利多卡因经气管内给药和静脉给药对全麻苏醒期患者镇静镇痛效果、血流动力学和呛咳反应的影响

摘要 目的：探讨利多卡因经气管内给药和静脉给药对全麻苏醒期患者镇静镇痛效果、血流动力学和呛咳反应的影响。方法：选取2018年3月~2019年8月于我院在气管内全麻下完成泌尿外科、腹部外科并预计于术后可以迅速拔除气管导管的患者63例,上述患者根据随机数字表法分为A组（n=31）和B组（n=32）,A组患者给予利多卡因静脉给药,B组患者给予利多卡因经气管内给药,比较两组患者苏醒时间、拔管时间、镇静镇痛效果、血流动力学及呛咳反应。结果：两组苏醒时间、拔管时间组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组插管时、拔管时、拔管后10 min心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）均呈先升高后降低趋势,且B组插管时、拔管时、拔管后10 min的HR、SBP、DBP均低于A组（P<0.05）。两组拔管时、拔管后10 min组内及组间镇静-躁动评分(SAS)比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组拔管后10 min疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分高于拔管时,但B组低于A组（P<0.05）。B组患者插管时、拔管时呛咳反应发生率均低于A组（P<0.05）。结论：与静脉给药相比,全麻苏醒期患者给予利多卡因经气管内给药,镇静镇痛效果确切,可减轻血流波动,降低插管时、拔管时呛咳反应发生率。     

Relationship between body condition score loss and mRNA of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and the endocannabinoid system in adipose tissue of periparturient cows

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls feed intake and energy balance in nonruminants. Recent studies suggested that dietary management alters the expression of members of the ECS in the liver and endometrium of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body condition score (BCS) loss and the mRNA abundance of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and the ECS in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) of dairy cows. The BCS was determined in multiparous (3.2 ± 0.5 lactations) Holstein cows at −21 and 42 days relative to calving (designated as d = 0). Cows were grouped into three categories according to BCS loss between both assessments as follows: (1) lost ≤0.25 unit (n = 8, low BCS loss (LBL)), (2) lost between 0.5 and 0.75 units (n = 8, moderate BCS loss (MBL)) and (3) lost ≥1 unit (n = 8, high BCS loss (HBL)). Concentrations of haptoglobin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were determined in plasma. Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA abundance of key genes related to fatty acid metabolism, inflammation and ECS in AT. Milk yield (kg/day) between week 2 and 6 post-calving was greater in the LBL group (49.4 ± 0.75) compared to MBL (47.9 ± 0.56) and HBL (47.4 ± 0.62) groups (P < 0.05). The overall mean plasma haptoglobin and NEFA concentrations were greater in MBL and HBL groups compared with the LBL group (P < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of TNF-α, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β was greatest at 21 and 42 days post-calving in HBL, intermediate in MBL and lowest in LBL groups, respectively. Cows in the HBL group had the greatest AT gene expression for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, hormone sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase at 21 and 42 days post-calving (P < 0.05). Overall, mRNA abundance for very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which are related to NEFA oxidation, were greater in MBL and HBL groups compared to the LBL group at 42 days post-calving. However, mRNA abundance of fatty acid amide hydrolase was lower at 21 and 42 days post-calving in HBL cows than in LBL cows (P < 0.05). In summary, results showed a positive association between increased degree of BCS loss, inflammation and activation of the ECS network in AT of dairy cows. Findings suggest that the ECS might play an important role in fatty acid metabolism, development of inflammation and cow’s adaptation to onset of lactation.     

