基于随机森林模型的茹河流域水沙变化及其影响因素研究

水沙关系不协调已成为制约黄河高质量发展的关键问题,揭示径流量与输沙量变化的主要影响因素,对适应生态经济发展条件下的水土流失治理工作具有指导意义。以茹河流域为研究对象,采用M-K检验和Pettitt检验分析茹河流域1989—2019年水沙变化趋势,运用双累积曲线法定量研究了降雨和人类活动对茹河流域径流量、输沙量变化的贡献率,通过随机森林回归分析探索了影响水沙变化的主控因子。结果表明：(1)茹河流域径流量和输沙量峰值对应情况良好,但在2012年之后径流量和输沙量呈现出明显分异,径流量逐渐增加,输沙量平稳减小。(2)茹河流域径流量突变点为1996年和2003年,输沙量突变点为1996年和2004年,影响期的两个阶段中,人类活动对径流量的贡献率分别为95.95%和77.52%,对输沙量的贡献率分别为78.31%和77.91%。(3)显著影响径流量的因子为农作物播种面积、耕地面积、草地面积和人口密度,显著影响输沙量的因子为植被覆盖度、水利环境投资占比、人口密度和工业总产值。(4)农作物播种面积和耕地面积的变化对径流量的影响均呈显著正相关,草地面积和人口密度对径流量响应关系为显著负相关;植被覆盖度...     

A method to prioritize and monitor wetland restoration for water-quality improvement

Wetland restoration can improve water quality by reducing concentrations of sediment, total phosphorus, and nitrate in runoff. Managers need a simple method to choose among many possible restoration sites, particularly in large agricultural basins covering thousands of square kilometers. The purpose of this paper is to outline a method for prioritizing and monitoring wetland restoration sites in light of the factors that affect water-quality improvement by wetlands. These factors are categorized as loading factors, path factors, and process factors. The method for prioritizing wetland restoration sites depends primarily on assessing the potential effectiveness of the wetland for improving water quality. Three types of effectiveness are considered: problem effectiveness (is the site in an area with known water-quality problems?), function effectiveness (is the site likely to improve water quality more or less than other sites?), and information effectiveness (does the site fit within an overall research plan to gain information on how wetlands improve water quality?). The variables of hydraulic residence time, hydraulic flux, and wetland area, volume, and average depth are combined into a single variable termed and used as a proxy for estimating the relative function effectiveness of potential restoration sites. Monitoring restoration sites is targeted at establishing a minimum data set that can be collected consistently at different sites over time, and that can be used for inter-site comparison with simple statistical techniques. The Minnesota River Basin is used as an example throughout to demonstrate the types of data that are available to plan wetland restoration. While this paper focuses on the water-quality benefits, wetland restoration should be a multi-disciplinary effort to integrate other benefits of restoration, such as improvement of wildlife habitat and flood abatement.     

Runoff transport of faecal coliforms and phosphorus released from manure in grass buffer conditions

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that faecal coliform (FC) and phosphorus (P) are transported similarly in surface runoff through the vegetative filter strip after being released from land-applied manure. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Hagerstown soil was packed into boxes that were 10 cm deep, 30 cm wide and 100, 200 or 300 cm long. Grass was grown in boxes prior experiments. Same-length boxes were placed under rainfall simulator and tilted to have with either 2% or 4% slopes. Dairy manure was broadcast on the upper 30-cm section. Rainfall was simulated and runoff samples were collected and analysed for Cl, FC and total phosphorus (TP). Mass recovery, the concentration decrease rate k, and the ratio FC : TP showed that there was a consistent relationship between FC and TP in runoff. Conclusion: The FC and TP transport through simulated vegetated buffer strips were highly correlated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: As a knowledge base on the effect of the environmental parameters on P transport in vegetated buffer strips is substantially larger than for manure-borne bacteria, the observed similarity may enhance ability to assess the efficiency of the vegetated buffer strips in retention of FC currently used as indicator organisms for manure-borne pathogens.     

