安徽农药厂厂区及周边农田土壤线虫数量特征

为了解农药对不同植被下的土壤健康和土壤质量的影响, 在2006年10月对安徽省和县华星化工股份有限公司内外不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫数量和营养类群进行了调查, 包括厂内裸地(BIF)、厂内宝塔松林地(PIF)、厂外裸地(BOF)、厂外大豆地(SOF)、厂外水稻地(POF)、厂外玉米地(COF)。结果发现有植被覆盖的样地中土壤线虫总数显著多于裸地(P<0.01), 厂外裸地显著高于厂内裸地。在有植被覆盖的土壤中植物寄生类线虫为优势类群, 其中厂内松林地内植物寄生类线虫相对丰度最高, 达到84%。在裸地中以食细菌类线虫为优势类群, 厂外裸地和厂内裸地相对丰度分别为74%和72%。此次调查表明农药的过多使用会对土壤线虫的数量和相对丰度产生影响, 同时说明植被覆盖在减轻农药使用造成的环境污染中起着重要作用。     

定位试验地耕层土壤植物寄生线虫空间分布特征

采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站定位试验地耕层土壤中植物寄生线虫的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,在田间尺度下螺旋属（Helicotylenchus）、垫刃属（Tylenchus）是上下两层土壤中植物寄生线虫的优势属,矮化属（Tylenchorchychus）为下层土壤中的优势属,这3个属线虫数量占植物寄生线虫总数的92％。除下层矮化属线虫外,上下两层土壤中植物寄生线虫空间变异为48％-100％,其空间自相关范围为35～91m。克里格插值分析表明,上层土壤中植物寄生线虫总数与螺旋属线虫数量、上下层土壤中垫刃属线虫数量呈现出相似的空间分布格局。这些结果反映了不同属的植物寄生线虫沿水平和垂直方向活动性上的差异;由此可以进一步推测垫刃属和矮化属线虫向下迁移能力强于螺旋属线虫。     

甘南高寒草甸土壤线虫营养功能群 的地统计学分析

土壤线虫是土壤生态系统的重要指示生物。研究高寒草甸土壤线虫营养功能群空间分布格局特征,有助于揭示土壤线虫分布对高寒草甸生态因子变化的响应。2019年7月中旬,采用网格法（1.0 m × 0.5 m）研究5.0 m × 4.0 m尺度土壤层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤线虫营养功能群空间特征。采用改良湿漏斗法,共获得土壤线虫1 830条,隶属于49属,土壤线虫个体平均密度以50 g干土计量为63.2条,其中,绕线属（Plectus）和拟丽突属（Acrobeloides）为优势类群。土壤线虫以食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫为主。土壤线虫营养功能群变异系数介于64.26% ~ 107.69%（n = 38）之间,存在较强的变异性。食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫（P < 0.001）、食真菌线虫与植物寄生线虫（P < 0.001）间空间分布均存在显著相关性。地统计分析显示,土壤线虫营养功能群的空间相关范围存在明显差异,有效变程介于0.50 ~ 27.07 m之间,其67.26% ~ 99.79%的变异与空间自相关过程有关。食细菌土壤线虫分布格局呈较均匀的斑块镶嵌结构,斑块较小;非食细菌土壤线虫呈斑块连接或斑块镶嵌结构,斑块较大且斑块间过渡明显,表明土壤线虫小尺度明显的斑块结构可能是高寒草甸受干扰后的一种常见分布模式,并受多种因素影响。     

生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫多样性特征

通过城市生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫,研究了线虫数量、科属分类、营养类群等线虫多样性变化.结果表明,接种草坪土壤线虫 4 个月后,垃圾堆肥基质中共鉴定出线虫4科7属,包括植物寄生性线虫、食真菌线虫和食细菌线虫3个营养类群;垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中线虫总数明显少于土壤基质.在接种草坪线虫的土壤基质草坪建植体系中,植物寄生线虫为优势营养类群,盘旋线虫属仍为优势属,相对多度达到83.3%,显著高于本底土壤45.1%.在接种草坪土壤线虫的垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中,土壤本底中处于优势属的植物寄生类线虫如盘旋线虫属和螺旋线虫属基本消失了,表明垃圾堆肥基质对植物寄生类群的生长与繁殖表现出明显的抑制作用,优势属也发生了很大变化,食细菌类群的头叶属和丽突属成为优势属,相对多度分别为67.0%和14.0%.因此,从草坪土壤线虫危害角度来说,以垃圾堆肥作为草坪基质将会为草坪植物生长创造良好的基质环境.     

