型石灰土土链格局,所有构型土体微区地表稳定入渗速率高达41～48 mm·h^-1,地表径流少,且表现为蓄满产流,壤中流和深层渗漏是重要水文过程;壤中流依据土壤发生层层次分为A、C层壤中流,对于A层壤中流,通体砂、上黏下砂以及上壤下砂构型土体微区以基质流为主,通体壤构型土体表现为优先流;对于C层壤中流,所有构型土体微区均表现为优先流特征.白云岩坡地土壤连续分布,虽土层浅薄但仍表现出沿坡向下的土链格局,不同土体构型土壤水文性质的差异主要体现在地表以下各界面产流过程,研究证实该区土壤水文功能的研究应具备三维立体视角,发展更加侧重地下水文过程观测和研究的新方法,才能全面揭示喀斯特坡地近地表水文过程.     

Nitrogen loss from karst area in China in recent 50 years: An in‐situ simulated rainfall experiment's assessment

Karst topography covers more than 1/3 of the People's Republic of China in area. The porous, fissured, and soluble nature of the underlying karst bedrock (primarily dolomite and limestone) leads to the formation of underground drainage systems. Karst conduit networks dominate this system, and rainfall takes a crucial role on water cycle at China karst area. Nitrogen loss from the karst system is of particular concern, with regard to nutrient use efficiency as well as water quality, as much of the karst system, including steeply sloping terrain, is used for intensive agriculture. We use simulated rainfall experiments to determine the relationship between rainfall and nitrogen loss at typical karst slope land and then estimate nitrogen loss from the karst soil. The results show that both surface runoff and subsurface runoff have a significant linear correlation with rainfall at all studied sites. Subsurface runoff is larger than surface runoff at two karst sites, while the opposite is true at the non‐karst site. Exponential function satisfactorily described the correlation between rainfall and nitrogen concentrations in runoff. Nitrates accounted for 60%–95% of the dissolved nitrogen loss (DN, an index of N‐loss in this research). The estimated annual N‐loss load varies between 1.05 and 1.67 Tg N/year in the whole karst regions of China from 1961 to 2014. Approximately, 90% of the N‐loss load occurred during the wet season, and 90% of that passed through the subsurface. Understanding the processes and estimating N‐loss is highly valuable in determining long‐term soil security and sustainability in karst regions.     

晋西黄土区不同植被覆盖流域的水文响应

为了研究不同植被覆盖对流域径流的影响,以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域内的天然次生林流域和人工林流域为对象进行了对比分析。结果表明,天然次生林流域的年径流量、雨季径流量均小于人工林流域,天然次生林流域的年总径流量、雨季径流量分别是人工林流域的58.57%、48.04%,年地表径流量、雨季地表径流量分别比人工林流域减少了82.95%、81.12%;人工林流域的基流量为零;在短历时高雨强的降雨形式下天然次生林流域的削洪效应显著,其单位面积洪峰流量比人工林流域减少了83.41%;不同植被覆盖下径流对不同雨型的响应不同,人工林流域在A型雨条件下的单位面积洪峰流量是B、C型雨的10.08倍、3.35倍,天然次生林流域在A型雨条件下的单位面积洪峰流量是B、C型雨的6.79倍、1.64倍。     

Comparison of frog assemblages between urban and non‐urban habitats in the upper Blue Mountains of Australia

1. World wide, and in Australia, many frog populations have declined over the last two decades. The present study was undertaken to determine whether urbanization has affected frog diversity and abundance. 2. Five urban sites were paired with non‐urban sites. Urban sites were in Katoomba and Blackheath, and were subject to physical environmental disturbance and impacted by storm water pollution due to urban runoff. Non‐urban sites were in the Blue Mountains National Park and were effectively subject to no human impact. 3. Water quality at urban sites was typical of sites polluted with sewage, while non‐urban sites exhibited water quality typical of ‘pristine’ natural bushland streams. 4. Six species were found at urban sites (Litoria peronii, Litoria dentata, Litoria verreauxii, Limnodynastes dumerilii, Limnodynastes peronii, Crinia signifera), with up to four species present at a site. Only one species (C. signifera) was recorded at non‐urban sites, and frogs were absent from most non‐urban sites. 5. The situation in non‐urban sites mirrors the trend of decline observed in other montane regions. Surprisingly, frog abundance and diversity were higher in urban habitats, running counter to this trend. 6. We hypothesize that the salts, detergents and other chemicals in urban wastewaters provide frogs with a level of protection against disease, particularly chytridiomycosis.     