Effects of urban runoff from a detention pond on water quality,temperature and caged Gammarus minus (Say) (Amphipoda) in a headwater stream

Thompson Run, a headwater stream in central Pennsylvania (U.S.A.), supports an impaired macroinvertebrate community downstream of the outlet of a detention pond that receives urban runoff. To determine if toxicity from the metals or other pollutants in urban runoff contributed to impairment, we exposed adult, male Gammarus minus to urban runoff during a 42-day in situ bioassay that included 12 rain events. Test animals were collected from a site upstream of the detention pond outlet using two methods: precopula pair separation and sieving. Water quality, temperature and tissue metal concentrations were measured during the bioassay. The survival of precopula G. minus was lower (p=0.048) at a site downstream of the detention pond outlet compared to a site upstream of it, but the survival of sieved G. minus was not different between sites (p=0.803). Large hourly increases in temperature (up to 6.6 °C) and major reductions in water quality including order of magnitude increases in suspended materials (measured as turbidity) and the concentrations of copper, zinc and lead occurred downstream of the detention pond outlet during stormflow (i.e. following rain events). In contrast, changes in temperature and water quality were minor upstream of the pond outlet throughout the bioassay. Copper and cadmium concentrations in leaf samples and copper, zinc and lead concentrations in G. minus samples were significantly higher downstream of the pond outlet than they were upstream of it. Despite harsh conditions downstream of the pond outlet (i.e. metal contamination, inputs of suspended materials and rapid temperature increases), the in situ bioassay did not convincingly demonstrate that urban runoff was toxic to adult, male G. minus.     

Effect of Increased Carbon Dioxide and Temperature on Runoff Chemistry at a Forested Catchment in Southern Norway (CLIMEX Project)

CLIMEX (Climate Change Experiment) is an integrated, whole-ecosystem research project that focuses on the response of forest ecosystems at the catchment scale to increased CO₂ and temperature. KIM catchment (860 m²) is completely enclosed by a transparent greenhouse, receives deacidifed “clean” rain, and has elevated CO₂ (560 ppmv) and elevated air temperature (3°–5°C above ambient). The uppermost 20% of the catchment is partitioned off, is not subject to changed CO₂ or temperature, and serves as an untreated control. Fluxes of nitrate and ammonium in runoff from KIM catchment increased from 2 mmol m^{− 2} y^{− 1} each in the 3 years before treatment to 6 and 3 mmol m^{− 2} y^{− 1}, respectively, in the 3 years after treatment (May 1994–April 1997), despite a 15 mmol m^{− 2} y^{− 1} decrease in N dry deposition due to the sealing of the walls to the enclosure. N flux in runoff from three reference catchments and the control section did not change. The net loss of inorganic N was thus about 20 mmol m^{− 2} treated soil y^{− 1}. There were no changes in organic N or total organic carbon in runoff. The ecosystem switched from a net sink to a net source of inorganic nitrogen (N). The increased loss of N may be due to accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter induced by higher temperature. Due to many decades of N deposition from long-range transported pollutants, the ecosystem prior to treatment was N saturated. If global change induces persistent losses of inorganic N on a regional scale, the result may be a significant increase in nitrate concentrations in fresh waters and N loading to coastal marine ecosystems. In regions with acid sensitive waters, such as southern Norway, the increased nitrate release caused by global change may offset improvements achieved by reduced sulfur and N deposition. Received 15 October 1997; accepted 18 November 1997.     