稻田不同水分管理方式对土壤线虫群落的影响

在下辽河平原地区就稻田不同水分管理方式对土壤线虫多度、营养类群、群落组成的影响进行了研究．结果表明,0～10cm土层不同水分管理处理的线虫总数在耙耕前和黄熟期显著低于对照,10～20cm土层各时期处理间线虫总数的差异不显著,20～30cm土层线虫总数在耙耕前和黄熟期差异极显著．北方单季稻水田试验共观察到土壤线虫16科22属．绕线属(Plectus)、垫刃属(Tylenchus)、单宫属(Monhystera)是优势属,绕线属和垫刃属对不同的水分管理比较敏感．在耙耕前和黄熟期不同水分管理方式对0～10cm土壤食细菌线虫能够产生显著影响．稻田土壤中食细菌线虫和植物寄生线虫是优势营养类群,而捕食／杂食性线虫的相对多度最低．     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对中国稻田生态系统线虫营养类群产生的影响

土壤动物在农田生态系统腐屑食物网中占有重要地位 ,它们参与土壤有机质分解、植物营养矿化及养分循环作用 .国内外许多研究表明 ,土壤动物对全球变化 ,尤其是大气CO2 浓度升高能够产生正向、中性和负向的影响 .土壤线虫是这类土壤动物的典型代表 ,因为它们在大多数土壤中分布是丰富的 ,而且营养类群是多样的 .应用自由空气CO2 浓度增高 (FACE)技术设计 3个处理水稻圈暴露在大气CO2 增高(浓度为 5 70 μmol·mol-1)条件下 ,3个对照水稻圈为环境中的CO2 浓度 (370 μmol·mol-1) .在中国无锡稻田生态系统水稻生长期内 ,本项研究监测了 0～ 5cm和 5～ 10cm土层中线虫营养类群 .研究结果显示 ,线虫总数、食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫、杂食 捕食类线虫在取样深度和取样日期上存在显著差异 ;在整个取样日期中 ,FACE处理 5～ 10cm深度中线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高 ;在 0～ 5cm深度中 ,FACE处理食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高 ,而杂食 捕食类线虫数量则表现出相反的趋势 .食真菌线虫在FACE处理与对照之间也存在极显著差异 .     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对中国稻田生态系统线虫营养类群产生的影响(英)

土壤动物在农田生态系统腐屑食物网中占有重要地位,它们参与土壤有机质分解、植物营养矿化及养分循环作用.国内外许多研究表明,土壤动物对全球变化,尤其是大气CO₂浓度升高能够产生正向、中性和负向的影响.土壤线虫是这类土壤动物的典型代表,因为它们在大多数土壤中分布是丰富的,而且营养类群是多样的.应用自由空气CO₂浓度增高(FACE)技术设计3个处理水稻圈暴露在大气CO₂增高(浓度为570μmol·mol^-1)条件下,3个对照水稻圈为环境中的CO₂浓度(370μmol·mol^-1).在中国无锡稻田生态系统水稻生长期内,本项研究监测了0～5cm和5～10cm土层中线虫营养类群.研究结果显示,线虫总数、食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫、杂食捕食类线虫在取样深度和取样日期上存在显著差异;在整个取样日期中,FACE处理5～10cm深度中线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高;在0～5cm深度中,FACE处理食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高,而杂食捕食类线虫数量则表现出相反的趋势.食真菌线虫在FACE处理与对照之间也存在极显著差异.     

新疆长期棉花连作对土壤理化性状与线虫群落的影响

土壤线虫群落特征是评价和指示土壤生态系统健康状况的重要依据。本研究选取不同连作年限(5、10、15、20和25年)的棉田为样地,采用高通量测序技术,探究土壤性状和线虫群落对棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明: 棉田连作10～15年后,土壤pH、电导率显著升高,有机碳、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、硝态氮含量和土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)显著降低。在连作棉田中共鉴定出土壤线虫3纲7目18科25属,其中螺旋属在不同连作年限的棉田土壤中均为优势属;土壤植物寄生类线虫在不同连作年限中均为优势营养类群,呈现先降低后增加的趋势,连作25年较其他连作年限植物寄生类线虫增加9.1%～208.6%,其中螺旋属线虫增加了392%。随着连作年限的增加,矮化属、茎属、Discopersicus、中环属和中轮属等植物寄生类线虫被检出。连作15年的棉田土壤中,土壤线虫丰富度指数和自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著降低,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数/自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著升高,Shannon多样性指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数最低;有效磷和MBC是影响土壤线虫群落变化的主要环境因子。这说明棉田连作10～15年会发生土壤养分失衡,土壤线虫多样性降低,土壤食物网稳定性变差,棉花致病类植物寄生线虫增加,产生连作障碍。     

