黄曲霉菌原生质体的制备和再生技术优化

黄曲霉菌的遗传转化是研究黄曲霉菌致病相关功能基因的前提和基础,而原生质体是研究和建立真菌遗传转化系统的重要工具。本文分别以黄曲霉孢子和菌丝为材料,研究不同条件下黄曲霉原生质体的形成和再生,结果表明,黄曲霉孢子在酶液浓度为纤维素酶∶蜗牛酶∶溶壁酶=1.5%∶1.5%∶1.5%,30℃酶解3 h,原生质体制备率高达97.3%,再生率达89.2%;黄曲霉菌丝在菌龄为42 h,酶液浓度为纤维素酶∶蜗牛酶∶溶壁酶=1.5%∶1.5%∶1.5%,30℃酶解1 h,可获得最高原生质体产量为2.0×10^6个/m L,再生培养基中以1 mol/L蔗糖作为渗透压稳定剂时,原生质体再生率达5.5%。故本实验条件下,黄曲霉孢子原生质体的形成和再生优于菌丝。     

New Data on the Cenozoic History of the Underwater Yamato Rise,Sea of Japan

The Miocene terrestrial plant assemblage (in macro- and microfossils) from the underwater Yamato Rise (Sea of Japan) is examined. A fossil leaf found in the tuffogenic–sedimentary strata is identified as belonging to the beech tree. Data on the Paleogene–Neogene history of the underwater rise are given. Against the background of its general subsidence, positive relief features (volcanoes and their formations) were formed. During the Cenozoic, the entire Sea of Japan depression experienced a submergence.     

Airborne fungi monitoring in Santiago, Chile

Fungal airborne spores were studied from September 1996throughout August 1997 in Santiago, Chile. Total concentrationsfluctuated between 308 and 10,334 spores/m³/day withan annual mean of 2,154 per m³, the highest dispersion beingduring April and May. Forty-five percent of total fungal content wasfound in autumn. Thirteen genera and 3 other spore types wereidentified. Cladosporium, the most abundant genera in ouratmosphere, contributed with 70.9% of the total fungi counts andreached an annual mean of 1,527 spores/m³/day, itshighest frequency being in autumn. Alternaria appeared as thesecond most frequent genera, with an annual mean of 40spores/m³/day, representing a 1.9% of theannual fungal catch. Altogether, Stemphylium, Torula, Epicoccum,Ganoderma, Helminthosporium, Chaetomiun, Pleospora and othersreached relative frequencies of 0.5% or less. It is concludedthat fungi are present in Santiago's atmosphere all year round, some ofthem with a clear seasonality.     

Pollen survey and clinical research in Yunnan, China

This pollen survey includes 7 counties of Yunnan Province, China: Quinjin, Xishuanbanna, Lijiang, Wenshan, Yuxi and Kunming. From 1991–1992, optical and statistical examination of exposed glass slides showed that pollen is air-borne in Yunnan throughout the year. Pollen is also in great quantity and variety with two apparent pollen peaks. This paper also discusses the influences of climate and elevation on the amount of pollen carried by air. A geographical and seasonal variation of pollen level was established. The pollen particles causing possible sensitization were collected in the field and refined into an allergen extract which was applied to clinical tests for patients suffering from allergosis in our hospital with a high rate of pollen allergy. The results show the effectiveness of specific desensitization for pollen allergic patients. This study is therefore of great significance to the diagnosis,treatment and prevention of pollen allergy.     

