中国黍稷种质资源收集、保护、创新与共享利用

项目实施13年。收集、保护了一批濒临灭绝的黍稷种质;对国家长期库黍稷种质进行了繁殖更新与补充鉴定;研究制定了黍稷种质资源繁种更新与鉴定评价技术规范;为国家长期种质库提供了黍稷新的种质资源、数据资源;建立国家黍稷种质中期保存库;评价创新了一批黍稷种质资源,为生产、育种、加工提供了优异种质(品种),取得了明显的社会经济效益。     

Competing uses for China's straw: the economic and carbon abatement potential of biochar

China is under pressure to improve its agricultural productivity to keep up with the demands of a growing population with increasingly resource‐intensive diets. This productivity improvement must occur against a backdrop of carbon intensity reduction targets, and a highly fragmented, nutrient‐inefficient farming system. Moreover, the Chinese government increasingly recognizes the need to rationalize the management of the 800 million tonnes of agricultural crop straw that China produces each year, up to 40% of which is burned in‐field as a waste. Biochar produced from these residues and applied to land could contribute to China's agricultural productivity, resource use efficiency and carbon reduction goals. However competing uses for China's straw residues are rapidly emerging, particularly from bioenergy generation. Therefore it is important to understand the relative economic viability and carbon abatement potential of directing agricultural residues to biochar rather than bioenergy. Using cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) and life‐cycle analysis (LCA), this paper therefore compares the economic viability and carbon abatement potential of biochar production via pyrolysis, with that of bioenergy production via briquetting and gasification. Straw reincorporation and in‐field straw burning are used as baseline scenarios. We find that briquetting straw for heat energy is the most cost‐effective carbon abatement technology, requiring a subsidy of $7 MgCO₂e^?1 abated. However China's current bioelectricity subsidy scheme makes gasification (NPV $12.6 million) more financially attractive for investors than both briquetting (NPV $7.34 million), and pyrolysis ($?1.84 million). The direct carbon abatement potential of pyrolysis (1.06 MgCO₂e per odt straw) is also lower than that of briquetting (1.35 MgCO₂e per odt straw) and gasification (1.16 MgCO₂e per odt straw). However indirect carbon abatement processes arising from biochar application could significantly improve the carbon abatement potential of the pyrolysis scenario. Likewise, increasing the agronomic value of biochar is essential for the pyrolysis scenario to compete as an economically viable, cost‐effective mitigation technology.     

A biomechanical analysis of the early eukaryotic fossil Valeria and new occurrence of organic-walled microfossils from the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Ruyang Group

The Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Ruyang Group of North China hosts early eukaryotic fossils such as Dictyosphaera, Shuiyousphaeridium, and Valeria, and thus offers valuable insights into the early evolution of single-celled eukaryotic life. In this paper, we report several additional forms of organic-walled microfossils from the Ruyang Group, including Plicatidium latum, Spiromorpha sp., and an unnamed form. V. lophostriata from the Ruyang Group is investigated using transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and biomechanical analysis. V. lophostriata is reconstructed as a spherical vesicle with two hemispherical halves bearing concentric striations resembling latitudinal circles. The formation of striations could be explained using the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction model or the Turing reaction-diffusion model. A biomechanical analysis using the thin-walled spherical pressure vessel model suggests that the concentric striations of V. lophostriata may have functioned as a mechanism to guide biologically programmed excystment through medial split. Our analysis provides essential paleontological data to better understand the functional biology and life cycles of early eukaryotes such as Valeria.     

中国四川报春花属一新种

报道了中国四川报春花属(Primula L.)一新种——小繸瓣报春(P.hydrocotylifolia G.Hao,C.M.Hu&Y.Xu)。小繸瓣报春植株无毛、无粉,叶片多少呈圆形,具纤细的叶柄,开花期叶丛基部无鳞片,球形蒴果藏于宿存花萼,成熟时裂成不规则碎片,显然属于脆蒴报春组(sect.Petiolares Pax)革叶报春亚组(subsect.Chartacea W.W.Sm.&Forrest),并与该亚组的川西繸瓣报春(P.veitchiana Petitm.)最为接近,但后者植物体的各部分均远大于此新种,花序多花,花亦较大,二者之间无过渡类型。     

Health Risk Assessments Based on Existing Data of Arsenic,Chromium, Lead,and Zinc in China's Air

Health risk assessments of As, Cr, Pb, and Zn in air in China were carried out from a national perspective. Concentrations of the four metals in air were gathered from published literature. Health risk assessment models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were applied to quantitatively characterize risk values of the metals by considering different age groups. Results showed that the atmospheric metal concentrations in most regions of China were lower than their inhalation reference concentrations provided by the USEPA, or limited values provided by China. Non-carcinogenic hazard values of the four metals in different regions of China were all lower than 1, indicating no or low non-carcinogenic hazard. However, the probabilities of carcinogenic risk values for As and Cr exceeding the acceptable value (1.0E-05) were 9% and 10% on a national scale, respectively. Some regions, such as Shanxi, Chongqing, Liaoning, and Shanghai, should be studied in more detail. Despite uncertainties, the results of this study provide information on the health risk of As, Cr, Pb, and Zn in air in China.     