大庆油田石油开采对土壤线虫群落的影响

选择大庆油田环境一致的6口油井,研究石油开采干扰对土壤线虫的影响。共鉴定出土壤线虫18科15属。食细菌线虫最多,共15属占总数的49.2%,其次为植物寄生线虫共9属,占30.6%,食真菌线虫4属,占17.6%,杂食/捕食线虫2属,占2.6%。其中优势类群为丝尾垫刃属Filenchus和头叶属Cephalobus,占总数的42.5%。常见类群包括13个属,占总数的51.7%。稀有类群15个属占总数的6.34%。土壤的线虫生活史策略以c-p 2所占比例最大,其次是c-p3和c-p 1类群,受油井开采作业等影响,线虫通过大量繁殖来应对环境的干扰与压力。不同油井线虫总数差异不显著,但所有油井线虫总数比对照明显减少(p<0.001)。不同油井线虫群落结构差异不大,各油井线虫富集指数和结构指数表明所有油井线虫受干扰程度较高,土壤食物网趋于退化。随着采样距离增加,线虫总量差异不显著,但线虫群落的物种数量增加,优势度指数和多样性指数逐渐增加。结果表明油井开采对土壤线虫群落有一定的影响,开采距离对线虫群落结构影响较大。     

长期施用不同无机肥对旱地红壤线虫群落的影响

红壤生态系统中土壤生物群落对于维持土壤功能的正常发挥具有重要作用.本研究基于持续25年的红壤旱地化肥定位试验,研究不同无机肥组合,包括氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾补充石膏(NPKCaS)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)和磷钾(PK)对花生生长季土壤线虫群落的影响.结果表明： 土壤线虫总数、营养类群以及各生态指数在处理间差异显著(P<0.01).线虫总数由高到低的顺序为PK>NPKCaS>NPK>NP>NK.除5月外,NPK、NP、NK处理的线虫总数均显著低于NPKCaS和PK处理.NPKCaS处理的优势类群为食细菌线虫,平均丰度为42.1%,其他处理均以植食性线虫为优势营养类群,其平均丰度为38%~65%.NPKCaS处理线虫群落较高的成熟度指数、瓦斯乐斯卡指数和结构指数说明土壤食物网结构较为成熟和稳定,同时表明氮磷钾补充石膏通过缓解土壤酸化创建了良好的土壤健康状况.仅施氮钾的处理则相反.本研究证实了施用石膏和磷肥是改善红壤质量的有效措施,土壤线虫群落分析能较好地反映不同无机肥对红壤旱地生态系统的影响.
     

Effects of vegetation coverage on the spatial distribution of soil nematode trophic groups

The spatial variability of total soil nematodes and trophic groups in bare and fallow plots in Shenyang Experi-mental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences was examined using geostatistics combined with classic statistics. Results showed that the soil pH value had a negative effect on plant-parasites in both bare and fallow plots; the mean number of total nematodes was significantly higher in fallow plots than in bare plots, which was 1485.3 and 464.0 individuals per 100 g dry soil in fallow and bare plots, respectively; the nugget (C0)/sill (C0+C) ratio of total nematodes, plant-parasites and bacterivores were lower in fallow plots (27.3%-45.6%) than in bare plots (49.5%-100%); the spatial distribution of total nematodes and trophic groups was found to be different between fallow and bare plots, which indicated that vegetation coverage had an effect on soil nematodes.     

Effects of vegetation coverage on the spatial distribution of soil nematode trophic groups

The spatial variability of total soil nematodes and trophic groups in bare and fallow plots in Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences was examined using geostatistics combined with classic statistics. Results showed that the soil pH value had a negative effect on plant-parasites in both bare and fallow plots; the mean number of total nematodes was significantly higher in fallow plots than in bare plots, which was 1485.3 and 464.0 individuals per 100 g dry soil in fallow and bare plots, respectively; the nugget (C ₀)/sill (C ₀+C) ratio of total nematodes, plant-parasites and bacterivores were lower in fallow plots (27.3%–45.6%) than in bare plots (49.5%–100%); the spatial distribution of total nematodes and trophic groups was found to be different between fallow and bare plots, which indicated that vegetation coverage had an effect on soil nematodes. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(2): 295–299 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

