植被覆盖对土壤线虫营养类群空间分布的影响

以中国科学院沈阳生态实验站的裸地和撂荒地为研究对象,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,研究裸地和撂荒地土壤线虫总数及各营养类群的空间分布特征.结果表明,裸地和撂荒地植物寄生线虫与土壤pH呈显著负相关;撂荒地土壤线虫总数的平均值显著大于裸地,分别为每百克干土1 485.3和464.0条;撂荒地土壤线虫总数、植物寄生线虫和食细菌线虫的块金值/基台值（27.3%～45.6%）低于裸地（49.5%～100%）,裸地和撂荒地土壤线虫总数及各营养类群的空间分布格局均有明显差异,表明植被覆盖对土壤线虫的空间分布有较大影响.     

An improved indicator of simulated grassland production based on MODIS NDVI and GPP data: A case study in the Sichuan province,China

Grassland monitoring is important for both global change research and regional sustainable development. Gross primary production (GPP) is one of the key factors for understanding grass growing conditions. Methods for estimating GPP are plentiful, and the light use efficiency (LUE) model based on remote sensing data is widely used. The MODIS GPP product, which is employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is calculated using the LUE model and the surface reflection data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard the Terra/Aqua satellite. The MODIS GPP product harbors its own uncertainties arising from the sources and parameters, such as FPAR and light use efficiency (ɛ). In this study, we propose an improved indicator for monitoring grassland based on MODIS GPP and NDVI data. Fractional vegetation coverage and the percentage of grass area (1 km²) were used to reduce the mixed pixel effect. A function of NDVI was used to simulate the light use efficiency and FPAR. The modified GPP data were calculated and validated with in situ measured data from the Sichuan province, China, 2011. The results indicated that the modified GPP data were a more accurate indicator for monitoring grassland than previous indicators, and the precision of grass production simulated by SsGPP_ndvi reached 85.6%. Spatial statistic results were consistent with the practical condition in most cases. Since MODIS data are available twice a day, the improved indicator can meet the actual requirement of grassland monitoring at regional scale.     

Optimal control of a social epidemic model with media coverage

A new social epidemic model to depict alcoholism with media coverage is proposed in this paper. Some fundamental properties of the model including existence and positivity as well as boundedness of equilibria are investigated. Stability of all equilibria are studied. The existence of the optimal control pair and mathematical expressions of optimal control are obtained by Pontryagin's maximum principle. Numerical simulations are also performed to illustrate our results. Our results show that media coverage is an effective measure to quit drinking.     

Spectral feature differences between shrub and grass communities and shrub coverage retri- eval in shrub-encroached grassland in Xianghuang Banner,Nei Mongol,China

Aims Shrub-encroached grassland has become an important vegetation type in China’s arid and semi-arid region. Our study objective is to explore the spectral features of shrub and grass communities, as well as their empirical relationships with shrub coverage. The quantitative estimation of shrub cover based on medium-resolution Landsat satellite imagery provides the practical basis for long term retrieval of large areas of shrub expansion in the grassland region. Methods Linear models and Multiple Endmember Spectral Analysis Model (MESMA) based on medium resolution Landsat satellite imagery were developed to quantify the shrub coverage in a shrub-encroached grassland region in Xianghuang Banner, Nei Mongol using the spectral features and their seasonal differences between the shrub and grass communities. Important findings Compared to Leymus chinensis and Stipa krylovii dominated grass communities, Caragana microphylla community had a higher normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified red edge normalized difference vegetation index (mNDVI₇₀₅), and red edge slope. The red edge position of C. microphylla community shifted to longer wavelengths. The average and the maximum shrub coverage was 13% and 25%, respectively, in the shrub-encroached grassland based on both models. The correlation coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the linear model was 0.31 and 0.05, respectively. We found that the linear model based on seasonal differences of shrub and grass community was more suitable for retrieving shrub coverage in the study area from medium resolution imagery than the MESMA model that is based on mid-summer images.     

Good–Turing frequency estimation in a finite population

Good–Turing frequency estimation (Good, 1953 ) is a simple, effective method for predicting detection probabilities of objects of both observed and unobserved classes based on observed frequencies of classes in a sample. The method has been used widely in several disciplines, such as information retrieval, computational linguistics, text recognition, and ecological diversity estimation. Nevertheless, existing studies assume sampling with replacement or sampling from an infinite population, which might be inappropriate for many practical applications. In light of this limitation, this article presents a modification of the Good–Turing estimation method to account for finite population sampling. We provide three practical extensions of the modified method, and we examine performance of the modified method and its extensions in simulation experiments.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation-assisted Ionic Liquid Screening for Deep Coverage Proteome Analysis

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Highlights

• •Mechanistic insights into ionic liquids and proteins at molecular level.
• •Extractants prescreen for proteome analysis with MD simulation system.
• •A loss-less sample preparation method developed for in-depth proteome profiling.
• •Over 3,300 proteins were confidently identified from 1,000 HeLa cells in a 1 h run.
• •Label-free quantitative proteome analysis of human liver cancer tissues.