热带森林水文研究中数据收集技术的探讨

以尖峰岭热带雨林集水区为基础,研究了降雨径流测定过程中的自动化收集技术,对于常规观测仪在边远原始林区、人为难于实现连续观测,而传动式周计月计仪器在高湿度下（相对湿度大于９０％）收集数据误差较大等诸多问题,实验性地研制使用了电脑化的ＤＳ１００１Ｄ降雨量记录仪和ＤＴ－５ＶＷ－２００水位自动记录仪,经不断的测试、改进,在研究中已初步获得成效．     

Water balance of conifer logs in early stages of decomposition

Seasonal and long-term changes in the water balance of conifer logs during the first 8 years of decomposition were studied in an old-growth Pseudotsuga/Tsuga forest in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. Measurements were made of the moisture content of outer bark, inner bark, sapwood, and heartwood and of the flow of water into and out of logs of four species (Abies amabilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, and Tsuga heterophylla). After the logs had decomposed from 1 to 2 years, 38–47% of the canopy throughfall landing upon them ran off the surface, 29–34% leached from the bottom, and 21–30% was absorbed and evaporated. After 8 years of decomposition, water entering and then leaching from logs increased 1.3 times while runoff decreased a similar amount. The proportion of water stored by and evaporated from logs in this study indicates that in old growth forests they may intercept 2–5% of the canopy throughfall to the forest floor and that, even in early stages of decomposition, they may affect the hydrological cycle of Pacific Northwest old-growth forests.This is paper 2945 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis     

阔叶红松林枯枝落叶滞蓄地表径流作用的一维模型

在森林水文模拟实验室中,做了不同坡度、不同含水量的枯枝落叶滞蓄地表径流的单因子模拟实验,并从水流机理出发,构造了枯枝落叶滞蓄地表径流的两个方程,根据实验数据拟合了参数,采用“辗转迭代法”求出数值解,取得了较好的结果。     

气候、径流及河漫滩湿地淹没状态耦合关系研究——以海拉尔河下游段为例

海拉尔河是内蒙古自治区重要河流,对维持地区生态平衡具有极其重要的作用。选取海拉尔河下游河段作为研究对象（以下称海拉尔河）,以遥感、气候、水文数据为基础,基于淹没频率模型分析探讨河漫滩湿地淹没情况对气候变化的响应。研究表明：海拉尔河气候近三十年呈现干冷变化趋势,多年平均降雨量356.45mm,年均减少11.64mm,多年平均温度-0.2℃,年均减少0.01℃;年径流呈减少趋势,年均减少2.05×10⁸m³;温度下降导致冻土的增加,融雪补给径流减少,从温度层面上对径流产生影响,降雨直接补给径流,降雨减少,径流减少;各淹没频率下的淹没区域,受影响程度不同,大于80％极高淹没频率区受径流影响最小,0-20％极低频率区域受径流变化影响最大;气候-径流-淹没状态存在耦合关系,由于温度下降,研究区冰封时间增长,抑制春季径流的产生,降雨减少,夏秋季的径流延迟,影响河漫滩湿地水份供应,进而减少河水出槽次数,影响河漫滩湿地淹没状态。研究成果可为海拉尔河生态环境保护以及水资源开发利用提供理论支持。     

赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失特征

为探究南方高强度、高频次降雨下赤红壤区坡耕地土壤侵蚀及氮磷养分流失的特征,基于野外径流小区原位观测试验,通过测定自然降雨下赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流和溶解态氮磷流失量,探讨自然降雨下甘蔗种植对赤红壤坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失的影响。结果表明：(1)2019年和2020年,径流量分别为1111.3 m~3/hm~2和3269.4 m~3/hm~2,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)流失量分别为1.39 kg/hm~2和15.60 kg/hm~2,铵态氮(NH~+₄-N)流失量分别为0.37 kg/hm~2和1.02 kg/hm~2,可溶性磷流失量分别为0.20 kg/hm~2和0.27 kg/hm~2。2019年和2020年植蔗坡地径流及溶解态氮磷流失量均集中在6月份,占流失总量的45%以上,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)是径流氮素流失的主要形式,占79%以上。此外,2019年和2020年5月至8月,侵蚀性降雨场次分别为18次和23次,侵蚀性降雨量分别为407.8 mm和668.0 mm。(2)不同侵蚀性降雨条件下,植蔗坡地溶解态氮磷流失量及其...