Topographic heterogeneity lengthens the duration of pollinator resources

The availability of sufficient and diverse resources across time is important for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we examine the potential for variation in environmental conditions across topographic gradients to extend floral resource timing. Flowering time on a landscape may vary across topography due to differences in abiotic factors, species turnover, or genotypic differences. However, the extent to which this variation in phenology affects overall flowering duration on a landscape, and the components of diversity that influence flowering duration, are unexplored. We investigate whether differences in flowering time due to topography yield an overall extension in duration of flowering resources in a northern California grassland. We recorded flowering time of pollinator resource species across four successive spring growing seasons (2015–2018) on paired north and south aspects. Flowering time differences were evaluated both at the community level and within species present on both paired aspects. The role of plasticity was examined in an experimental case study using genotypes of Lasthenia gracilis. We found that aspect is a strong determinant of phenology, with earlier flowering on warmer south‐facing slopes. Aspect differences resulted in complementarity in timing of flowering resources across sites, as aspects that started flowering earlier also ended earlier. Complementarity between north and south aspects served to extend the flowering time of pollinator resources by an average of 4–8 days (8%–15%), depending on the year. This extension can be attributed to both within‐species responses to aspect differences and species turnover. Flowering of L. gracilis genotypes was distinct across aspects, demonstrating that plasticity can drive the extension of flowering duration. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous topography can extend overall flowering time of pollinator resources, which may support pollinator biodiversity. Extension was most pronounced at the community level, which incorporates species turnover as well as plastic and genotypic differences within species.     

成都市温江区不同栽植年限园林植物土壤动物群落特征

对成都市温江区不同栽植年限园林植物土壤动物群落特征进行调查分析,4次取样共捕获土壤动物10258只,隶属26目78科。不同园林植物土壤动物类群数存在显著差异,基本以红花檵木、银杏样地最高,结缕草样地最低,各栽植年限土壤动物类群数均低于周边农田和撂荒地;桂花样地土壤动物类群数、个体数受季节变化影响较小,其余样地土壤动物个体数具有明显的季节动态,而类群数随季节变化不显著;土壤动物多样性指数受园林植物种类及栽植年限影响,银杏样地土壤动物密度-类群指数(DG)及Margalef丰富度指数(D)和结缕草样地土壤动物Shannon多样性指数(H)及D指数均随栽植年限增加而显著降低,桂花样地土壤动物DG指数、D指数则随栽植年限增加显著升高,红花檵木样地土壤动物多样性各指数随栽植年限增加未表现规律性变化,其中土壤动物DG、D、H指数各栽植年限基本以桂花样地最低;聚类及典型关联分析(CCA)表明,园林植物种类对样地生境的影响大于栽植年限,土壤动物对不同生境因子响应不同,其中速效P、土壤pH对土壤动物影响较大。土壤动物群落特征受园林植物种类、栽植年限及栽培管理方式的影响,而过度人为干扰、单一植物连栽会对土壤动物产生不利影响,并可能导致土壤地力衰退。     

多学科协作诊治模式下的营养干预在老年骨折患者围术期的应用

目的研究多学科协作诊治模式(MDT)下的营养干预对围术期老年骨折患者的干预效果。方法选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院骨科2018年9月至2019年9月收治的42例行常规治疗的围术期老年患者作为非MDT组,选取同期43例实施MDT模式并给予营养干预的围术期老年患者作为MDT组,比较两组患者术后基本情况、并发症发生情况及恢复情况。结果术后MDT组患者总蛋白、白蛋白水平均高于非MDT组,NRS2002评分、CRP、IL-6水平均低于非MDT组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-3.679 6、-4.138 8、9.073 3、-6.669 5、-4.500 2,P=0.000 4、0.000 1、0.000 1、0.000 1、0.000 1)。MDT组患者住院时间少于非MDT组,差异有统计学意义(髋关节置换术:t=2.154 8,P=0.034 1;膝关节置换术:t=2.491 9,P=0.018 9)。MDT组患者肠道功能恢复情况明显优于非MDT组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=10.512 1,P=0.001 2)。结论 MDT模式下的营养干预能够有效促进老年骨折患者的术后康复,有利于预防并发症的发生。     

淇县宋庄东周墓殉人颅骨的形态学

河南省鹤壁市的淇县宋庄东周墓地的多座墓葬不仅出土大量青铜礼乐器和陶器,而且存在人殉现象,宋庄墓地的发现为探讨东周时期豫北地区考古学文化与政治格局提供了重要线索。为了分析宋庄墓地东周墓葬人殉的种系来源,本文对其中保存较好的7例女性人殉颅骨进行了形态学分析。淇县宋庄组与仰韶文化的宝鸡组和大汶口、龙山文化的呈子组均具有较大相似性,与青铜时代的毛饮合并B组、西村周组和双楼组也较为接近。初步认为,淇县宋庄女性人殉与东周时期的豫北和晋地传统居民在体质特征存在一定的区别,而与周人畿内和郑韩故城及其以西以北地区的中原文化居民有更多的亲缘关系。     