赤芝孢子粉中一个葡聚糖的分离纯化与结构鉴定

从破壁的赤芝 (Ganodermalucidum (Fr.)Karst)孢子粉中分离纯化到一个水溶性的、以 1,4连接的D_葡萄糖为主链、在 6位接 1,6连接葡萄糖的α_D 葡聚糖。高效分子排阻色谱测定 ,重均分子量为 9.3× 10 3 ,[α]2 1D = 174.2° (c 0 .87,H2 O)。通过糖组成分析 ,甲基化反应 ,乙酰解及一维和二维核磁等光谱解析 ,确定其结构如下 :　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　α_D_Glcp_(1→ 6 )_α_D_Glcp_(1→ 6 )_α_D_Glcp　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 1　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　↓　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 6　　　　　　　〔→ 4)_α_D_Glcp_(1→ 4)_α_D_Glcp_(1→ 4)_α_D_Glcp_(1→ 4)_α_D_Glcp_(1→ 4_)_α_D_Glcp_(1→〕n     

Occurrence of airborne Cladosporium and Alternaria spores in Southern and Central Poland in 1995–1996

The concentration of airborne spores of Cladosporium and Alternaria has been investigated at five monitoring stations situated in cities from the foot of the Tatra Mountains to central Poland along a south-north transect (Zakopane, Kraków, Ostrowiec witokrzyski, Warszawa, Pozna) i.e. from a height of 900 m to 80 m above sea level. The aerobiological monitoring of fungal spores was performed by means of five Burkard volumetric spore traps.Cladosporium spores were dominant at all the stations. The highest Cladosporium and Alternaria spore concentrations were observed at all the sites in July and August, except at Warszawa in both years and at Pozna in 1995 where the maximum of Cladosporium spores occurred in June and July, and at Ostrowiec witokrzyski in 1995 where the maximum was found in July, August and September.Fungal spore concentrations in Zakopane and Kraków were significantly lower than those in Ostrowiec witokrzyski, Warszawa and Pozna and periods of abundant Cladosporium spore occurrence were different in these two groups of monitoring stations.     

黑龙江嘉荫晚白垩世渔亮子组孢粉地层研究

黑龙江嘉荫县渔亮子组是我国最早发现爬行动物化石的层位,盛产鸭嘴龙等爬行类化石,前人认为,该组在层位上相当于北美晚白垩世马斯特里赫特期Ｅｄｍｏｎｔｏｎ群,ＨｅｌｌＣｒｅｅｋ和Ｌａｎｃｅ组,但孢粉化石资料提示,渔亮子组中的被子植物花粉尚未发展至上述群（组）的阶段,其层位应较之低,大致相当于北美的坎佩尼期ＢｅｌｌｙＲｉｖｅｒ群（组）或相当层位。     

Room temperature sterilization of surfaces and fabrics with a One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma

We report the results of an interdisciplinary collaboration formed to assess the sterilizing capabilities of the One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP). This newly-invented source of glow discharge plasma (the fourth state of matter) is capable of operating at atmospheric pressure in air and other gases, and of providing antimicrobial active species to surfaces and workpieces at room temperature as judged by viable plate counts. OAUGDP exposures have reduced log numbers of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and endospores from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis on seeded solid surfaces, fabrics, filter paper, and powdered culture media at room temperature. Initial experimental data showed a two-log₁₀ CFU reduction of bacteria when 2 × 10² cells were seeded on filter paper. Results showed ≥3 log₁₀ CFU reduction when polypropylene samples seeded with E. coli (5 × 10⁴) were exposed, while a 30 s exposure time was required for similar killing with S. aureus-seeded polypropylene samples. The exposure times required to effect ≥6 log₁₀ CFU reduction of E. coli and S. aureus on polypropylene samples were no longer than 30 s. Experiments with seeded samples in sealed commercial sterilization bags showed little or no differences in exposure times compared to unwrapped samples. Plasma exposure times of less than 5 min generated ≥5 log₁₀ CFU reduction of commercially prepared Bacillus subtilis spores (1 × 10⁶); 7 min OAUGDP exposures were required to generate a ≥3 log₁₀ CFU reduction for Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. For all microorganisms tested, a biphasic curve was generated when the number of survivors vs time was plotted in dose-response cures. Several proposed mechanisms of killing at room temperature by the OAUGDP are discussed. Received 06 June 1997/ Accepted in revised form 01 November 1997