黄土高原半干旱区不同苜蓿-作物种植方式下土壤线虫群落组成及代谢足迹

线虫群落在土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起着重要的作用。本研究以宁夏南部山区3种苜蓿-作物种植方式[苜蓿连作(A-A)、苜蓿-玉米轮作(A-C)、苜蓿-马铃薯轮作(A-P)]为对象,探讨不同种植方式下土壤理化性质、线虫群落组成结构及代谢足迹特征,评价黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿-作物种植方式对土壤食物网结构和功能的影响。结果表明: 1)与苜蓿连作相比,苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-马铃薯轮作方式下土壤有机碳含量分别增加了4.6%、7.4%,全氮含量分别增加了4.0%、5.2%,土壤微生物生物量碳和氮也有显著提高;2)在苜蓿连作方式下,线虫总多度为211 条·100 g^-1干土,植食线虫为优势营养类群(35.7%),而在苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-马铃薯轮作方式下,土壤线虫总多度较苜蓿连作有所增加(分别增加49.5%、93.7%),捕-杂食线虫成为优势营养类群(所占比例分别为45.7%、37.6%);3)相较于苜蓿连作,苜蓿-作物轮作方式下,植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)显著降低,表明植物寄生线虫在土壤食物网中的危害减轻;而线虫通路指数(NCR)有所增加,表明苜蓿-作物轮作方式下,土壤有机质分解过程中细菌分解作用进一步增强;4)苜蓿-作物轮作方式下,土壤线虫成熟度指数(MI)及其复合足迹、富集足迹、结构足迹均显著提高,土壤线虫的生产力和代谢活性显著增强,线虫群落的结构和功能更为成熟稳定。研究表明,相比苜蓿连作,苜蓿-作物轮作改善了土壤养分状况,使得土壤食物网的资源输入和能量利用效率均有所增加,受干扰程度显著降低,土壤生态系统更为稳定健康,因而有利于农业的可持续发展。     

湘南红壤丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤肥力特征

以自然植被恢复长期定位试验为基础,通过分析自然恢复31a后形成的6个植被类型区(樟树、枫树、梓树、白檵木、唐竹、白茅草)、2个同期种植的人工植被区(湿地松、板栗)以及相邻裸地区0—100 cm土层pH值、有机质及主要养分含量的变化,明确了湘南红壤丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)白茅草和唐竹区的土壤pH值显著高于裸地区,但枫树和白檵木区的土壤酸化明显。(2)土壤有机质、活性有机质、全P、速效P等指标表现为乔木草本灌木,碱解N、全K、速效K表现为灌木乔木草本,全N表现为乔木灌木草本。(3)土壤综合肥力优劣为:枫树区梓树区白檵木区樟树区唐竹区白茅草区湿地松区板栗区裸地区,自然恢复植被比人工植被更有利于土壤肥力的提高。     

不同植被类型的滩涂湿地土壤线虫群落特征

对江苏盐城湿地保护区内不同植被带土壤线虫的群落结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：调查共鉴定出20科39属,优势属和常见属的数量占总个体数的90%以上;不同植被类型的滩涂湿地土壤线虫总数存在明显差异性,线虫数量范围为每100 g干土79～449条,小麦地显著高于其他植被带,光滩地数量最少.线虫群落生态指数对植被带有不同的响应,土壤线虫群落多样性指数H、均匀度指数J在不同植被带的分布依次为：苇草带＞盐蒿带＞小麦地＞米草带＞光滩带,而优势度指数λ的分布为：光滩带＞米草带＞小麦地＞盐蒿带＞苇草带,表明光滩带的线虫群落多样性和稳定性小于其他植被带,土壤线虫群落趋于单一化;成熟度指数MI表现为保护区内未开垦植被带高于已开垦的小麦地,说明农田受外界干扰明显.不同植被带间的线虫群落结构存在显著差异,各植被带的最大贡献物种各不相同.土壤理化性状与线虫数量、营养类群、生态指数存在明显的相关关系.表明线虫群落的变化能很好地反映植被带生境的多样性,土壤线虫可作为湿地生态系统中一个重要的生物指示因子.     

Yield Loss Caused by Pratylenchus thornei on Wheat in South Australia

A two-year field trial with 130 plots was conducted at Tanunda, South Australia. Ten cereal cultivars differing in susceptibility to Pratylenchus thornei, two poor host crops (non-leguminous), and a bare fallow treatment were used to manipulate the numbers of nematodes in the plots in the first year. Initial and final densities were determined for each plot and varied from 0 to 9,400 nematodes/200 g oven-dried soil at the beginning of the second year. A highly susceptible wheat cultivar, Warigal, and two wheat lines known to have some resistance to P. thornei, GS50A and AUS4930, were planted in the second year. High densities of P. thornei caused more extensive lesions and severe cortical degradation in roots of Warigal than in GS50A or AUS4930. There was a significant linear relationship between initial density of P. thornei and Warigal grain yield (t/ha), with the estimated regression equation Y = 1.86 - 0.0000557x, where Y is the grain yield in t/ha and x is the number of P. thornei/200 g oven-dried soil. High initial densities (9,000 P. thornei/200 g oven-dried soil) caused up to 27% yield loss of this commercial Australian wheat. In contrast, the yield of the two resistant lines was not affected by initial density, suggesting that both were tolerant as well as resistant in the field.     