The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success

The main mechanism to achieve hatching asynchrony (HA) for incubating birds is to start heating the eggs before clutch completion. This might be achieved through partial incubation and/or early incubation. Even in the absence of incubation behaviour during the laying phase, clutches still experience a certain degree of asynchrony. Recent studies have shown that eggs located in the centre of the nest receive more heat than peripheral ones during incubation. As eggs receiving more heat would develop faster, we hypothesized that HA should be shorter in nests where eggs were moved homogeneously along the centre–periphery space during incubation than in those nests where eggs repeatedly remained in the same locations, either centrally or peripherally. We explored the relative roles of egg repositioning and partial incubation in determining HA in wild birds by (1) removing eggs from 20 Great Tit Parus major nests on the day of laying and replacing them with fake eggs to avoid partial incubation, and returning them when full incubation began; (2) monitoring twice a day the position of each individually marked egg relative to the clutch centre during incubation, and estimating the coefficient of variation of the distances; and (3) determining HA in each nest. Preventing partial incubation reduced HA by 51% days in experimental nests. It also caused negative effects for the incubating females (lengthening the full incubation period) and positive effects for the brood (increasing fledging success). However, our hypothesis about the role of egg repositioning on HA was not supported: all the females moved the eggs with remarkable consistency, generally attaining a coefficient of variation of the distances around 33%, and it was not related to the HA experienced. We therefore conclude that partial incubation is an important factor regulating HA, and females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.     

When an advantageous reproductive trait turns bad: Eggs of the threatened fish Genidens barbus as a natural bait in recreational fisheries

This study describes a recreational fishing method focused on marine catfish, Genidens barbus (Endangered-EN), through the adoption of its eggs as a natural bait during its reproductive period in southern Brazilian ecosystems. Male G. barbus perform parental care, collecting eggs released by females after the fertilization process. Owing to this male behavioural pattern during the reproductive period, these individuals are easily caught in recreational fisheries that use eggs of the same species as a natural bait. The current adoption of G. barbus eggs as bait may intensify the fishing pressure on its populations.     

Experience‐dependent regulation of TrkB isoforms in rodent visual cortex

Within primary visual cortex (V1), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through its high‐affinity receptor TrkB is important for normal development and experience‐dependent plasticity. TrkB is expressed in several alternatively spliced isoforms, including full‐length TrkB (TrkB.FL), and several truncated isoforms (TrkB.T1, TrkB.T2, and TrkB.T4) that lack the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. These isoforms are important components of BDNF signaling, yet little is known about the developmental or experience‐dependent regulation of their expression. Using immunohistochemistry, we found TrkB.FL and TrkB.T1 expressed in interneurons and pyramidal neurons within V1, but not in cortical astrocytes. We used real‐time PCR to quantify the changes in mRNA expression of BDNF, the four TrkB isoforms, and the low‐affinity receptor P75^NTR during normal development, and in response to visual deprivation at two different ages. BDNF expression increased between postnatal days 10 (P10) and P30, and was rapidly down‐regulated by 3 days of visual deprivation during both the pre‐critical period (P14‐P17) and the critical period (P18‐P21). Over the same developmental period, expression of each TrkB isoform was regulated independently; TrkB.T1 increased, TrkB.FL and TrkB.T2 decreased, and TrkB.T4 showed transient changes. Neither brief visual deprivation nor prolonged dark‐rearing induced changes in either TrkB.FL or TrkB.T1 expression. However, TrkB.T4 expression was reduced by brief visual deprivation, whereas TrkB.T4, TrkB.T2 and P75^NTR were up‐regulated by prolonged dark‐rearing into the critical period. Our data indicate that TrkB isoform expression can be selectively regulated by visual experience, and may contribute to experience‐dependent cortical plasticity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2009     

具有潜伏期的无免疫型传染病动力学模型的分析

研究了一类具有潜伏期的无免疫型传染病动力学模型,用摄动理论讨论分析了相应的非线性系统,得到了不同群体生存变化的渐近表达式,从而揭示了各种作用对不同群体生存影响的规律.本文的研究为解决一些类型的非线性模型提供了一种有效的方法.