     

沙坡头人工植被变化的动态平衡

沙坡头地处腾格里沙漠的东南缘,属于宁夏回族自治区中卫县。该地区自然条件严酷,沙丘起伏大,沙层深厚,格状沙丘由西北向东南倾斜且呈阶梯状分布。地下水位深达几十甚至10Om以上,有机质、碳酸钙和速效性养分含量都很低,pH值7.14一7.60。     

基于QuickBird的城市建筑景观格局梯度分析

研究城市建筑景观的梯度变化特征,对城市规划与管理的合理调整有着重要的意义.应用QuickBird影像,基于Barista软件提取了建筑物三维信息,采用建筑平均高度、建筑密度、容积率、建筑高度标准差、建筑体形系数等指标,结合梯度分析法研究了铁西区建筑景观格局的梯度变化.结果表明:从1997到2008年,低层与多层建筑是主要的建筑景观组分,平房与低层建筑占地面积比重显著下降,多层、中高层与高层建筑比重上升.建筑平均高度、容积率与建筑高度标准差逐年上升,建筑密度、建筑体形系数与景观形状指数下降.建筑向垂直方向扩展,建筑能耗降低,形状更加规则.建筑景观的梯度变化与距市中心距离的远近没有关系,与区域功能相关,商业区建筑平均高度与容积率最高,政府所在地范围内建筑密度最大.     

1982-2012年中国植被覆盖时空变化特征

利用GIMMS NDVI、MODIS NDVI和气象数据,辅以趋势分析、分段回归以及相关分析等方法,分析了1982—2012年我国植被NDVI时空变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)近30年我国植被NDVI呈缓慢增加趋势,增速为0.2%/10a;植被覆盖变化阶段性特征明显:即1982—1997年和1997—2012年植被覆盖均呈显著增加趋势,增速分别为1.2%/10a和0.6%/10a,均通过显著水平0.05的检验。(2)空间上,我国陕北黄土高原、西藏中西部以及新疆准格尔盆地等地区植被NDVI呈显著增加趋势;而东北地区的大、小兴安岭和长白山、新疆北部的天山和阿尔泰山以及黄河源和秦巴山区等地区植被NDVI呈显著下降趋势,其中东北地区和新疆北部山区下降尤为显著,说明近年来我国中高纬度山区植被活动呈下降趋势。(3)不同区域植被对气温和降水的响应存在差异,我国北方地区植被对气温具有较长的响应持续时间;而除云南外,南方地区植被对降水的响应时间存在1—3个月的响应时间,且随着滞后时间的延长,相关性逐渐增大。(4)我国植被覆盖增加是气候变化和人类活动共同驱动的结果,尤其是1999年之后人类活动影响逐渐加强。而我国东北地区和新疆北部山区植被覆盖的下降可能是由于该区降水减少所致,东南沿海地区植被退化则受城市化影响显著。     

UV-B增强下施硅对水稻生长及CH4排放的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了UV-B增强下不同施硅量和硅肥种类对水稻生长及甲烷(CH₄)排放的影响.UV-B辐射设2个水平,即对照(自然光,A)和增强20%(E);硅肥设4个水平,即Si₀(不施硅,0 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)、Si₁(硅酸钠,100 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)、Si₂(硅酸钠,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)和Si₃(钢渣硅肥,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2).结果表明: 施硅能缓解UV-B增强对水稻生长的抑制作用,使分蘖数、叶绿素含量、地上部和地下部生物量增加.施硅对水稻生长的促进作用随施硅量(硅酸钠)的增加而增加,钢渣硅肥的促进作用大于硅酸钠.UV-B增强可提高稻田CH₄的排放通量和累积排放量,施硅显著降低CH₄的排放通量和累积排放量,且CH₄排放随施硅量的增加而减少.在施硅量相同的情况下,钢渣硅肥的减排效果优于硅酸钠.表明在水稻生产中,施用钢渣硅肥不仅能实现废弃物利用,而且可有效降低UV-B增强下CH₄的排放量.