The fate of spring applied fertilizer N during the autumn-winter period: comparison between winter-fallow and green manure cropped soil

A field experiment was carried out at a pilot plot that was cropped with oilseed rape, and then left partly fallow and partly cropped with a green manure (mustard) during the autumn after harvest of the oilseed rape. The rape residues were incorporated in the soil. Methods used to quantify the N fluxes from harvest until sowing of the next crop were (1) ¹⁵N balance method, (2) total mineral N analysis and (3) NO emission measurements. Losses of spring applied fertilizer N were negligible in cropped plots and minimal in fallow plots during the following autumn-winter period. Most of the plant-N residues was retained by the organic N pool of the upper 30-cm soil layer. The green manure contributed slightly to soil available N at sowing of the next crop. However, the incorporation of plant material resulted in a nitrate flux that was at risk of leaching on the fallow plots, and on the green manure plots after incorporation of the green manure. This nitrate was largely derived from soil organic N, not from unused fertilizer applied in spring or from immobilized fertilizer. The NO emissions from the green manure plots were significantly higher than emissions from the fallow plots. The plants had a stimulating effect on the NO emission. A relationship between the NO emission and the soil nitrate concentration could not be established. No emissions were measured after green manure incorporation due to the low temperatures at the pilot plot. However, a greenhouse experiment showed an increased emission after incorporation. The NO emissions seemed to be related with the soil ammonium concentration.     

Inferring trophic transfers from pulse-dynamics in detrital food webs

In semiarid ecosystems, decomposers are active during numerous short periods following rainfall events, and most inactive in the intervening dry periods. Many studies concern season-long dynamics of decomposer populations, but less is known of the short-term dynamics during wet periods. These short-term dynamics may provide the key to understanding interactions between microbes and fauna.The dynamics of populations in the detrital food web were followed after wetting large intact soil cores that had been removed from native shortgrass steppe, winter wheat, and fallow plots. The cores were sampled over a ten day period for bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and various functional groups of microarthropods and nematodes. The native sod had appreciably greater biomass of fungi, nematodes and microarthropods than did the cultivated plots, but there was no difference in bacteria or protozoans. The observed dynamics after wetting were different in two experiments which differed in temperature, soil water level, and the initial sizes of the populations. These results were interpreted in relation to a model of the structure of the detrital food web, and estimates were made of the rates of trophic transfers in the web. Consumption by protozoa was great enough for them to account for bacterial turnover, but consumption by fungivorous nematodes and microarthropods appeared to be too small to account for fungal turnover.Progress in understanding the dynamics of detrital food webs requires a better definition of the functional groups of soil organisms, their resources, predators and population parameters, and the effects of soil structure and water content on trophic relationships.     

Sensitivity of Soil Restoration Indicators during Páramo Succession in the High Tropical Andes: Chronosequence and Permanent Plot Approaches

The aim of this study was to analyze indicators of soil restoration during secondary succession in a heterogeneous valley in the high tropical Andes. A combination of chronosequence and permanent plot methods was used to detect changes in this heterogeneous matrix. Thirty-six plots with different fallow times (1–9 years) and four noncultivated plots with natural vegetation (páramo) were sampled twice in a 3-year interval (1996 and 1999). The following soil properties were determined: total C and N, pH, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity, and microbial biomass N (MB-N). Using the chronosequence approach, successional increases in soil pH and Mg were detected, pointing to these variables as indicators of soil restoration during the fallow period. Comparing the noncultivated páramo with the fallow plots, a significant decrease in MB-N was found, suggesting that this is a sensitive agricultural disturbance indicator. The permanent plot analysis failed to detect successional trends in any of the study variables, probably as a result of a lack of sensitivity of the indicators used within the 3-year interval. Nevertheless, a strong acidification was detected by the permanent plot method when fallow plots were cultivated. We conclude that the size of important soil components such as total soil organic matter or microbial biomass is not a sensitive soil restoration indicator in these heterogeneous mountain systems but that other integrative variables such as pH could be more sensitive to successional changes in key soil processes (e.g., nitrification or nutrient losses).