基于Budyko假设的渭河径流变化归因识别

定量评价河川径流量变化特征,开展其归因识别研究是制定气候变化应对策略与合理利用水资源的基础。以渭河流域为研究区,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、双累积曲线等方法分析渭河流域1958—2015年的气候、水文要素变化特征,采用基于Budyko水热耦合平衡理论的水量平衡法估算径流变化对各驱动因素的弹性系数,定量评价气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:渭河流域咸阳、张家山、状头站的年径流量呈显著减少趋势,径流深减少速率分别为:-1.520、-0.501、-0.322 mm/a。3个站控制流域面平均降雨量呈非显著性减少趋势,年潜在蒸散发呈非显著增加趋势。剧烈的人类活动如工农业用水、大规模水土保持措施的实施及退耕还林草等引起的下垫面变化是径流量减少的主要因素,渭河干流和泾河流域下垫面变化对径流减少的贡献率均超过了60%,降雨变化贡献次之,潜在蒸散发的影响最小。     

雨水花园设计的生态表达

雨水花园设计的生态表达是对雨水花园设计中有雨水花园特色的生态性要素和有雨水生态特征的设计表达方法的探讨。雨水花园设计中有特色的生态过程主要有雨水处理的生态过程、花园生态系统中植物生态过程以及人感知雨水生态的精神生态过程。基于现阶段雨水花园设计实践,在生态综合效应下,建构了由有特征的生态性要素、生态显露设计和生态技术联盟组成的雨水花园设计生态表达图式。     

昆明市明通河流域降雨径流水量水质SWMM模型模拟

选取昆明市明通河流域为研究区域,在暴雨管理模型(SWMM模型)参数敏感性分析、模型率定的基础上,对明通河流域进行了降雨径流水量水质模拟。结果表明:SWMM模型水文水力模块中最灵敏参数为不透水率,水质模块中污染物最大累积量、污染物累积速率均为灵敏参数,而冲刷系数和冲刷指数的灵敏度受降雨强度影响波动较大。水量水质模拟结果与实测结果较为吻合,模型率定取得了满意的结果。模拟结果显示,研究区降雨径流总氮、总磷、化学需氧量单位面积负荷率分别为75.6、8.5、697.8 kg hm-2a-1,城市降雨径流污染在滇池流域面源污染中占有较大份额。     

绿色屋顶径流调控研究进展

绿色屋顶在屋顶径流调控方面发挥着重要作用,能够有效减少径流量、延缓产流时间、降低径流峰值和改善径流水质.本文从绿色屋顶的分类及界定、绿色屋顶对径流的调控机制、绿色屋顶对径流量和水质的调控作用及其影响因素等方面阐述了国内外的研究现状,并从绿色屋顶植物的选择、高效绿色屋顶构建模式筛选、绿色屋顶径流调控规律研究、绿色屋顶截流能力的价值评估、绿色屋顶径流污染物的源 汇解析及缓解措施等方面提出了绿色屋顶径流调控的研究趋势,以期为城市绿色屋顶的建设提供理论和方法支持.     

模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程

生产建设项目开发过程中形成的工程堆积体具有特殊的结构和复杂的物质组成,坡面侵蚀特征明显有别于一般农地.采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究降雨强度对红壤区不同砾石含量(0%、10%、20%、30%)工程堆积体产流产沙过程的影响.结果表明: 坡面产流开始时间随降雨强度和砾石含量的增大而减小,减幅分别为48.5%～77.9%和4.2%～34.2%,且与降雨强度呈显著的幂函数关系.坡面径流流速和径流率均随产流历时呈先上升随后趋于稳定的变化趋势,降雨强度是其主要影响因素,砾石含量对其影响不显著.砾石对径流量的影响存在一个10%左右的阈值,1.0 mm·min^-1雨强、10%砾石含量时坡面产流量最小;雨强＞1.0 mm·min^-1时,10%砾石含量坡面产流量最大.随雨强增大径流量增加10%～60%.坡面含沙量在产流前6 min急剧下降后趋于稳定,随砾石含量增大,降雨强度对含沙量的影响减小.雨强＞1.0 mm·min^-1时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应,产沙量与降雨强度和砾石含量呈显著的线性函数关系.     

典型农作措施对沙溪庙组壤质紫色土坡耕地径流氮流失的影响

明确典型农作措施对紫色土坡耕地径流氮(N)流失的影响可为优化面源污染防控措施提供科学依据。基于2019—2021年沙溪庙组发育的壤质紫色土坡耕地不同降雨等级次降雨产流事件,分析了常规施肥(CK),优化施肥(T1)和优化施肥+秸秆还田(T2)措施下径流、径流中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)及铵态氮(NH₄-N)流失浓度和流失量的变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,T1和T2的径流深分别减小了4.24%、12.71%,但减小程度不显著(P>0.05);CK与T1的径流系数相等,且比T2增加了12.5%(P>0.05);相比CK,T1和T2的TN浓度增加了19.35%、25.8%(P>0.05),TN流失量则均增加了11.54%(P>0.05),表明T1和T2的施用也有增加土壤N流失的潜在风险。与中雨、大雨和大暴雨事件相比,暴雨事件的径流深分别增加了6.5%—191.11%(P<0.05),而TN、NO₃-N及NH₄-N的流失量分别增加106.38%—177.14%(P>...