黄土高原不同植被覆盖对流域水文的影响

以山西省吉县蔡家川流域为对象,研究了植被覆盖类型对流域水文的影响.结果表明:不同植被覆盖的流域年径流系数分别为:林地流域1.6%～2.3%,以农、牧为主的流域3.1%～3.9%;各流域基流系数差异显著,人工林流域为零,次生林为主的流域1.0%～1.5%,以农、牧为主的流域2.5%～2.8%;在雨季人工林流域的径流总量是次生林流域的3.37倍、农地流域的1.9倍,而农地流域的基流量是次生林流域的2.2倍;短历时高强度降雨条件下,人工林流域、次生林流域地表径流量分别是农地流域的10.8倍和2.2倍;在历时较长的暴雨条件下,人工林流域单位面积上的洪峰流量是农地流域的3.4倍,次生林流域的6.9倍;在长历时、大雨量条件下,农地流域的径流量是次生林流域的1.8倍.水平梯田的水源涵养功能与次生林植被相当,次生林植被的水源涵养功能远好于人工植被,在水资源短缺的黄土高原应提倡植被的自然恢复.     

米槠常绿阔叶次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨和树干径流可溶性有机质浓度和质量的比较

以中亚热带米槠常绿阔叶次生林和杉木人工林为研究对象,定位观测了穿透雨和树干径流中可溶性有机质(DOM)浓度的变化,分析了DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性特征.结果表明: 研究区米槠次生林穿透雨可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度的变化幅度明显高于杉木人工林,且前者DOC浓度显著高于后者,相比大气降水DOC浓度,分别增加了7.2和3.2倍.杉木人工林树干径流DOC浓度约为米槠次生林的2.5倍,且两种林分树干径流DOC浓度均呈现旱季高于雨季的趋势.相关分析结果显示:米槠次生林和杉木人工林树干径流DOC浓度均与其相应的水量呈极显著负相关.米槠次生林穿透雨DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性均显著高于杉木人工林;相反,杉木人工林树干径流DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性均显著高于米槠次生林.说明米槠次生林穿透雨中DOM结构较复杂且具有较多的芳香族化合物,而杉木人工林树干径流中DOM结构复杂于米槠次生林.米槠次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨和树干径流的DOM数量和质量具有明显差异,对土壤有机碳的积累可能产生重要影响.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用/土地覆被变化水文动态响应

以黄土高原第三副区桥子东、西沟流域为例,分析了土地利用／土地覆被变化的水文动态响应。研究结果表明：土地利用／土地覆被对年径流有显著影响,治理流域较未治理流域在丰水年、平水年和枯水年的径流系数分别减少约50％、85％和90％;流域土地利用后期（1995～2004年）较前期（1986～1994年）多年平均径流系数下降73．6％,且随降雨增多,土地利用与植被变化对径流的响应增强。土地利用／土地覆被变化对径流量的影响具有季节性特征,治理与非治理流域多年平均最大月径流系数减少时期与流域最大地表覆盖期具有一致性,即5月份径流系数减少值最大;同一降水条件下流域两期土地利用的产流量仅在生长季具有明显的差异。流域洪水径流量与场降雨量和30min最大雨强有较好的相关关系,场降雨量与30min雨强对治理流域洪水流量的影响要强于非治理流域;暴雨在达到一定强度后,对比流域的洪峰流量差异减小,即森林植被对洪水的影响减弱。经洪水频率分析,认为流域前后两期土地利用若具有相同频率的降雨强度,则一定频率范围内洪峰流量对土地利用与植被变化产生明显响应。     

小兴安岭森林采伐对河川径流的影响

采用大流域径流测定与小流域对比实验相结合的方法,利用35年的径流和森林资源变化资料,对小兴安岭林区森林采伐后河川径流发生的一系列变化进行了全面系统的研究.结果表明,森林采伐后营造落叶松人工林,造林初期10年内,河川径流量表现为增加趋势;随着落叶松人工林的不断生长和郁闭成林,采伐流域的径流量逐渐减少,并趋于采伐前水平或低于采伐前水平（与对照流域相比）.河川年径流量与年降水量、森林采伐面积及更新造林面积密切相关.森林采伐面积与年径流量呈正相关,森林采伐能增加河川年径流量;更新造林面积与年径流量呈负相关,更新造林能减少年径流量.而森林采伐对洪峰流量和融雪径流量均有显著增加作用.     