Reducing Urban Disaster Risk by Improving Resilience in China from a Planning Perspective

ABSTRACT

This article aims to examine the implications of improving urban resilience that emerge from Chinese practices for reducing urban disaster risk. First, the concept of urban resilience is discussed, the goal of which is to shape a “culture of resilience” to the largest extent possible in order to reduce urban risk. Urban resilience encompasses broad and diverse areas, and thus can be improved in many ways. This article primarily discusses the planning process. Second, the main focus of the discussion on planning process to improve urban resilience is that of the urban risk management planning of Shenzhen, China. This was the first local urban government project in China to have comprehensively and broadly assessed and reduced urban risk, and it is covered along with the Chinese legislation system and current urban resilience programs in China. The findings show that both the Chinese central government and local governments are paying more and more attention to urban resilience through various legislation and programs, even if they are not using the same terminology as other countries.     

Agriculture under Climate Change in China: Mitigate the Risks by Grasping the Emerging Opportunities

ABSTRACT

There have been increasing concerns on risks and uncertainty posed by climate change to China's future crop production. The existing assessments using popular process-based and site-specific crop growing models highlight the significant extent of climate-induced yield reduction, and thus suggest a scary downward risk for China's future food production. Surprisingly, much less attention has been paid to exploring the potential gains that may also be brought by climate change. To address this imbalance, we develop an integrated agro-climatic and ecological assessment tool that is capable of detecting the shifts of multicropping opportunities under different climate change scenarios. The application of this tool to the context of China reveals significant extension of multicropping opportunities brought in by climate change. We argue for an active adaptation to such emerging opportunities through both market and policy incentives, because the aggregate gain of such adaptation is sufficient to outweigh the loss as revealed by the existing assessments.     

Decoupling Analysis of the Environmental Mountain—with Case Studies from China

The resource‐development trajectory of developed countries after the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries can be portrayed as an “environmental mountain” (EM). It is important for developing countries to decouple their resource use from economic growth and tunnel through the EM. In this study, we embedded the decoupling indicators for resource use and waste emissions into EM curves to quantify China's progress in tunneling through the EM over a specific time period. Five case studies regarding the conditions required for decoupling energy consumption, crude steel production, cement production, CO₂ emissions, and SO₂ emissions from economic growth in China were conducted. The results indicated that during 1985–2010 the trajectories of energy consumption, and CO₂ and SO₂ emissions in China met the requirements for tunneling through the EM, but the trajectories of cement and steel production did not. Based on these results, suggestions regarding China's environmental policies are provided to enable the country to tunnel through the EM.     

Review of the millipede genus Eutrichodesmus Silvestri, 1910, in China,with descriptions of new cavernicolous species (Diplopoda,Polydesmida, Haplodesmidae)

The Eutrichodesmus fauna of mainland China, by far the largest genus in the Indo-Australian family Haplodesmidae, is reviewed and shown to encompass 23 species (of a total of 45), all keyed. The following nine new species, all presumed troglobites, are described: Eutrichodesmus triangularis sp. n., from Sichuan, Eutrichodesmus lipsae sp. n., from Guangxi, Eutrichodesmus tenuis sp. n., Eutrichodesmus trontelji sp. n., Eutrichodesmus latellai sp. n., Eutrichodesmus obliteratus sp. n. and Eutrichodesmus troglobius sp. n., all from Guizhou, Eutrichodesmus sketi sp. n., from Hunan, and Eutrichodesmus apicalis sp. n., from Hubei.     

A taxonomic study of Ooctonus (Hymenoptera,Mymaridae) from Heilongjiang,China

Five species of Ooctonus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) from Heilongjiang Province, China, are reviewed. One species, Ooctonus huberi sp. n., is described as new, and four species, Ooctonus orientalis Doutt, Ooctonus saturn Triapitsyn, Ooctonus sublaevis Förster and Ooctonus vulgatus Haliday are reported as new to China. A key to the females of the 10 described Chinese species is given. All the specimens are deposited in the insect collections of Northeast Forestry University, China.