土地利用格局对SWMM模型汇流模式选择及相应产流特征的影响

城市下垫面土地利用格局与地形的复杂性将导致地表汇流模式的多变性。在城市雨洪管理模型中,不同汇流模式的选取对雨洪模拟结果产生重要影响,而这一影响往往被忽视。基于设定与巴中城市社区尺度相近的实验区以及巴中市的真实降水数据,并根据实验区土地利用格局特征,在SWMM雨洪管理模型汇水模块中设置Outlet、Impervious、Pervious 3种汇流演算模式及其演算面积比,分析了不同土地利用格局响应下的不同汇流模式选择对城市雨洪模拟结果的影响。结果表明:(1)Outlet、Impervious两种汇流演算模式下汇水区地表径流的模拟结果相同,但与Pervious演算模式下的模拟结果差异显著。在Pervious模式下地表径流相对另外两种汇流模式最大降低了52%,降雨下渗量提高了近1倍。(2)在Pervious模式下,演算面积比对汇水区地表径流模拟结果具有重要影响。在总不透水面(IA)面积一定的情况下,有效不透水面(DCIA)的减少引起非有效不透水面(UIA)的比率增加。这种土地利用格局的变化致使汇水区总径流量、径流系数显著下降,降雨下渗量逐渐增加,洪峰流量则呈先增后减的趋势,且在非有效不透水面(UIA)比率为30%和40%时(此时非有效不透水面与渗透面面积相接近),洪峰流量最小。对结果的分析表明了雨洪管理模型在小尺度汇水区上应用时,应根据土地利用格局特征选择相应的地表汇流模式。正确的评价和分析不同土地利用格局方案对地表径流的影响,从而更为科学地指导城市雨洪管理和海绵城市的规划与建设。     

天然次生林与人工林对黄土丘陵沟壑区深层土壤有机碳氮的影响

研究深层土壤有机碳、氮(Soilorganic C,SOC,Totalsoil N,TSN)量对摸清陆地生态系统深层碳氮固定潜力,寻找碳汇丢失之谜和应对全球气候变暖具有重要意义。以黄土区子午岭林场3种典型人工林(油松、刺槐、小叶杨)和3种天然次生林(辽东栎、白桦、鼠李)为对象,在设立的18个样方内,分层测定了0-100cm土层SOC、TSN和DOC(Dissolved organic C,DOC)量变化,监测了样方内地表长年凋落物积累量及其碳氮组成。1m土层内SOC、TSN和DOC含量天然次生林显著高于人工林。与人工林相比,天然次生林表层(0-20cm)SOC、TSN储量分别高42%、22%,但20-100cm土层SOC、TSN储量相对量最大。人工林下,20-100cm土层SOC储量为33.6thm-2,占1m土层的55%;TSN储量为3.9thm-2,占1m土层的57%;天然次生林下,20-100cm土层SOC、TSN储量分别为55.3thm-2、6.0thm-2,占1m土层储量分别为59%和63%。其中,40-60cm天然次生林比人工林碳氮储量分别高了82%、65%;其次为20-40cm,天然次生林比人工林碳氮储量分别高了73%、65%。不同植被恢复条件下,SOC与DOC、TSN、Olsen-P都表现出较强的相关性。研究表明,植被恢复有利于土壤碳氮的积累,不仅表层土壤,深层土壤也具有较强的碳氮固定能力;天然次生林土壤碳氮固定能力和长年地表凋落物量都高于人工林。     

基于氢氧同位素示踪的黄土区不同植被类型小流域降雨-径流分割

流域径流过程及其组分来源识别是水资源合理利用的前提。为明确植被类型对流域径流组分的影响与定量贡献,本研究以山西吉县蔡家川主沟流域及5个不同植被类型小流域为研究对象,监测2场典型降雨产流过程及其氢氧同位素时空变化特征,探讨小流域径流过程差异及其组分来源。结果表明：在中雨条件下,事件水对各个流域河道流量的贡献率为封禁森林(94.3%)>蔡家川主沟(83.1%)>农牧复合(64.3%)>人工-次生林(52.4%)>农地(0.3%)>次生林(0.0%);而在小雨条件下,人工-次生林(52.4%)>封禁森林(58.5%)>农地(40.6%)>次生林(15.8%)>农牧复合(12.5%)>蔡家川主沟(9.3%),次生林、封禁森林小流域事件水对径流贡献率大于人工林,次生林具有更强的径流调蓄能力。封禁森林、农牧复合流域在中雨强度条件下事件水的贡献率大于小雨强度条件,而农地、人工-次生林、次生林流域则相反。事件水对林地小流域径流贡献率大于农地小流域,可能与农地小流域沟口建有淤地坝有关。本研究结果可为晋西黄土区水源涵养和径流变化归因分析提供科学依...     

土地覆被变化的水文响应模拟研究

采用近年来快速发展的水文模型模拟的手段,应用SWAT模型模拟了长江上游梭磨河流域不同土地覆被情景下的多年降水径流关系,定量地评估了梭磨河流域的土地覆被变化对径流、蒸发和洪峰流量的影响.结果表明,随着土地覆被状况由无植被到全是有林地覆被,径流深减小,蒸发量增加,枯季径流深减小幅度明显小于雨季的减小幅度,而且雨季初期径流深减小的幅度大于雨季后期.相同的洪水重现期,流域全为有林地覆被的情景比无植被的情景洪峰流量减小31.2%.现状覆被与未来最佳覆被之间在较大洪水上的差别不大,在较小洪水上的差别稍大.     

土地覆被变化的水文响应模拟研究

采用近年来快速发展的水文模型模拟的手段,应用SWAT模型模拟了长江上游梭磨河流域不同土地覆被情景下的多年降水径流关系,定量地评估了梭磨河流域的土地覆被变化对径流、蒸发和洪峰流量的影响．结果表明,随着土地覆被状况由无植被到全是有林地覆被,径流深减小,蒸发量增加,枯季径流深减小幅度明显小于雨季的减小幅度,而且雨季初期径流深减小的幅度大于雨季后期．相同的洪水重现期,流域全为有林地覆被的情景比无植被的情景洪峰流量减小31．2％．现状覆被与未来最佳覆被之间在较大洪水上的差别不大,在较小洪水上的差别稍大．     

大巴山北坡地表甲虫的物种多样性

采用巴氏罐诱法取样,对大巴山北坡3种主要林型（林区人工林、农耕区天然次生林和农耕区人工林）地表甲虫的类群组成、数量分布进行了分析,并采用对应趋势分析和聚类分析法,研究了3种林型地表甲虫类群组成和数量分布的相似性.结果表明：2002年8月9—13日,研究区共捕获地表甲虫1094号,其中,隐翅虫科和叶甲科分别占40.59%和33.18%,步甲科、球蕈甲科、金龟科、象甲科、蚁甲科和缨甲科均各占1%以上,这8科地表甲虫是该地区常见的类群;地表甲虫的个体数量从林区人工林、农耕区天然次生林到农耕区人工林依次减少;农耕区人工林的科丰富度指数明显低于林区人工林和农耕区天然次生林.大巴山北坡农耕区天然次生林地表甲虫的类群组成和数量分布与林区人工林差异明显,农耕区人工林与林区人工林和农耕区天然次生林各有部分相似性.     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Magnesium,calcium, copper,and zinc in meals

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology. Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Diet,intestinal morphology,and nitrogen assimilation efficiency in the damselfish,Stegastes lividus,in Guam

Synopsis Analysis of stomach contents of Stegastes lividus revealed a shift from omnivory in juveniles to herbivory in adults. Red algae, primarily Polysiphonia spp., Gelidiopsis intricata and Ceramium spp., formed the bulk of the diet in all size classes. Foraminifera and small crustaceans were of particular importance in the diet of juveniles. Net nitrogen assimilation efficiency of field-fed S. lividus was approximately 61%, and did not vary with fish size. The net assimilation efficiencies of fish fed on Enteromorpha in the laboratory ranged from size-class means of 36–79% for nitrogen and from 29–72% for total organic material, and increased from juveniles to adults. Apparently, juveniles compensate for a lower efficiency in assimilating plant food by including a higher percentage of animal material in their natural diets. The ratios of intestine length to standard length (IL/SL) and to intestine diameter (IL/ID) increased rapidly in juveniles and leveled off in adults. The retention time for ingested food items may only be about one-half as long in juveniles as in adults. The combination of observed IL/ID ratios and estimated retention times proved most valuable in the interpretation of ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and assimilation efficiency.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.